and proline affect protein binding sites on the csd gene which in turn lead to different conformational states
When the analysis is complete the machine gives a breakdown of the milk's composition of proteins fat and carbohydrates.
and sheep production are 19 to 48 times higher (on the basis of pounds of food produced) than they are from producing protein-rich plant foods such as beans grains or soy products.
As another example of the value of the Amborella genome Joshua Der at Penn State noted We estimate that at least 14000 protein-coding genes existed in the last common ancestor of all flowering plants.
and function of protein-coding genes so the cessation of mobile DNA activity may have slowed the rate of evolution of both genome structure and gene function.
or quinoa as well as plants with an interesting biology for instance carnivorous plants or desert plants. 27421 protein-coding genes were discovered within the genome of the beet more than are encoded within the human genome.
which can be identified based on protein-domains. These genes turned out as particularly plastic with beet-specific gene family expansions and gene losses.
For a separate 10-week period the participants consumed at least 40 grams of soy protein daily.
and turn it into high-quality protein and energy. The end product is six times more nutritious than the moss.
Analysis of the pikas'caecal pellets showed they contained six times more protein than the moss they ate.
With this genetic modification the trees were able to produce an insecticidal protein that helped protect against insect attack.
and the International Institute for Applied Systems analysis (IIASA) shows that animals in many parts of the developing world require far more food to produce a kilo of protein than animals in wealthy countries.
and questions emerging from the new data relate to the amount of feed livestock consume to produce a kilo of protein something known as feed efficiency
and the amount of greenhouse gases released for every kilo of protein produced something known as emission intensity.
and goats) require up to five times more feed to produce a kilo of protein in the form of meat than a kilo of protein in the form of milk.
and poultry (monogastrics) are more efficient at converting feed into protein than are cattle sheep
Globally pork produced 24 kilos of carbon per kilo of edible protein and poultry produced only 3. 7 kilos of carbon per kilo of protein--compared with anywhere from 58 to 1000 kilos of carbon per kilo of protein from ruminant meat.
The authors caution that the lower emission intensities in the pig and poultry sectors are driven largely by industrial systems
In arid regions of Sub-saharan africa for example where the fodder available to grazing animals is of much lower quality than that in many other regions a cow can consume up to ten times more feed--mainly in the form of rangeland grasses--to produce a kilo of protein than a cow
and Sudan can in the worst cases release the equivalent of 1000 kilos of carbon for every kilo of protein they produce.
By comparison in many parts of the US and Europe the emission intensity is around 10 kilos of carbon per kilo of protein.
so they can produce more protein with better feed while simultaneously reducing emissions said Petr Havlik a research scholar at IIASA
and pasteurized milk contain equivalent levels of nutrients such as proteins carbohydrates calcium vitamins and enzymes. Claims that raw milk is associated not with lactose intolerance have not been substantiated by independent studies.
#Clues about protein mechanism critical to plant growth, yieldscientists at the Donald Danforth Plant science Center have made several scientific discoveries demonstrating the significant roles Heterotrimeric G proteins play in plant development and yield.
The defatted meal that is produced during this process is high in protein and may be fed to livestock
The digestibility of crude protein and most amino acids in two sources of camelina expellers did not differ from that of canola meal
Seeds from soya peas lupins and other legumes are protein-rich feedstuffs which are given to normal livestock during periods of rapid growth or high egg and milk production.
but the protein content of the feed must be maintained at a high level throughout their life cycle.
This assumption tallies with a much lower activity of enzymes on the surface of cells in the distal intestine--enzymes that facilitate the last stage in the digestion of for example proteins and carbohydrates.
Similarly the higher uric acid levels in male and female iguanas could be the result of animal protein such as ground beef being fed to iguanas by tourists.
#Proteins passing phases revealeda new method to identify previously hidden details about the structures of proteins may speed the process of novel drug design according to scientists at Rice university.
A unique combination of computational techniques and experimental data helped Rice theorists predict intermediate configurations of proteins that until now have been hard to detect.
and at great cost by eliminating some of the trial and error in identifying new sites on proteins that could be manipulated more easily to treat disease said Rice biological physicist Jos Onuchic.
