and fewer calories but also consumed less protein and calcium. Additionally the ban may have been a factor in a 7%decrease in District's Lunch Program participation.
What is more when the tobacco is integrated into a biorefinery it is possible to extract interesting by-products like proteins (they constitute up to 30%of the dry weight of the plant
and have a greater protein efficiency rate than those from cow's milk or soya so they could be used to feed humans
#Synthetic gene circuits pump up cell signals in study of neurodegenerative diseasessynthetic genetic circuitry created by researchers at Rice university is helping them see for the first time how to regulate cell mechanisms that degrade the misfolded proteins implicated in Parkinson's Huntington
The Rice lab of chemical and biomolecular engineer Laura Segatori has designed a sophisticated circuit that signals increases in the degradation of proteins by the cell's ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). The research appears online today in Nature Communications.
The UPS is essential to a variety of fundamental cellular processes including the cell cycle DNA repair immune response cell death and the degradation of misfolded and damaged proteins.
ubiquitin molecules that tag misfolded proteins for degradation and proteasomes that latch onto the tagged proteins and break them down into harmless peptides.
or they don't function properly misfolded proteins that remain floating in the cytoplasm can aggregate.
and chops up misfolded proteins. We know how to inhibit degradation but we want to find ways to activate it
because we think that will be useful to help prevent accumulation of misfolded proteins and aggregation
it essentially mimics a misfolded protein. Normally enhanced degradation would dampen the output signal but this genetic circuit makes it possible to link enhanced degradation to an increase in output.
They are the bottleneck in the high-yield production of recombinant proteins for example in cells engineered to crank up expression of a protein of interest Segatori said.
or displace animal protein as well as bad fats such as trans fat in a dish or meal.
field study showsfor the first time a field test has demonstrated that elevated levels of carbon dioxide inhibit plants'assimilation of nitrate into proteins indicating that the nutritional quality of food crops is at risk as climate change intensifies.
but this is the first study to demonstrate that elevated carbon dioxide inhibits the conversion of nitrate into protein in a field-grown crop he said.
because plants use nitrogen to produce the proteins that are vital for human nutrition. Wheat in particular provides nearly one-fourth of all protein in the global human diet.
Many previous laboratory studies had demonstrated that elevated levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide inhibited nitrate assimilation in the leaves of grain and non-legume plants;
In the recent study the researchers documented that three different measures of nitrate assimilation affirmed that the elevated level of atmospheric carbon dioxide had inhibited nitrate assimilation into protein in the field-grown wheat.
which showed that there are several physiological mechanisms responsible for carbon dioxide's inhibition of nitrate assimilation in leaves Bloom said. 3 percent protein decline expectedbloom noted that other studies also have shown that protein concentrations in the grain
When this decline is factored into the respective portion of dietary protein that humans derive from these various crops it becomes clear that the overall amount of protein available for human consumption may drop by about 3 percent as atmospheric carbon dioxide reaches the levels anticipated to occur during the next few
Likewise when cows were fed protein contaminated with bovine prions many of them developed mad cow disease. On the other hand transmission of prions between species for example from cows sheep or deer to humans is--fortunately--inefficient and only a small proportion of exposed recipients become sick within their lifetimes.
Prions are misfolded toxic versions of a protein called Prp which in its normal form is present in all mammalian species that have been examined.
they can induce existing properly folded Prp proteins to convert into the disease-associated prion form.
The scientists introduced into mice the gene that codes for the normal bank vole prion protein thereby generating mice that express bank vole Prp but not mouse Prp.
While the oil-and protein-rich legume is seen as a cash crop in the developed world it remains a valuable sustenance crop in developing nations.
Apart from being a rich source of oil (44 percent to 55 percent) protein (20 percent to 50 percent)
which is a main source of protein intake in the western diet. Researchers in the Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute at Mcmaster University have discovered that a molecule elafin
MABS target proteins found on the surface of West Nile virus . However this antibody was not to be able to accumulate at high levels in the brain.
and a protein expression system to make and harvest the proteins in the leaves. For the study MABS were produced rapidly in tobacco plants in as little as ten days giving promise to change the image of scourged product that causes lung cancer into a manufacturing system for societal benefits against infectious diseases.
