Its resistance to heat and water stress allows it to grow in poor dryland regions as a staple food resource for 500 million poor people in Africa
and test whether it has the preharvest sprouting resistance gene rather than finding out once the crop grows.
and look for a naturally occurring resistance gene. Gill said without the sequenced segments finding the PHS gene would have been impossible.
and other diseases in part because organisms cannot change the makeup of their membrane so it would be very difficult for them to develop resistance to such drugs.
The researchers who conducted the genetic analysis of strains of Staphylococcus aureus known as CC97 say these strains developed resistance to methicillin after they crossed over into humans around forty years ago.
which indicates that the bacteria acquired resistance after they crossed over into humans presumably through exposure to antibiotics prescribed for treating human infections.
And all wood-and biomass-burning stoves were replaced with cleaner modern stoves that use electricity or natural gas for energy.
and electricity designing a product that consumers will actually buy is complicated a process. More often than not such products--even those that are distributed at no charge--go unused due to poor quality unreliability or differences in cultural expectations.
and its Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) will continue the measurements from MODIS. The satellite provides two additional daily observations.
and recover from EAB invasion with research on the insect ash trees'resistance to EAB and biological control.
the Global Precipitation Measurement mission to launch in early 2014 and the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite on the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership satellite currently in orbit.
Present-day oscillators for SAWS are relatively bulky Fang says but the use of a 2-D granular material to guide
What's more the 2-D nature of this system could allow it to be fabricated right on a chip along with the necessary control circuits and other components.
Today's oscillators by contrast are typically separate devices placed next to the chip array that controls them Fang says--so in cases where small size is important the new work has the potential to allow for even smaller electronic devices.
If every new power plant or factory in the world produced zero emissions we'd still see impact from the existing infrastructure and from gases already released.
The team used a combined experimental and computational approach to overcome the knowledge gap hindering the production of reliable micro-and nano-electromechanical devices.
Lastly unlike the molecules in chemical plant-protection products viruses are able to mutate which limits the development of resistance in their host.
Using data obtained during six years of regular aerial surveys and genetics data collected by a consortium of research groups scientists have strengthened evidence pointing to the central Gulf of Maine as a mating ground for North Atlantic right whales according to a study recently published online in the journal Endangered
Mothers and calves are detected during intensive aerial surveys conducted from December through March off the coasts of Florida Georgia South carolina and North carolina.
and resistance is rising but little effort has been made to develop better drugs because the relevant populations do not represent a profitable market for drug companies.
Sanitation and sterilization are enormous obstacles without reliable electricity said Rice photonics pioneer Naomi Halas the director of LANP
Halas Rice's Stanley C. Moore Professor in Electrical and Computer Engineering professor of physics professor of chemistry and professor of biomedical engineering is one of the world's most-cited chemists.
Photovoltaic solar panels by comparison typically have an overall energy efficiency of around 15 percent. When used in the autoclaves in the tests the heat
The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) an LHC component that played a role in last year's discovery of the Higgs boson is one of the two experiments that captured the new data.
and servers sold in the United states. A new study shows that large server farms can in fact cut electricity use
the amount of electricity a data center's building uses for things other than computing primarily cooling;
and how much of the center's electricity comes from renewable or low-carbon sources. Adding renewable power to the mix can help reduce a data center's overall emissions by 98 percent
Electricity is a major cost for these companies and in many of the countries where they operate carbon emissions have a cost
Other ways to avoid wasting electricity include faster computers that pay for themselves fairly quickly and using flash memory on the motherboard instead of hard disks.
because they don't pay the electric bill. Once you fix the institutional problems then the company can move quickly
Who pays the electric bill? You do said Koomey. So you end up with a cat warmer on your shelf.
Data centers consume about 1. 5 percent of the world's electricity and are responsible for about 0. 5 percent of carbon emissions.
A key measurement of efficiency is the ratio of electricity used to perform computations to the amount of power consumed for secondary support like cooling
Typically that ratio is about 1 kilowatt-hour for computing to 0. 8 kwh for the facility.
State-of-the-art data centers have reduced the ratio to about 1 to 0. 1 kwh said study co-author Arman Shehabi of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Environmental Energy Technologies Division.