Onuchic and his team integrated its direct coupling analysis (DCA) method based on genomic databases with structure-based models (SBM) of proteins to produce simulations of how proteins progress through different functional states.
It has been known long that this information is encoded in the protein sequences but it has been hard to extract said Faruck Morcos a postdoctoral researcher at Rice
Proteins the engines that drive biological processes usually collapse into their native states in the blink of an eye.
X-ray crystallography and more recently nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are the most common tools to see how the amino acids in a protein chain arrange themselves based on their attractive and repulsive energies
but they say nothing about the forms the proteins may take along the way Onuchic said.
He said the methods are fine for small proteins or enzymes that have a single functional structure.
But large proteins like molecular motors or signaling proteins have multiple functional conformations some of them too short-lived to be captured by X-ray crystallography.
and predict direct structural contacts between amino acids called residues) from the proteins'genomic roots. Protein sequences are built by ribosomes from genetic data conveyed by MESSENGER RNA molecules.
DCA also allows researchers to compare genetic data across protein families and determine which residues in those families co-evolved.
This information guides the physics-based simulation toward functional conformations that have been conserved through evolution. Simulations at Rice that combined DCA and structural data revealed competing residue contacts that were unique to configurations of proteins with multiple conformations
and led to the discovery of intermediate states Onuchic said. The researchers focused on glutamate-receptor
and ligand-binding proteins that go through large conformational changes like opening and closing upon binding.
which specific proteins go about their business Onuchic said. You can't design drugs in a vacuum he said.
In the same way we find conformations in the protein's landscape we think are important
Research and professor of biology at the Massachusetts institute of technology (MIT) used skin cells from Parkinson's patients that had a mutation in the gene encoding a protein called alpha-synuclein.
Alpha-synuclein is the primary protein found in Lewy bodies--protein clumps that are the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease.
The free radicals attacked the MEF2C protein leading to the loss of function of this pathway that would otherwise have protected the nerve cells from the pesticides.
#Delaying resistance to Bt corn in western corn rootwormcorn that contains proteins that protect it from insect damage has been grown in the U s. since the mid-1990s.
Known as Bt corn because the proteins are derived from a bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis these plants have been grown widely by farmers.
which has been documented to show resistance to the Bt proteins. In a new article in the Journal of Integrated Pest Management--an open-access peer-reviewed extension journal--the authors explain why this has occurred
First Bt proteins intended for the European corn borer are produced at a higher dose than the ones intended for rootworms;
which increases the chances of potentially resistant insects mating with non-resistant ones that have not been exposed to Bt proteins;
-Consider using corn that contains different Bt proteins than ones that may have performed poorly in the past. -Consider using pyramided Bt hybrids
which is defined as corn that contains multiple Bt proteins targeting corn rootworm. -If crop rotation is not an option
and corn containing multiple Bt proteins is not available suppression of rootworm adults by using insecticides for one
rotation of Bt proteins and the use of soil insecticides at planting with a non-Bt hybrid.
They also have an abundance of genes for communication between cells via signaling proteins including small secreted effectors highly expressed during symbiosis. Plant roots send out a plethora of chemical signals
Though it has nearly 30000 protein-encoding genes R. irregularis has lost also hundreds of genes as a result of its close association with plants.
#¢It is worth noting that l-tryptophan is also present to the same extent in other protein foods such as pork ham chicken
which also contains protein and fiber cornstarch is purely starch granules. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Institute of Food Technologists (IFT.
The tomatoes created at UCLA produce a small peptide called 6f that mimics the action of apoa-1 the chief protein in HDL.
Researchers discovered that simple modifications to the drug furamidine have a major impact on its ability to affect specific human proteins involved in the on-off switches of certain genes.
and how difficult it has been to affect these proteins said Gregory Poon pharmaceutical scientist at Washington state University.
The proteins--known as transcription factors--regulate the expression of genes in a highly coordinated and intricate manner making them attractive targets for therapeutic drugs
These include mutations that the prevent the growth factor from being formed with the correct size mutations that replace especially important amino acids with useless ones as well as mutations that prevent the proper splicing of MESSENGER RNA prior to the protein biosynthesis
A diet rich in animal protein may favour net acid intake while most fruits and vegetables form alkaline precursors that neutralise the acidity.