It is our hope that these results may usher in new age of cost-effective MABS therapeutics against WNV
and protein contents increased suggesting a detoxification mechanism. They also increased their feeding activity possibly to compensate for the increase in energy demand the researchers said.
Surprisingly they found that even large molecules such as proteins can be transported through these openings making a wide range of medications deliverable.
and excretes damaged proteins and turns them into harmless peptides for disposal. The why is obvious:
how proteins perform the regulatory mechanisms in cells upon which life depends. The Rice team of biological physicist Josã Onuchic and postdoctoral researchers Biman Jana and Faruck Morcos published a new paper on the work this month for a special issue of the Royal Society
The paper describes the Onuchic group's first successful attempt to feed data through their computational technique to describe the complex activity of a large molecular machine formed by proteins.
Structural techniques like X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance have worked quite well to help us understand how smaller proteins function Onuchic said.
X-rays only take snapshots of constantly moving proteins he said but functional proteins big protein complexes and molecular machines have multiple conformations.
Computational models are also useful but to understand the full dynamics of these large proteins where a lot of the interesting biology takes place we have to supplement them with more information he said.
That information comes from direct coupling analysis (DCA) a statistical tool developed by Morcos and Onuchic with colleagues at the University of California San diego and the Pierre and Marie Curie University.
DCA looks at the genetic roots of proteins to see how amino acids--the beads in the unfolded protein strands--co-evolved to influence the way a protein folds.
Even after they fold proteins are in perpetual motion acting as catalysts for countless bodily functions.
One such biomachine is Ftsh a membrane-bound molecule in E coli made of six protein copies that form two connected hexagonal rings.
and degrades misfolded proteins and other cellular detritus pulling them in through one ring which closes like the shutter of a camera and traps the proteins.
They are cut apart as they exit through the other ring. Through molecular simulations using structure-based models
and the discovery via DCA of likely couplings in the genetic source of the proteins the Rice team found evidence to support the hypothesis of a paddling mechanism in the molecule that Morcos described as a collapse of the two rings once trash found its way inside.
First the ring pore closes to grab the protein; then the molecule flattens he said.
We can look at the evolutionary tree of these proteins and see which pairs of amino acids changed together.
and we had crystallographic data for this motor protein in the 1990s there weren't enough sequences available until the 2000s Morcos said.
He said understanding essential motor proteins in bacteria will be important as researchers begin to apply DCA to advance human health.
The research provides a new approach integrating knowledge of genes proteins plant chemical compounds and engineering modeling to understand how plants make products
Having identified the de novo gene defect the researchers conducted laboratory experiments to confirm the resulting protein dysfunction and its effects on electrical-regulating mechanisms.
and have seeds with less protein and greater oil concentration. The new varieties tend to mature later within these maturity groups
With soybean being a leading source of protein and oil for human food animal feed and other products global rates of yield increases for the crop will need to keep up with demand in the future.
Their results--obtained from analysing stable isotope ratios of three elements in the bone collagen of 49 adults buried at the Teouma archaeological site on Vanuatu's Efate Island--suggest that its early Lapita settlers ate reef fish
and sulphur in adult human bone collagen and compared these with ratios in ancient and modern plants and animals from the location
and greater access to protein from sources such as tortoises pigs and chicken than women did.
With animal protein set to remain part of the food supply we must pursue sustainable intensification and figure out how to keep livestock in ways that work best for individuals communities and the planet.
#Predators delay pest resistance to Bt cropscrops genetically modified with the bacterium Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) produce proteins that kill pest insects.
Steady exposure has prompted concern that pests will develop resistance to these proteins making Bt plants ineffective.
Cornell research shows that the combination of natural enemies such as ladybeetles with Bt crops delays a pestâ##s ability to evolve resistance to these insecticidal proteins. â#oethis is demonstrated the first example of a predator being able
Bt is a soil bacterium that produces proteins that are toxic to some species of caterpillars
More people are consuming more calories protein and fat and they rely increasingly on a short list of major food crops like wheat maize
and cotton plants genetically engineered to produce proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). These proteins kill some key pests
but are not toxic to people wildlife or even most insects. Organic growers have used Bt toxins in sprays for decades
The two pathways or proteins that contribute to fibrosis in those tumors also encourage Cox-2 an enzyme that causes inflammation
so that each subject got the same total quantity of food protein regardless of the number of foods they were being desensitized to.
