They can also be a good way to get magnesium and vitamins C and B6.
and help with production of white blood cells all due to the high level of Vitamin b6 that bananas contain she told Live Science.
1 medium banana (4. 5 oz/126 g) Calories 110 Calories from Fat 0*Percent Daily Values(%DV) are based on a 2000 calorie diet.
Plus Vitamin b6 can help you sleep well and magnesium helps to relax muscles. Bananas are high in fiber
Vitamin b6 can also help protect against type 2 diabetes and aid in weight loss according to Flores.
The fruits contain a small but significant amount of Vitamin a which is essential for protecting your eyes maintaining normal vision and improving vision at night according to the National institutes of health.
Vitamin a contains compounds that preserve the membranes around your eyes and are an element in the proteins that bring light to your corneas.
Like other fruits bananas can help prevent macular degeneration an incurable condition which blurs central vision.
They also do not contain enough fat or protein to be a healthy meal on their own or an effective post-workout snack.
Eating bananas becomes significantly risky only if you eat too many. The USDA recommends that adults eat about two cups of fruit a day or about two bananas.
If you eat dozens of bananas every day there may be a risk of excessively high vitamin and mineral levels.
According to the NIH consuming more than 500 milligrams of Vitamin b6 daily can possibly lead to nerve damage in the arms and legs.
You would have to eat thousands of bananas to reach that level of Vitamin b6. It turns out that the biggest risk from a banana peel might really be slipping on it.
It contains high amounts of Vitamin b6 and B12 as well as magnesium and potassium. It also contains some fiber
and protein According to a 2011 article in the journal of Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology banana peels also have various bioactive compounds like polyphenols carotenoids and others.
Magnesium is necessary to synthesize proteins DNA and RNA. It plays a role in our metabolism
The treatment involved a pig bladder that had been stripped of its cells leaving only a scaffold made of tough proteins.
In the study the protein scaffold that holds the cells of a pig bladder in place worked by attracting stem cells to the site the injury
This would ensure that the protein scaffold had the effect the doctors were seeking and any healing they saw was not due to some other factor.
It occurs because proteins found in some fresh fruits and vegetables are similar to allergy-causing proteins found in pollens such as ragweed birch mugwort and grasses.
Not long after some people with seasonal allergies eat uncooked fruits and raw vegetables as well as some nuts and spices these people's immune systems recognize a similarity between the food and pollen's proteins.
This is called cross reactivity. The thinking in the field is that the pollen allergy is the driver behind the immune response to the food said Dr. Wayne Shreffler director of the Food Allergy Center at Massgeneral Hospital for Children in Boston.
That's because the food's allergy-causing protein is broken easily down by cooking or processing.
and if substituted for red meat can help reduce exposure to fats and other chemicals that promote cancer
And like most nuts cashews are also a good source of Vitamin e and cancer-fighting phytochemicals.
and their bodies use stored fat to stay alive. Most bears are solitary and only interact with their young.
The meal also has 93 grams of saturated fat which is nearly five days'worth CSPI says.
And of course oranges are well known for their Vitamin c content said Laura Flores a San diego-based nutritionist.
1 medium orange (5. 5 oz/154 g) Calories 80 Calories from Fat 0*Percent Daily Values(%DV) are based on a 2000 calorie diet.
Immune system Most citrus fruits have a good deal of Vitamin c and oranges have high levels even compared to their tangy brethren.
Vitamin c protects cells by scavenging and neutralizing free radicals explains a 2010 article in the medical journal Pharmacognosy Reviews.
Vitamin c also helps keep skin looking beautiful by helping fight against skin damage caused by the sun and pollution.
It is vital to collagen production and may help reduce wrinkles and improve the skin's overall texture according to the Cleveland Clinic.
Oranges contain Vitamin c fiber potassium and choline which are all good for your heart so the fruits may give your ticker a big boost.
She noted another heart-related benefit pointing out that oranges are high in folate which is beneficial in lowering levels of homocysteine a cardiovascular risk factor.
and improve blood sugar lipids and insulin levels in people with type 2 diabetes. The American Diabetes Association lists oranges along with other citrus fruits as a superfood for people with diabetes.
Oranges are Vitamin a rich. This nutrient contains carotenoid compounds like lutein beta-carotene and zeaxanthin which can help prevent age-related macular degeneration an incurable condition that blurs central vision.
