) and protein (10-35 percent. Vegetarian athletes can meet their dietary needs from predominantly or exclusively plant-based sources when a variety of these foods are consumed daily
But in general the current recommendation is 1. 4 to 2. 0 grams of protein per kilogram (g/kg) of body weight--about 1 gram per pound.
Ideally a bodybuilder should seek to eat that amount in increments of 20 to 25 grams of high-quality protein throughout the day to maximize protein synthesis in muscle in response to training.
This is important because it seems to indicate there is an upper cap of protein intake that seems to promote protein synthesis to the maximum level
and if you exceed this upper cap of protein level intake you will not be pushing protein synthesis any further Apong said.
In fact you're going to be oxidizing protein for energy production. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Institute of Food Technologists (IFT.
It is used as a basic raw material in producing starch oil protein alcohol food sweeteners and as a dietary staple.
It had been assumed that early farmers in northwest Europe had a diet full of animal protein. However these results suggest that the protein from cereal
and pulse crops is much higher than previously thought and that Neolithic crops were a staple part of their diet.
and contribute protein a whole almond is probably the way you want to go Mattes said.
studies on caloric content in kcal/g of carbohydrates (4) proteins (4) and fats (9) as they were found in foods
In this process the cell produces MESSENGER RNA that copies the genetic information from the cell nucleus to serve as a template for protein synthesis
. In addition to the 1274 genes that take part in coding proteins they also identified 375 novel noncoding gene families on the bovine Y chromosome
They found 9. 198 genes that produced significantly different amounts or kinds of proteins at six different times.
and its downstream signals during the breast's transition to a biofactory that manufactures massive amounts of proteins fats
Dr. Nommsen-Rivers and her colleagues were able to use a noninvasive method to capture mammary gland RNA--a chain of molecules that are blueprints for making specified proteins--in samples of human breast milk.
and its downstream signals during the breast's transition to a biofactory that manufactures massive amounts of proteins fats
Dr. Nommsen-Rivers and her colleagues were able to use a noninvasive method to capture mammary gland RNA--a chain of molecules that are blueprints for making specified proteins--in samples of human breast milk.
#Scientists view protein origami to help understand, prevent certain diseasesscientists using sophisticated imaging techniques have observed a molecular protein folding process that may help medical researchers understand
and treat diseases such as Alzheimer's Lou Gehrig's and cancer. The study reported this month in the journal Cell verifies a process that scientists knew existed
Rye explained that individual amino acids get linked together like beads on a string as a protein is made in the cell.
but in a living cell the process is complicated by the presence of many proteins in a concentrated environment.
The constraints on getting that protein to fold up into a good'origami'structure are a lot more demanding he said.
So there are special protein machines known as molecular chaperones in the cell that help proteins fold.
But how the molecular chaperones help protein fold when it isn't folding well by itself has been the nagging question for researchers.
and just sort of buzz along inside a cell driving a protein folding reaction every few seconds Rye said.
The many chemical reactions that are essential to life rely on the exact three-dimensional shape of folded proteins he said.
In the cell enzymes for example are specialized proteins that help speed biological processes along by binding molecules and bringing them together in just the right way.
And the proteins--those little beads on the string that are designed to fold up like origami--are folded to position all these beads in three-dimensional space to perfectly wrap around those molecules
--if the protein doesn't get folded up right--the chemical reaction can't be done. And if it's essential the cell dies
and all of that depends on the proteins being folded in the right way. When a protein doesn't fold
or folds incorrectly it turns into an aggregate which Rye described as white goo that looks kind of like a mayonnaise like crud in the test tube.
and cancer also are linked to protein folding disorders. One of the main roles for the molecular chaperones is preventing those protein misfolding events that lead to aggregation
and not letting a cell get poisoned by badly folded or aggregated proteins he said.
Rye's team focused on a key molecular chaperone--the HSP60. They're called HSP for'heat shock protein
'because when the cell is stressed with heat the proteins get unstable and start to fall apart
This particular chaperone takes unfolded protein and goes through a chemical reaction to bind the unfolded protein
and literally puts it inside a little'box'Rye said. He added that the mystery had long been how the folding worked
The HSP60 chaperone is designed to recognize proteins that are folded not from the ones that are.
and parts of the molecule moved to peel the chaperone box away from the bound protein--or gift in the box.