The food dose was increased gradually until subjects could eat 4 grams of each food protein
or up to 20 grams of the allergenic food proteins in total without experiencing a reaction.
The patients continued consuming food powders until they could safely eat 4 grams of each food protein.
because they are a high protein grain vegetable fodder and high nitrogen-fixing legume that can be intercropped with corn cotton
#Characterization of stink bug saliva proteins opens door to controlling pestsbrown marmorated stink bugs cause millions of dollars in crop losses across the United states because of the damage their saliva does to plant tissues.
and identify the major protein components which could lead to new pest control approaches. Until now essentially nothing was known about the composition of stink bug saliva which is surprising given the importance of these insects as pests
By identifying the major protein components of saliva it now may be possible to target the specific factors in saliva that are essential for their feeding and therefore design new approaches for controlling stink bugs.
and analyzed it for protein content. To collect sheath saliva the scientists placed organic grape tomatoes in the cages.
and analyzed the sheaths for protein content. We found that the watery saliva and the sheath saliva have distinct protein profiles Felton said.
In other words we did not find any proteins in common between the two. Consistent with a role in digestion the team found that watery saliva contains several digestive proteins including amylases proteases and an esterase.
In the sheath saliva the researchers found peroxidase suggesting that this protein could be involved in sheath formation.
In addition they found a large number of proteins from tomato. These results reveal that the protein composition of the sheath is a mixture of insect
-and plant-derived proteins Felton said. We used extraordinary precaution to avoid disrupting tomato tissues during the collection of the sheaths
so we do not believe that the composition of tomato proteins in the sheath material is a spurious artifact of our collection methods
but rather it represents the natural coalescing of insect -and plant-derived proteins that occurs during formation of the sheath and subsequent feeding.
These initial findings suggest that sheath saliva may elicit a plant self-protection response. According to the scientists the methods they developed to extract the saliva
and to analyze the proteins should be generally applicable for any species of stink bug.
In the future the team plans to use a genetic approach to test the function of individual proteins in the saliva to determine their function and essentiality to the feeding process.
By understanding the specific details of feeding and the damage it causes researchers can begin to develop targeted control methods for these pests Peiffer said.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Penn State. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
They identified the GSTE2 gene as being upregulated--producing a lot of protein--in Benin mosquitoes. They found that a single mutation (L119f) changed a non-resistant version of the GSTE2 gene to a DDT resistant version.
X-ray crystallography of the protein coded by the gene illustrated exactly how the mutation conferred resistance by opening up the'active site'where DDT molecules bind to the protein so more can be broken down.
Nutrient-rich foods and beverages provide vitamins minerals protein carbohydrates and other essential nutrients that offer health benefits with relatively few calories.
S. polyrhiza turns out to have one of the smallest known plant genomes at about 158 million base pairs and fewer than 20000 protein-encoding genes.
and assimilated by the plant to become part of DNA proteins and many other compounds. Uptake is controlled by a number of factors including availability demand
and the plant's energy status. But there is much about the transport proteins involved in the process that isn't understood.
Frommer had developed previously technology to spy on transport protein activity by using fluorescent tags in a cell's DNA to monitor the structural rearrangements that a transporter undergoes as it moves its target molecule.
Vannier adds that Vitamin c appears to have other benefits like creating collagen a protein found in bones skin and tissues.
Chocolate contains protein magnesium and flavanols (antioxidants. Dark chocolate has caffeine; white chocolate does not.
We are focusing on the proteins catalysing these chemical transformations using next-generation DNA sequencing approaches to identify design
which has been shown to interfere with receptor proteins in the plant that are receptor-sensitive to ethylene.
What this compound does is that it more competitively lands on the protein and binds to or pushes out ethylene Juvik explained.