Vitamin a also helps your eyes absorb light and it improves night vision. Furthermore the American Optometric Association reports that Vitamin c can help reduce the risk of cataracts
and may slow the progression of macular degeneration. The Vitamin c in oranges is associated with a reduced risk of colon cancer due to preventing DNA mutations from taking place Flores said.
Studies have shown that about 10 to 15 percent of colon cancers have a mutation in a gene called BRAF.
It is also possible to have too much Vitamin c (more than 2000 mg a day. An excess of this nutrient may lead to diarrhea nausea vomiting heartburn bloating
Additionally orange peels contain vitamins A c B6 and B5; calcium; riboflavin; thiamin; niacin; and folate. One way to get some of the nutrients is by eating the inner part of the peel and leaving the tough outer part.
The pith of the orange the white part between the skin and fruit can be sour
or bitter but actually contains just as much Vitamin c as the fruit itself with a good deal of fiber Flores said.
Some fun facts about oranges include:(Sources: Top Food Facts Science Kids & Florida Citrus Commission) Learn more about oranges and other healthy foods at The World's Healthiest Foods.
Browse the USDA's National Nutrient Database for nutrient content of thousands of different foods a
#Fall Colors Spotted from Space (Photos) Pictures from space show that fall is in full swing in parts of North america.
Carotenes and xanthophyll pigments appear yellow to orange. Meanwhile fiery reds and deep purple leaf colors come from anthocyanins
They're high in protein vitamins and healthy monounsaturated fats and they contain no cholesterol.
Tortilla chips: In 2013 sales of tortilla chips grew faster than sales of potato chips (3. 7 percent vs. 2. 2 percent) and not only because of Hispanic shoppers.
and/or trans fats and many brands of chips are high in sodium. Some health experts recommend baking your own tortilla chips from 100 percent corn tortillas
The orange-fleshed tubers are especially high in Vitamin a (also called beta-carotene which is the carotenoid that turns into Vitamin a) vitamins C E and B6 fiber and manganese.
They even contain some iron. Plus they re fat-free relatively low in sodium and have fewer calories than white potatoes
Sweet potatoes are one of the best Vitamin a sources out there containing more than 100 percent of the daily recommended intake.
Vitamin a is an antioxidant powerhouse and beta-carotene has been linked to anti-aging benefits cancer prevention and helping maintain good eyesight.
While the orange and yellow types contain the most Vitamin a the purple sort is an excellent way to get antioxidants.
1 medium (4. 6 oz/130 g) Calories 100 Calories from Fat 0*Percent Daily Values(%DV) are based on a 2000 calorie diet.
Heart health Sweet potatoes are a great source of B6 vitamins which are brilliant at breaking down homocysteine a substance that contributes to the hardening of blood vessels and arteries.
Immunity and anti-inflammatory properties One sweet potato contains about half our daily recommended intake of Vitamin c.
Vitamins A and E also support a healthy immune system and are powerful disease-fighting antioxidants.
While orange sweet potatoes contain more Vitamin a purple sweet potatoes are packed with the antioxidants cyanidin and peonidin All of these pigment-related antioxidants have excellent anti-inflammatory benefits
Skin and hair Vitamin a can help protect against sun damage and vitamins C and E are well-known beauty supplements.#
#They encourage healthy glowing skin and collagen growth. Digestion Sweet potatoes are a good source of dietary fiber
which aids in maintaining a healthy digestive tract and helps keep you regular. Cancer prevention The NIH reports that some studies have suggested that beta-carotene may reduce the risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women ovarian cancer in postmenopausal women.
While the Vitamin a in sweet potatoes has numerous benefits if consumed in daily abundance your skin could turn yellow or orange.
What to Expect a pregnancy advice website suggests eating three servings of lean protein on a daily basis. This will help tissue develop.
Add some foods rich in Vitamin c like oranges and berries to help with iron absorption. Folic acid is very important at this stage as is calcium.
Babycenter. com recommends getting 600 micrograms of folic acid a day. Prenatal vitamins can provide that much;
talk to your health care provider about adding them to your diet. Leafy greens like spinach deliver both of these nutrients
which help to promote bone development and avoid birth defects. Citrus foods are also naturally high in folate so a calcium-enriched orange juice is a great addition to any breakfast.
The American Pregnancy Association recommends talking to your health care provider before beginning or continuing an exercise routine
What to Expect a pregnancy advice website suggests eating three servings of lean protein on a daily basis. This will help with tissue development.
Add some foods rich in Vitamin c like oranges and berries to help with iron absorption. Folic acid is also very important at this stage as is calcium.