But the bound protein was kept inside the package where it could then initiate a folding reaction.
and grabbing hold of the substrate protein and helping hold it inside the cavity. The first thing we saw was a large amount of an unfolded protein inside of this cavity he said.
Even though we knew from lots and lots of other studies that it had to go in there nobody had seen ever it like this before.
We can also see the nonnative protein interacting with parts of the box that no one had seen ever before.
I think we got a glimpse of a protein in the process of folding which we actually can compare to other structures.
when we need to like for a patient who has one of the protein folding diseases he said.
#Scientists view protein origami to help understand, prevent certain diseasesscientists using sophisticated imaging techniques have observed a molecular protein folding process that may help medical researchers understand
and treat diseases such as Alzheimer's Lou Gehrig's and cancer. The study reported this month in the journal Cell verifies a process that scientists knew existed
Rye explained that individual amino acids get linked together like beads on a string as a protein is made in the cell.
but in a living cell the process is complicated by the presence of many proteins in a concentrated environment.
The constraints on getting that protein to fold up into a good'origami'structure are a lot more demanding he said.
So there are special protein machines known as molecular chaperones in the cell that help proteins fold.
But how the molecular chaperones help protein fold when it isn't folding well by itself has been the nagging question for researchers.
and just sort of buzz along inside a cell driving a protein folding reaction every few seconds Rye said.
The many chemical reactions that are essential to life rely on the exact three-dimensional shape of folded proteins he said.
In the cell enzymes for example are specialized proteins that help speed biological processes along by binding molecules and bringing them together in just the right way.
And the proteins--those little beads on the string that are designed to fold up like origami--are folded to position all these beads in three-dimensional space to perfectly wrap around those molecules
--if the protein doesn't get folded up right--the chemical reaction can't be done. And if it's essential the cell dies
and all of that depends on the proteins being folded in the right way. When a protein doesn't fold
or folds incorrectly it turns into an aggregate which Rye described as white goo that looks kind of like a mayonnaise like crud in the test tube.
and cancer also are linked to protein folding disorders. One of the main roles for the molecular chaperones is preventing those protein misfolding events that lead to aggregation
and not letting a cell get poisoned by badly folded or aggregated proteins he said.
Rye's team focused on a key molecular chaperone--the HSP60. They're called HSP for'heat shock protein
'because when the cell is stressed with heat the proteins get unstable and start to fall apart
This particular chaperone takes unfolded protein and goes through a chemical reaction to bind the unfolded protein
and literally puts it inside a little'box'Rye said. He added that the mystery had long been how the folding worked
The HSP60 chaperone is designed to recognize proteins that are folded not from the ones that are.
and parts of the molecule moved to peel the chaperone box away from the bound protein--or gift in the box.
But the bound protein was kept inside the package where it could then initiate a folding reaction.
and grabbing hold of the substrate protein and helping hold it inside the cavity. The first thing we saw was a large amount of an unfolded protein inside of this cavity he said.
Even though we knew from lots and lots of other studies that it had to go in there nobody had seen ever it like this before.
We can also see the nonnative protein interacting with parts of the box that no one had seen ever before.
I think we got a glimpse of a protein in the process of folding which we actually can compare to other structures.
when we need to like for a patient who has one of the protein folding diseases he said.
what proteins are transferred by the fungus into the wheat plants and recognized by the protein encoded by the Sr35 gene.
This will help researchers to better understand the molecular mechanisms behind infection and develop new approaches for controlling this devastating pathogen.
We also know that warmer grasslands have grasses with less protein and we now know that warmer grasslands have smaller grazers.
It all lines up to suggest that climate change will cause grasses to have less protein
grasses in the southern Great plains have less protein than grasses in the northern Great plains because of the warmer climate.
and weight gain for both is limited typically by protein intake. If the same reduction in weight gain applies to cattle as bison every temperature increase of one
The reduction would come from either the cost of protein supplements needed to maintain similar weight gains before climate change or from a loss of income because of reduced weights.