Blood and urine samples were collected over a period of 10 weeks to measure serum protein and amoxicillin concentrations.
The protein concentrations helped indicate levels of kidney damage while the amoxicillin levels helped to demonstrate how much of the antibiotic was absorbed for therapeutic purpose.
The key has been to supply breeders with specific proteins (we call them effectors) that the fungi use to cause disease.
#Cows milk protein measurement standard expanded for greater consumer protection, harmonized tradeidf and ISO have joined forces to expand the scope of an international standard used worldwide in the dairy industry to measure the protein content of cow's milk.
The Kjeldahl method now encompasses milk from other species as well as internationally traded dairy products covered by Codex standards.
and dried milk products including milk-based infant formulae milk protein concentrate whey protein concentrate casein and caseinate Dr. Jaap Evers Chair of the IDF Methods Standards Steering Group explained.
The next step is to submit the revised Kjeldahl method for endorsement to Codex alimentarius. One of the major benefits of international adoption of the revised method is that it will result in greater harmonization of protein analysis across the globe thereby minimizing the risk
They found that the protein thioredoxin which plays a major role in contemporary photosynthesis could repair many of the organism's proteins damaged by oxygen.
and distribution over hosts involved investigating 484'18s rrna genes'the fragments of RNA responsible for protein synthesis.'Our most important discovery is that ciliates are extremely diverse'says evolution biologist Johannes Hackstein.'
Dairy products are an important source of high quality protein vitamins and minerals. However they are also a source of saturated fat
studies showa large body of literature has shown that genetically-modified plants that produce proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to protect themselves from insect pests have little to no effect on a wide range of nontarget insects.
and Orius insidiosus researchers used caterpillars that were known to be resistant to Bt proteins and fed them Bt maize and Bt cotton.
This research demonstrates that the current Bt proteins used in corn and cotton crops globally do not harm Geocoris punctipes
By using caterpillars resistant to the Bt proteins in this study we were able to remove any'host quality effects'that might have led to spurious misinterpretation of the results.
This work demonstrated that the caterpillars consumed the Bt proteins and the predators consumed the Bt proteins
when they fed on the caterpillars but they did not suffer any harm even over multiple generations.
when it ingested another Bt protein. For this study resistant caterpillars were fed Bt broccoli and then exposed to Heterorhabditis bacteriophora a beneficial nematode that preys on insects.
and time of emergence of the nematodes that consumed Bt-fed caterpillars were affected not significantly compared to nematodes that did not ingest the Bt protein.
which a nematode predator has been tested in such detail against a Bt protein Dr. Shelton said.
But sufficient nitrogen--an integral part of protein and chloroplast structure and function in plants--is essential for plant growth and development.
At the molecular level the hormone serves to unblock a transcription factor a DNA BINDING-PROTEIN protein which in turn activates
For this purpose the scientists prepared crystals of complexes of DNA and ARF proteins obtained by Dolf Weijers team in Wageningen
and DDE increased the amount of a protein associated with plaques believed to be a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease.
These sticky amyloid proteins--which may form in regions of the brain involved in memory learning
The drug targets a protein CD133 found on cancer stem cells of some brain tumors and other cancers.
Immune system cells called dendritic cells will be derived from each patient's blood combined with commercially prepared glioblastoma proteins
By being loaded with specific protein fragments of CD133 the dendritic cells become trained to recognize the antigen as a target
There are 21550 protein coding genes found in total. Researchers compared buffalo genome with other mammals'such as cattle horse panda pig
and protein in milk did not differ between cows that gestated a son or daughter so the quality of milk was the same.
and protein after gestating a daughter were higher than after gestating a son. Standardized husbandry in the dairy industry combined with systematic milking procedures detailed record-keeping
Functional proteins in human milk are essential for key biological functions such as immune system development explains Ruige Wu from the A*STAR Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology.
However some of these proteins are not found or are present at lower concentrations in infant formula products compared to human milk.
Recently some manufacturers began advertising that their products contained elevated levels of functional proteins such as Î-lactalbumin and Immunoglobulin g.
The ability to measure these functional proteins is very important to control and monitor the quality of infant formula products explains Wu.