Leafy greens like spinach deliver both of these nutrients which help with bone development and avoiding birth defects.
Citrus foods are also naturally high in folate so a calcium-enriched orange juice is a great addition to any breakfast.
Talk to your health care provider about adding a prenatal vitamin to your diet. The American Pregnancy Association recommends talking to your health care provider before beginning
The gene encodes a protein that is similar to molecular transporters that have been implicated in drug resistance.
The team speculates that the proteins work by transporting metabolites that impede fungal growth to the site of the infection.
as a result of work on a wild wheat that has yields with an unusually high protein content2. During tests on the wheat
he noticed that it was more resistant to rust infection than strains with normal protein content.
The gene that led to higher protein content happened to be located near a gene, called Yr36,
Dubcovsky and his colleagues now report that that Yr36 encodes a protein that may activate a protein signalling cascade in response to lipids,
Embryonic development is guided initially by proteins and RNA found in the egg, with control eventually passing to DNA in the nucleus. This transfer of power occurs in humans
and found two distinct signatures that seemed to correspond to horse carcass fat and mare's milk.
Zinc-finger nucleases have recently been used to create human immune cells that are resistant to HIV (see'Designer protein tackles HIV'.
rather than focusing largely on the gene that encodes the haemagglutinin'protein, which is critical for vaccine production,
The two toxic proteins, Cry1ac and Cry2ab have very different amino-acid sequences and bind to different target sites.
Tabashnik wanted to learn more about how insects may become resistant to the less-studied Cry2ab protein,
which release volatile organic compounds to attract pest enemies when their tissues are damaged. Many maize varieties already contain a gene to make this compound.
raising protein production levels and optimizing process design, says global biomass business development manager Cynthia Bryant.
and caused the plants to produce a protein inducing resistance to the antibiotic kanamycin. However, an expert committee dismissed these concerns,
The 2. 3-billion-base sequence the largest genetic blueprint yet worked out for any plant species includes more than 32,000 protein-coding genes spread across maize's 10 chromosomes.
and Sensing Satellite could have reached the Moon through impacts with comets rich in organic compounds. See go. nature. com/odk7he for more.
or Ruppy, that has red fluorescent protein that makes its nose, paw pads and claws red, even to the visible eye).
and the lifetime average in bone collagen. He then modelled which prey combinations were most likely to produce the lions'isotope ratios.
a build up of protein in the walls of her blood vessels, on 19 june, and says she is still recovering, albeit slowly.
which patients have high Vitamin d levels and calcification in parts of their kidneys. William Gahl
leaving behind a scaffold of collagen onto which the rabbits'own muscle and skin cells were grown.
such as rice that is insect-resistant (Bt rice) or enriched with Vitamin a and micronutrients. Our national labs have all the genes for rice improvement,
and four times larger than that of many fungi but it contains far fewer protein-coding genes.
and GTC Biotherapeutics in Framingham, Massachusetts, who produced ATRYN, the first FDA-approved biopharmaceutical (a human anticoagulant protein) from a transgenic animal.
The new approach, published today in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases1, uses crystal proteins from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt.
since 1996 so crops such as corn and potato can produce the crystal proteins, protecting themselves from insects without any pesticides.
this natural protein is at least three times better, Aroian says. The parasitic worm Heligmosomoides bakeri naturally infects mice
and become reproductively active adults before treating the mice with the crystal protein. A few days after treatment, the mice had 98%fewer parasite eggs in their faecal samples
the two in vivo studies have shown significant therapeutic activity of a crystal protein against two species of nematode,
such as making sure more of the protein reaches the intestine without being dissolved in the stomach first.
with programmes on antibacterial drug development and protein-protein interactions as drug targets. www. drugdiscoverychemistry. com 28-29 april A symposium hosted by the Zoological Society of London examines the link between the conservation of biodiversity
toxic proteins produced by Bti cause pores to form in the guts of the larvae,
Nature Newssome so-called'non-coding'pieces of RNA may actually encode short proteins that regulate genes,
Protein-coding MESSENGER RNA molecules serve as templates for the production of proteins in cells, while a variety of non-coding RNA molecules are known that do not produce protein
but are known either to regulate gene expression directly or to carry out other functions in the cell.
suggests that more of these mysterious RNA molecules could produce peptides too small to be considered true proteins
In scans of the genome, a DNA sequence is considered generally not potentially protein-coding unless it can encode a string of more than 100 amino acids.
these peptides are chipped usually fragments off larger proteins. Kageyama and his colleagues have now found an RNA that directly codes for four peptides
The team found that the polished rice peptides trigger the truncation of a protein called Shavenbaby,
This shorter form of the Shavenbaby protein activates the expression of genes needed for hair growth.