He tagged these with fluorescing proteins and found under the microscope that these transcription factors accumulated in the nuclei of the pollen tubes as they grew in the pistil.
because it is responsible for the secretion of a protein called a thionin For the thionin
and protein but the sources were said different Kavanagh. The high-fructose group's diet was made from flour butter pork fat eggs and fructose (the main ingredient in corn syrup) similar to
while the control group's diet was made from healthy complex carbohydrates and soy protein. Every week the research team weighed both groups
and other grains that contain gluten-related proteins. Boye's team sought to expand dietary options for CD
Boye also noted that canary seeds have more protein than other common cereals are rich in other nutrients
and proteins involved in each of these branch pathways and this might help us manipulate the discrete functions this hormone regulates Ecker says.
Now we can see that by altering the expression of one protein ethylene produces cascading waves of gene activation that profoundly alters the biology of the plant.
what happens in Arabidopsis after ethylene gas causes activation of EIN3 a master transcription factor--a protein that controls gene expression--that Ecker had discovered
EIN3 and a related protein EIL1 are required for the response to ethylene gas; without these proteins ethylene has no effect on the plant.
We wanted to know how ethylene is actually doing its job Ecker says. Once the plant responds to ethylene by activating EIN3
We found that about half of the genomic targets of the EIN3 protein are found in other hormone signaling pathways.
Successes and failures from the first billion acressince 1996 farmers worldwide have planted more than a billion acres (400 million hectares) of genetically modified corn and cotton that produce insecticidal proteins from the bacterium
Bt proteins used for decades in sprays by organic farmers kill some devastating pests but are considered environmentally friendly and harmless to people.
However some scientists feared that widespread use of these proteins in genetically modified crops would spur rapid evolution of resistance in pests.
Same pest same crop same Bt protein but very different outcomes. He explained that in the southwestern U s. scientists from the EPA academia industry
#KISS ME DEADLY proteins may help improve crop yieldsdartmouth College researchers have identified a new regulator for plant hormone signaling--the KISS
ME DEADLY family of proteins (KMDS)# that may help to improve production of fruits vegetables and grains.
GNVS can efficiently deliver a variety of therapeutic agents including DNA RNA (DIR-GNVS) proteins
The researchers demonstrated that GNVS can transport various therapeutic agents including anticancer drugs DNA/RNA and proteins such as antibodies.
The scientists sprayed protein markers on the sweet alyssum and later captured insects and spiders at a distance from the flower plots.
Many of the insects and spiders tested positive for the proteins proving that they had visited the flowers.
The scientists sprayed protein markers on the sweet alyssum and later captured insects and spiders at a distance from the flower plots.
Many of the insects and spiders tested positive for the proteins proving that they had visited the flowers.
Within the HA protein of novel H7n9 viruses there was a leucine residue at position 226
The researchers who sequenced it say that 97 percent of the genome consists of genes--bits of DNA that code for proteins--and small pieces of DNA that control those genes.
Noncoding DNA is DNA that doesn't code for any proteins. This includes mobile elements called jumping genes that have the ability to copy
which for genes feeds into the machinery that makes proteins. But Herrera-Estrella Albert and their colleagues argue that organisms may not bulk up on genetic junk for reasons of benefit.
and function and so produce more of a given gene product--a protein for example he said.
and birds focusing on the gene that codes for the viral hemagglutinin (HA) protein. After comparing HA genetic sequences in five key locations that control the viruses'interactions with infected hosts the researchers calculated an antigenic index for each strain.
The researchers also took into account the patterns of attachment of the HA protein to sugar molecules called glycans.
To do this they turned to two different mouse models each specially engineered to produce distinct but related proteins that turn muscle-specific genes on and off.
This protein collaborates with PPARÎ/Î'to turn on micrornas. That's why marathon mice are fitter
The diet restricted foods high in the sugar-binding protein lectin generally regarded as a healthy nutrient.
and fish olive oil and grass-fed animal protein while taking supplements containing the antioxidant polyphenol from fish oil grape seed extract and vitamins.