#Clotting protein hardens aging heartsheart valves calcify over time and Rice university scientists are beginning to understand why.
and the problem may be due to the infiltration of a protein known as von Willebrand factor (VWF).
and humans but as the Rice team discovered it finds its way over time into the collagen-rich interior of the valve tissues.
Because clotting is not an issue in collagen there is no apparent need for VWF to be present.
Through staining Balaoing traced the migration of a number of clotting-related proteins common to pigs and humans from the surface endothelial cells to the inner interstitial cells.
and other proteins gather in the valve tissue's interior. They then tested how valve interstitial cells that produce calcium nodules in diseased valves respond to VWF.
Endothelial cells on the outside of the valve are making most of these (clotting-related) proteins Grande-Allen said.
The researchers suspect the breakdown of collagen over time as well as the constant stretching of the valve opens gaps through
which the proteins can travel. As you get older collagen becomes less organized Balaoing said.
Because the distinct arrangement of extracellular matrix disappears I think proteins like VWF permeate inside the valve more than
what you would see in young healthy adults. We clearly know that our bodies and our whole physiology change with age Grande-Allen said.
Now they hope to find the binding mechanism that keeps the proteins in place as that discovery could lead to treatment.
if VWF and other clotting-related proteins are doing things to the valve interstitial cells
An answer could arrive in the form of a new type of onion that makes less of the protein blamed for making eyes burn
Recently Sabatini and his lab determined that a family of proteins known as Rag GTPASES act as a switch for the pathway
--when nutrients are present the Rag proteins turn on the mtorc1 pathway. Now several members of the Sabatini lab including graduate student Zhi-Yang Tsun have determined that the FLCN protein acts as a trigger to activate the Rag protein switch.
Their work is described in the November 7 issue of the journal Molecular Cell. Zhi has ascribed a molecular function to this protein
and that's a major contribution says Sabatini who is also a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator and a professor of biology at MIT.
The heart of the system known as activity-based protein profiling is a chemical probe that binds to glycoside hydrolases
Many of the measurements for the study such as the measures of protein activity using mass spectrometry were done at EMSL the DOE's Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory on the PNNL campus. Wright's team included Lindsey
#Chickens to benefit from biofuels bonanzachickens could be unexpected the beneficiaries of the growing biofuels industry feeding on proteins retrieved from the fermenters used to brew bioethanol thanks to research supported by the Engineering and Physical sciences Research Council (EPSRC.
and AB Agri the agricultural division of Associated British Foods to prove that Yeast Protein Concentrate (YPC) can be separated from the fibrous cereal matter.
The researchers have shown also that YPC may be a cost-competitive substitute for imported soya-based and similar high-value protein feeds currently used in the diets of chickens bred for meat production.
As well as the proteins the yeast content provides important vitamins and other micronutrients. Produced by distilling
and YPC allowing global production of almost 3 million tonnes of supplementary high-quality protein per annum alongside current levels of bioethanol produced.
The protein called Tenascin-C or TNC had previously been recognized as playing a role in wound healing
Reporting in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences during the week of Oct 21 2013 the researchers describe how the TNC protein in breast milk binds to
More recent studies pointed to a large protein that had yet to be identified. In their study the Duke team screened mature milk samples from uninfected women for neutralizing activity against a panel of HIV strains confirming that all of the detectable HIV-neutralization activity was contained in the high molecular weight portion.
Using a multi-step protein separation process the researchers narrowed the detectable HIV-neutralization activity to a single protein and identified it as TNC.
This is a protein involved during wound healing playing a role in tissue repair. It is known also to be important in fetal development
The protein is uniquely effective in capturing virus particles and neutralizes the virus specifically binding to the HIV envelope.