Regulation of these products requires an easy and inexpensive quantitative method to detect low levels of functional proteins in milk which also contains abundant other proteins.
The device separates the functional proteins from other more abundant proteins in the formula using isoelectric focusing.
In this process the proteins move through a gel with a ph gradient and the point at
Since each protein has a slightly different charge separation occurs. This takes just two minutes.
The functional proteins are transferred then into the embedded capillary for further separation according to their mass-to-charge ratio explains Wu.
and measured the amount of protein present --while still on the CE column--using ultraviolet detection.
The concentrations of functional proteins are determined from the respective absorbance values and calibration curves she says.
The reliability of the device was tested with infant milk formula samples spiked with known amounts of various functional proteins.
or similar protein rich products she says. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by The Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR.
and other minerals vitamins including Vitamin d protein fat and sugar in the form of lactose.
And those who consumed the most flavone compounds had improved levels of a protein (adiponectin) which helps regulate a number of metabolic processes including glucose levels.
#Modified proteins as vaccines against peach allergya research conducted by the Centre for Plant Biotechnology
and Genomics (UPM-INIA) and led by Araceli DÃ az Perales has studied the allergy to peach the most common food allergy and the Pru p 3 protein.
As a result of this research work they have developed three hypoallergenic variants of this protein. All can be good candidates for the usage of specific immunotherapy for peach allergy
which is caused mainly by the Pru p 3 proteins. The current treatment of this allergy consists of avoiding peach consumption neither fresh nor processed peaches (juices jam.
As an alternative this allergy research has defined the regions of this allergenic protein that is involved in the antibody binding and the stimulation of the immune system cells.
After that researchers developed three hypoallergenic variants of this protein that can be used as a vaccine.
These variants are the result of modifying epitopes (regions of binding antibodies) of this protein
Although the 1 variant (Pru p 3. 01) showed quite similar allergenic activity with the natural protein the variants Pru p 3. 02 and Pru p 3. 03
and the food bodies rich in proteins and lipids which they require. The acacia also provides shelter the so-called domatia in the hollows of its swollen thorns.
or triple the price of other protein sources and rightfully so might hold beef to an even higher standard of excellence said Dan Thomson Kansas State university veterinarian professor and director of the Beef cattle Institute.
Beef is one of the purest most wholesome and most humanely raised forms of protein that we produce worldwide Thomson said.
They do this by making proteins that repress the growth of the plant. This process is reversed
--which breaks down the proteins that repress growth. Growth repression can be problematic for farmers as crops that suffer from restricted growth produce smaller yields.
They found that plants produce a modifier protein called SUMO that interacts with the growth repressing proteins.
The researchers believe that by modifying the interaction between the modifier protein and the repressor proteins they can remove the brakes from plant growth leading to higher yields even
The interaction between the proteins can be modified in a number of ways including by conventional plant breeding methods and by biotechnology techniques.
which stabilises the levels of specific proteins that restrict growth in changing environmental conditions. This mechanism works independently of the Gibberellin hormone meaning we can use this new understanding for a novel approach to encourage the plant to grow even when under stress.
The TMEM95 gene encodes a protein on the surface of the sperm heads. The protein probably mediates the binding process between the sperm and egg cells.
If it is missing fertilization will not occur. Our findings indicate that genetic defects in TMEM95 could also cause infertility in men elaborates Pausch.
This will have a major impact especially on people in the developing world in producing protein-rich crops.
The researchers identified certain fragments of a protein--CD133--that is found on cancer stem cells of some brain tumors and other cancers.
In the laboratory they cultured the proteins with dendritic cells the immune system's most powerful antigen-presenting cells
Studies in lab mice showed that the resulting vaccine was able to stimulate an immune response against the CD133 proteins without causing side effects such as an autoimmune reaction against normal cells or organs.
CD133 is one of several proteins made at high levels in the cancer stem cells of glioblastoma multiforme.
Because this protein appears to be associated with resistance of the cancer stem cells to treatment with radiation
We have found at least two fragments of the protein that can be targeted to trigger an immune response to kill tumor cells.
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