This signal can also turn on honey bee immunity genes that code for antimicrobial proteins. According to Berenbaum three other honey constituents were effective inducers of these detoxification enzymes.
That's the conclusion of 12 leading plant biologists from around the world whose laboratories recently discovered important properties of plant transport proteins that collectively could have a profound impact on global agriculture.
These membrane transporters are a class of specialized proteins that plants use to take up nutrients from the soil transport sugar
and lack sufficient protein and carbohydrates in their diets the biologists write in their paper.
Along with growing urbanization increased demand for protein in developing countries coupled with impending climate change
From their recent findings the plant biologists now understand how transport proteins control processes that allow roots to tolerate toxic aluminum.
Other recent transport protein developments described by the biologists have been shown to increase the storage of iron
The biologists said crops could be made more efficient in using water through discoveries in plant transport proteins that regulate the stomatal pores in the epidermis of leaves where plants lose more than 90 percent of their water through transpiration.
A recent discovery of protein transporters that move sugar throughout the plant has been used to develop rice plants that confer pest resistance to crops the biologists said providing a novel way to simplify the engineering of crops with high yields and pest resistance
Then comparing the karrikin-bound KAI2 protein to the structure of an unbound KAI2 protein allowed the researchers to speculate how KAI2 allows a seed to perceive karrikin in its environment.
when karrikin binds to the KAI2 protein it causes a change in its shape. The studies'other lead investigator Salk research associate
and plant geneticist Zuyu Zheng says this karrikin-induced shape change may send a new signal to other proteins in the seeds.
These other protein players he says together with karrikin and KAI2 generate the signal causing seed germination at the right place and time after a wildfire.
More research is needed to understand exactly how the change in shape of the KAI2 protein activates a genetic pathway that regulates germination says Chory the Howard H. and Maryam R. Newman Chair in Plant Biology and a Howard Hughes Medical
and legumes--with particular interest in those with high protein content because the amino acids that make up proteins are a rich source of nitrogen.
High-protein soybeans turned out to be the best. To make the catalyst the team ground the soybeans into a powder mixed the powder with ammonium molybdate in water then dried
and heated the samples in the presence of inert argon gas. A subsequent high temperature treatment (carburization) induced a reaction between molybdenum
and characterize the key biological proteins responsible for iron transportation. That would give researchers targets to manipulate
Milk is an important source of protein in Niger. Animals graze in rural areas but are brought to the city
Protein is expensive both financially and environmentally so the choice of protein source and amount in the diet are particularly important.
There are thousands of widely varying pet foods on the market. Many are formulated to appeal to the owners who think their pets need extremely high levels of protein and other nutrients.
Often they contain human-grade ingredients thus competing directly with the human food system which will have feed to a human population that is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050.
Previous research by Swanson showed that kittens fed vastly different protein: carbohydrate ratios all remained healthy.
For example animal protein can be replaced by plant protein which requires substantially less water and energy to produce.
Soy-based proteins are a common pet food ingredient and their production is estimated to be 6 to 20 times more efficient in terms of fossil fuel requirements.
and have decided a preference for protein and fat. Swanson said it would be helpful to develop a model that would estimate the environmental impact of pet foods
Most diseases of the brain such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's have shown an increased amount of toxic protein Berries seem to promote autophagy the brain's natural housekeeping mechanism thereby reducing the toxic accumulation said Poulose.
Pesticides kill protein-rich insects that bustard chicks rely on for rapid growth to be able to migrate come fall.
The protein forms a chain a bit like a necklace that wraps around and protects the RNA the genetic material of the virus. This chain also recruits other proteins that are vital to the virus'ability to multiply
and cause disease. We have developed a very finely detailed picture of the shape of the protein
and all the nooks and crannies that it needs to present to other molecules to be able to function.
The nucleocapsid proteins bind together in a ringlike structure of four identical protein units and the ring is held together by contacts between the protein units a bit like people holding hands in a circle.