Sequence analysis suggests that DNA regions capable of encoding tiny peptides exist in front of many protein-coding genes,
which have long been thought to be defunct relics of protein-coding genes. Pseudogenes often contain many signals that would stop protein synthesis and,
as a result, could only encode short amino-acid chains. Maybe this would provide a new way for pseudogenes to have some sort of function
'and whether the DNA's'function'is the production of a particular protein (with all its uses),
or a specific use of that protein. The ruling might push these uncertainties higher up lawyers'agendas, notes Radcliffe.
Currently, half of the patients with HCV are cured by a course of an immune-boosting protein and a general antiviral,
and its NS5A protein, which is involved in replication and viral assembly. See go. nature. com/rknczt for more.
and tested for the presence of proteins that could give it resistance to either of the herbicides.
a variety of aubergine modified to produce a protein from the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacterium that is toxic to insect pests.
In more relaxed conditions, many animals opt for high-protein foods that help them to grow
Grasshoppers that were exposed to spiders switched from eating protein-rich grasses to munching on several species of sugary goldenrod plants.
or protein-rich'biscuits'and he saw the same trend. Fearful grasshoppers went for the high-sugar cookies rather than the protein-rich bars1.
All that sugary food means that the stressed-out insects are ingesting foods richer in carbon and poorer in nitrogen than their calmer,
protein-pumping cousins. Meanwhile, their bodies are breaking down proteins to make even more glucose. The result is a body that is made of significantly more carbon
and less nitrogen and thus makes poorer fertilizer when it dies and rots. Hawlena thinks that the ecosystem is likely to be changed in two ways by frightened grasshoppers.
Increasingly, biologists are discovering that the differences between organisms are due not to mutations that change the sequence of protein-coding genes
you get protein poisoning, says Hardy.
Societies evolve in steps: Nature Newshuman societies progress in small steps just as biological evolution does, according to a study of the structure and language of societies in South East asia and the Pacific ocean.
The sweet pepper gene produces a protein called HRAP that strengthens the plant's ability to seal off infected cells.
which has been fortified with Vitamin a and iron to help to combat blindness and anaemia in rural areas.
The cystic fibrosis gene CFTR codes for a protein called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator, which helps to move chloride ions across cell membranes.
Lanaud's team found scores of genes potentially involved in the production of lipids flavonoids and terpenoids, responsible for much of the taste of chocolate.
T. cacao had some 84 candidate genes involved in lipid biosynthesis, compared with 71 in the well-studied but less flavoursome plant thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana),
In the late 1980s, he developed electrospray ionization, a way to gently separate clumped proteins into a fine spray of individual molecules.
gave scientists a tool to quickly identify proteins via their mass and helped to launch the field of proteomics.
which delivers extra Vitamin a; it hopes that the rice will receive regulatory approval in the Philippines in 2013 and in Bangladesh in 2015.
which contains extra Vitamin a, iron and protein. The centre hopes the enhanced cassava will gain approval in Kenya and Nigeria by 2017.
which is fortified with Vitamin a, in the Philippines and Bangladesh, and Biocassava Plus, a tuber fortified with Vitamin a, iron and protein in Kenya and Nigeria.
In rich countries, people generally have access to a diverse diet and to foods that have been fortified with various essential nutrients,
It's no surprise then, that vitamin and mineral deficiencies affect more than two billion people worldwide,
which released orange sweet potato containing 50%of the daily Vitamin a requirement in Uganda and Mozambique in 2007,
They infect bacteria by binding to a protein called Bama on the surface of many bacterial cells,
which codes for a protein called intimin, an adhesion protein that allows the bacteria to attach to cells in the gut.
Eae-negative E coli have been associated specifically with adult infections before although it is still unclear why this particular protein is more effective in adult guts than in those of children.
Gad Frankel, a microbiologist at Imperial College London, suspects that the genome of this strain will reveal more information about the adherence mechanisms of E coli.
It is possible that the strain has evolved a combination of adhesion proteins that makes it particularly hard to remove from food,
Its genome comprises more than 39,000 protein-coding genes, and it is a highly heterozygous autotetraploid this means that it has four copies of every chromosome,
they've got more protein and more fibre than rice, with no fat, says Gurr.