The discovery of the HIV inhibiting effect of this common protein in breast milk provides a potential explanation for why nursing infants born to HIV-infected mothers do not become infected more often than they do said Barton F. Haynes M d. director of the Duke
In seeds he said oil droplets are coated with a protein called oleosin which prevents the droplets from fusing together keeping them smaller
while increasing intake of monounsaturated fats such as avocados and olive oil-Lower intake of animal protein and add more vegetable protein to your diet-Add more fiber to your diet by consuming whole grains vegetables
The gene SYN1 encodes the protein synapsin which is involved in communication between nerve cells. Synapsin almost exclusively occurs in nerve cells in the brain.
and researcher at the Institute of Biotechnology (mixed centre of the CSIC-Spanish National Research Council Public University of Navarre and the Government of Navarre) has demonstrated for the first time the viability of using specific tobacco proteins (known as
Thioredoxins (Trxs) are small proteins present in most living organisms. In the course of her research Ruth Sanz demonstrated the capacity of the thioredoxins f
but also to increase the production of proteins like human albumin. For some time Trxs have been known to have a regulating function in living organisms
but in the thesis we have shown that they can also act by helping other proteins to fold
Human albumin is the most widely used intravenous protein in the world for therapeutic purposes.
Although commercial albumin is extracted from blood the lack of a sufficient volume in reserve has prompted many researchers to seek new formulas for obtaining this protein on a large scale economically and safely.
#oethe complex Rddm machinery is composed of several proteins that guide the genome in response to growth developmental and stress signals.
and safer for farm workerssince 1996 corn containing a gene that allows it to create a protein that is toxic to certain insects yet safe for human consumption has been grown in the United states
and marketability to genetically identical varieties that lacked Bt proteins. In 2010 and 2011 sweet corn trials were conducted in New york Minnesota Maryland Ohio
Many bacterial fungal and oomycete pathogens deliver protein effectors--molecules the pathogens secrete--into the cells of hosts to manipulate
or discovered have been said proteins lead author Hailing Jin a professor of plant pathology and microbiology. Ours is the first study to add the RNA molecule to the list of effectors.
The process is similar to how protein effectors weaken host immunity in the case of most pathogens.
Organic forms of Se can alter protein conformation and cause developmental problems and inorganic forms of Se can cause oxidative stress.
Ir40a and its related proteins are conserved not only in flies and mosquitoes but also in many other insects that are human
But unlike in women neither soy protein nor a common antidepressant provides relief for men according to researchers at Wake Forest Baptist Medical center.
venlafaxine an antidepressant commonly prescribed to treat hot flashes in women and milk powder protein; soy protein powder and placebo pill;
or venlafaxine and milk powder. Hot flash symptom severity and frequency and quality of life were assessed by the researchers.
The researchers found that neither venlafaxine nor soy protein alone or in combination reduced hot flashes in men.
Another success has been in Colombia where a mixed planting of the shrub Leucaena with a common pasture grass resulted in a 27%increase in dry matter for food and 64%increase of protein production.
and'white fat'is that'beige fat'cell mitochondria express levels of UCP1 protein responsible for burning calories
a toxic protein produced in its leaves and stems which kills pests in a matter of days.
Bt maize and resistance developmentgenetically engineered maize is created by introducing a gene into the plant genome that expresses a toxic protein from a bacterium i e.
The fly silk's long fibers make it behave a lot like collagen material used in connective tissues
and collagen-like Yarger and his team had to examine the biopolymers tiny molecular structures that serve as the building blocks for the silk using the Biocars sector 14 at the Argonne National Laboratory-based APS.
But logistically looking at the protein structures within a moth's muscle cells is no easy task.
and proteins that most people think are specific to being multicellular in animals are already present in their unicellular relatives.
and sequenced the protein-coding genes of the organism to construct a 159-protein matrix for phylogenetic analyses.
but a new protein discovered in the venom of Australian tarantulas can also kill prey insects that consume the venom orally.
The protein is strongly insecticidal to the cotton bollworm an important agricultural pest according to research published September 11 in the open access journal PLOS ONE by Glenn King and Maggie Hardy from the Institute of Molecular
The small protein named orally active insecticidal peptide-1 (OAIP-1) was found to be highly toxic to insects that consumed it with potency similar to that of the synthetic insecticide imidacloprid.
and colleagues present first evidence of a functional interaction between an important class of signaling molecule called A g protein which binds receptors and an unexpected class of cell-surface receptors.
and others found this gene to encode A g protein called GÎ. Further experiments indicated an unexpected interaction between GÎ
which acts as a signaling switch can be activated by A g protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that belongs to a class of cell-surface receptors that pass the cell membrane only a single time.
and ribosomes that are essential for protein synthesis. Each organelle also produces a range of chemicals for the cell.
whether the internal proteins of these viruses have particular signatures (amino acid composition) possibly related to host adaptation.
and fruits followed by protein-rich foods and should not be started before six months in line with recommendations for exclusive breastfeeding until that time.
and sugar and the protein iron calcium and carbohydrate content from the manufacturers'websites labels on products in store and via direct email inquiry.