Co-lead Dr Tom Edwards also from Leeds'Faculty of Biological sciences said: The shape of the nucleocapsid protein has shown us important details of how the individual proteins in these rings are interacting.
This not only tells us how the virus works but importantly we think we can block that interaction
It would stop the protein wrapping up the RNA and would essentially kill the virus. We are now designing small molecules that could block ring formation
Prof Jeffrey Palmer who led this study explained By using the tulip tree as a guide we are able to estimate that the ancestral angiosperm mitochondrial genome contained 41 protein genes 14 trna genes seven trna
genes sequestered from chloroplasts and more than 700 sites of protein editing. Based on this it appears that the genome has been more
In a paper published online in Nature Neuroscience the U-M team shows that a particular protein called FIP200 governs this cleaning process in neural stem cells in mice.
--whose full name is focal adhesion kinase family interacting protein of 200 kd--in cellular biology for more than a decade.
In addition they will study the importance of p53 and p62 another key protein component for autophagy to neural stem cell self-renewal and differentiation in relation to FIP200.
and Yak-a-Men--have salts protein and other ingredients that help people recover from the effects of imprudent consumption of alcohol.
protein from beef chicken or shrimp; onions or chopped scallions; and sliced hard-boiled egg. Vendors often sell the soup from sidewalk carts during New orleans festivals
Previously it was not possible to resolve individual proteins on densely labeled heterogeneous surfaces such as those in plant cell walls
which target proteins are labeled with tags that fluoresce when activated by weak ultraviolet light. By keeping the intensity of the UV light sufficiently low researchers can photoactivate individual proteins to image them
and determine their location. We're the first to use PALM to study the interplay of enzyme activity
Their study which includes molecular evidence that sorghum lacks the proteins toxic to people with celiac disease appears in ACS'Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.
Paola Pontieri and colleagues explain that those gluten proteins present in wheat and barley trigger an immune reaction in people with celiac disease that can cause abdominal pain and discomfort constipation diarrhea and other symptoms.
whether sorghum contains those toxic gluten proteins. They describe evidence from an analysis of the recently published sorghum genome the complete set of genes in the plant
and other sources that verify the absence of gluten proteins. The authors also report that sorghum has high nutritional value.
Corn and cotton have been modified genetically to produce pest-killing proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis or Bt for short.
Its gene product makes repair proteins that mend DNA. The higher the level of DNA damage the more p53 becomes activated.
and protein pulp that is not converted into biodiesel) and using air pumps and more efficient cultivation materials.
and expresses a protein that transports citric acid from root tips into the soil which binds to
He added that the extra gene copies had a cumulative effect of coding for more protein that transports aluminum-binding citric acid into the soil.
It is rich in protein which usually makes up around 40%of the nutritional components of the seeds
and protein the researchers looked to monitor bioactivity between the peptides derived from the meals of soybean and various types of human cancer cells.
The meat forms a cheap and accessible source of protein for poor people as well as a source of income
This is one of the first examples of a peptide that acts like the main protein in good cholesterol
Specifically for the study the team genetically engineered tomatoes to produce 6f a small peptide that mimics the action of apoa-1 the chief protein in high density-lipoprotein lipoprotein (HDL or good cholesterol.
and was degraded then to natural amino acids before being absorbed into the blood as is the case with the other peptides and proteins in the tomato.
It may be the calcium it may be the proteins. Whatever the mechanism evidence suggests that dairy products are effective in attaining
#Goats milk with antimicrobial lysozyme speeds recovery from diarrheamilk from goats that were modified genetically to produce higher levels of a human antimicrobial protein has proved effective in treating diarrhea in young pigs demonstrating the potential for food products from transgenic animals to one
day also benefit human health report researchers at the University of California Davis. The study is the first on record to show that goats'milk carrying elevated levels of the antimicrobial lysozyme a protein found in human breast milk can successfully treat diarrhea
In this study Murray and colleagues fed young pigs milk from goats that were modified genetically to produce in their milk higher levels of lysozyme a protein that naturally occurs in the tears saliva and milk of all mammals.
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