They've also got more Vitamin c, Vitamin b complexes and trace elements. And the researchers are wasting no time in getting started.
Most of the people in the group are now asking how we can use information from the sequencing to learn about some of the traits we work on, such as disease resistance, tuber dormancy,
although bamboo contains proteins, sugars and fats among other nutrients, most of its calories are locked in hard-to-digest cellulose fibres that make up plant cell walls.
whereas some other GM CROPS produce unfamiliar proteins that could in theory cause an allergic reaction when eaten, the GM pinto bean produces only small snippets of RNA,
organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts were originally free-living bacteria before they were absorbed by another cell.
which store contaminated water, clay, sand and bitumen from oil-sands processing. Many opponents of emissions trading programmes also argue that companies are likely to purchase carbon offsets instead of reducing emissions by adopting new technologies
this approach will be increasingly important for ensuring that food production provides people with enough protein.
) Haemophilia B is caused by mutations in the gene that codes for the factor IX protein;
In a previous trial, protein production dropped below therapeutic levels after two months (C. S. Manno et al.
) But in the latest trial, four out of six patients were still making the protein up to 18 months after one treatment,
Both antibodies target the protein affected by HER2 mutations. See go. nature. com/hwxlbd for more.
Proteins are large and complex so it is much harder to copy drugs based on them than small-molecule drugs (see Nature 449,274-276;
Focusing on DNA from chloroplasts and mitochondria energy-producing structures in cells that have their own genomes the researchers produced 49,000 genetic sequences.
The authors suggest that the fluke may alter the production by T lymphocytes key cells in the immune system of the protein interferon-Ã Â,
The fermented dairy product left telltale traces of fat on the ceramic fragments, suggesting a way that the region s inhabitants may have evolved to tolerate milk as adults.
using mass spectrometry to identify specific animal fats and using the relative levels of carbon isotopes to pick out more exactly the origin of those fats in 29 of the samples.
Of those 29, at least half contained fats came from dairy foods. Carbon isotopes from milk fat can also point to the sorts of food the dairy animals ate
as different plants incorporate varying amounts of carbon-13 relative to carbon-12. The team found that the milk fats came from a range of plants,
potentially suggesting that the people milking the animals moved around a lot, Evershed says. They may even have grazed their cattle up and down mountains,
depending on the season. Mark Thomas, a geneticist at University college London, calls the latest work"a very exciting finding.
Glybera, a treatment for a rare disease in which patients cannot produce enough lipoprotein lipase (an enzyme crucial for breaking down fat),
Livestock provides poor families with up to half their income and 6-35%of their protein intake.
such as measures to speed up approval of generic versions of protein-based drugs. See page 13 for more. UK science chief Mark Walport will be the United kingdom s next chief scientific adviser
The MRC-NIHR Phenome Centre will use equipment purchased for anti-doping tests to probe biological samples for biochemicals such as proteins and metabolites,
But culturing mammalian cells is currently the only way to make some complex protein drugs.
When human proteins such as enzymes are expressed in plant cells, they are decorated usually with plant-specific sugar molecules,
The team tweaked the protein-producing genes, not to alter the sequence of the human protein,
but to ensure that, once made, the proteins would not be moved through the cell's Golgi complex,
a structure where the problematic sugars are added. The engineered maize seeds produced proteins decorated with sugars that could be converted to human forms.
Richard Pattison a cell biologist at the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant science in Ithaca, New york, calls the approach"very elegant.
Most attempts to solve the sugar problem require mutating the protein, which could disrupt its function,
or engineering plants to modify proteins differently a time-consuming approach that often does not work.
  Other plant systems have been used to make therapeutic proteins. In May, the US Food and Drug Administration approved Elelyso (taliglucerase alfa) a drug for the lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher disease which is produced in cultured carrot cells.
However, making proteins with certain sugar patterns using these systems is still difficult or impossible.
In terms of controlling protein modifications, Kermode s localization technique is"a significant improvement for the production of biopharmaceuticals,
And there particular advantages of packing transgenic proteins into corn kernels. Cereal crops can be grown using established methods,
and seeds are ideal for long-term protein storage. However, Kermode says, the transgenic crops should be grown in contained greenhouses to prevent them from escaping into the environment.
The team also needs to ensure that the seeds produce the protein in higher quantities.
however, maize may one day become the go-to way to make complex protein drugs
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