And their protein content was only 40%higher than formula milk. Products containing meat had the highest iron content
and protein as 100g of a similar commercial product say the authors. They emphasise that the main point of weaning foods is to increase the energy content of the diet
when it comes to inhibiting cancer-causing pathways (such as the AP-1 protein) while activating chemoprotective genes (such as the Nrf2 gene).
Liver samples were taken from the lambs born to these ewes at four months of age to examine their genes and proteins.
Two of these proteins are already being studied as potential drug targets against other pathogens. The team sequenced the genome of Haemonchus contortus
Furthermore gemsbok and springbok are two of the main protein sources for local communities who would be affected negatively by declining wildlife population sizes.
I think it will take some time to get to proteins. My expectation is that it will take 10 to 20 years to develop.
Remember for NMR it took 50 years to be able to read the structure of proteins.
Daniela Dunkler Ph d. of Mcmaster University Ontario Canada and colleagues examined the association of a healthy diet alcohol protein and sodium intake with incident or progression of CKD among patients with type
Patients in the lowest group of total and animal protein intake had increased an risk of CKD compared with patients in the highest group.
Sodium intake within a wide range and normal protein intake are associated not with CKD the study concludes.
a protein that stimulates the immune system to attack HER2-positive breast cancer cells. The research team developing the drug--led by scientists at the Nanomedicine Research center part of the Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute in the Department of Neurosurgery at Cedars-Sinai Medical center--conducted the study in laboratory mice with implanted human
and less responsive to treatment than others because the overactive HER2 gene makes excessive amounts of a protein that promotes cancer growth.
But Herceptin is an antibody to the HER2 gene--it naturally seeks out this protein--so the research team used key parts of Herceptin to guide the nanodrug into HER2-positive cancer cells.
We genetically prepared a new'fusion gene'that consists of an immune-stimulating protein interleukin-2
Attaching IL-2 to the platform helped stabilize the protein and allowed us to double the dosage that could be delivered to the tumor.
The researchers also attached other components such as molecules to block a protein (laminin-411) that cancer cells need to make new blood vessels for growth.
Scientists discover key to easing aquacultures reliance on wild-caught fishfor the first time scientists have been able to develop a completely vegetarian diet that works for marine fish raised in aquaculture the key to making aquaculture a sustainable industry as the world's need for protein increases.
and protein demand without developing and evaluating alternative ingredients to reduce fishmeal and fish oil use said the study's lead author Dr. Aaron Watson.
We can now sustain a good protein source without harvesting fish to feed fish. The replacement of fishmeal and fish oil in aquaculture diets has been a goal for researchers for decades
The study Taurine Supplementation of Plant Derived Protein and n-3 Fatty acids are Critical for Optimal Growth
Mammals have lots of DNA kicking around that doesn't code for proteins while fruit flies have relatively little.
They noted that humans can completely meet protein needs with plant-based diets but that crop systems would need to shift (e g. toward more production of protein-rich legumes) to meet human dietary needs.
The good news is that we already produce enough calories to feed a few billion more people Cassidy says.
Casazza suggests kids start the day with fruits proteins and whole grains. Avoid sugary cereals
#Natural pest control protein effective against hookworm: A billion could benefita benign crystal protein produced naturally by bacteria
and used as an organic pesticide could be a safe inexpensive treatment for parasitic worms in humans
In earlier research Aroian and his collaborators described a protein Cry5b that can kill intestinal nematode parasites--such as human hookworms--in infected test animals (hamsters.
Cry5b belongs to a family of proteins that are accepted generally as safe for humans. These proteins are produced naturally in Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) a bacterium
which is applied to crops as a natural insecticide on some organic farms and Cryb proteins have been engineered into food crops such as corn
and rice to render them pest resistant. As shown for the first time in this paper Cry5b can also be expressed in a species of bacterium Bacillus subtilis which is closely related to Bacillus thuringiensis and
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