Once those two areas are maximized sourcing electricity from renewables like wind and solar power plus green handling of retired equipment can get a typical data center's emissions down 98 percent.
Most centers get their electricity from the local utility rather than generate it themselves he said.
Meanwhile hydroelectric power plants are seen as crucial to sustaining industrial development and expanding economic opportunities. The Volta Basin is already home to the massive Akosombo Dam
which is expected to add 400 megawatts of power to Ghana's strained power grid along with 30000 hectares of irrigated farmland.
Nanoribbons are being studied for use in batteries and advanced electronics and as heat sinks. Usually you make a ribbon by taking a large thing
The atomic configuration at the edge helps determine graphene's electrical properties. The edges of hexagonal graphene onion rings are zigzags
The NUS team hopes that their water purification methods can benefit communities living in places where there is little electricity
But that places huge pressure on the weeds to acquire herbicide resistance by hook or by crook.
The mechanism of herbicide resistance that is bred into the crop is pretty simple Olsen says.
So it would be pretty easy for random mutations to confer resistance on the weeds.
The other possibility is that resistance genes will migrate from the crop to the weeds.
Detecting polarized light is said extremely useful Rice's Junichiro Kono professor of electrical and computer engineering and of physics and astronomy.
In the ACS Nano study lead author He used chemicals called dopants to alter the electrical properties of the nanotube carpets.
and germination rate to the speed of growth the competitive ability and the resistance against herbivores like caterpillars.
The current rise of bacterial resistance to antibiotics underscores the importance of developing another approach.
The study improved our understanding of the re-prioritization process by suggesting that inflammatory pathways promote a temporary state of insulin resistance in dairy cows resulting in conservation of glucose for use by the mammary gland Bradford said.
and Agriculture indicate that inflammation-induced insulin resistance is in some cases an adaptive rather than pathological phenomenon.
Cutter suggested that concerns about antibiotic resistance and animal-welfare issues in large animal-agriculture operations that supply food to supermarket chains may explain why consumers are switching to locally grown and locally processed foods.
As fears rise over antibiotic resistance two experts on The british Medical Journal website today debate
Based on a growing body of evidence almost every European and North american public health authority agrees that routine antibiotic use in animal food production likely worsens the epidemic of resistance he writes.
But Veterinarian David Burch argues that medicated animal feed poses no additional risk of resistance development than giving a human patient an oral antimicrobial.
but says given the thorough risk assessments concerning antimicrobial resistance by the regulatory authorities it is considered highly unlikely that the use of adding antibiotics to feed poses a serious risk to humans especially in comparison with the extensive use of antibiotics directly in human patients.
When electricity passes through a layer of silicon oxide it strips away oxygen molecules and creates a channel of pure metallic phase silicon that is less than five nanometers wide.
Normal operating voltages can repeatedly break and heal the channel which can be read as
The devices dubbed one diode-one resistor (1d-1r) worked especially well when compared with test versions (1r) that lacked the diode Wang said.
Setting adjacent bits to the on state--usually a condition that leads to voltage leaks and data corruption in a 1r crossbar structure--had no effect on the information he said.
Douglas Natelson a professor of physics and astronomy and of electrical and computer engineering and Krishna Palem the Ken and Audrey Kennedy Professor of Computer science and Electrical and Computer Engineering and a professor of statistics.
Junichiro Kono a professor of electrical and computer engineering and of physics and astronomy; and Matteo Pasquali a professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering and of chemistry.
Our discovery of a second receptor in the mosquitoes'sodium channel gives us a better understanding of how the insecticide works at a molecular level as well as could lead to ways to stem mosquitoes'resistance to pyrethroids.
In the last decade growing resistance in mosquitoes has been detected in many countries. At the molecular level resistance appears as mutations in the primary receptor in the sodium channel that allow mosquitoes to survive exposure to the insecticide.
The discovery of the second receptor in the sodium channel however opens up more avenues to increase pyrethroids'effectiveness.
The revelation not only explains much of pyrethroid resistance found in mosquito populations worldwide but also helps answer why they affect insects but not humans and other mammals.
and monitoring of pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes and other arthropod pests Dong said. It could have broad impacts in agriculture and medicine that affect people's lives especially in developing countries.
In particular the PTPRF gene which is known to suppress intracellular signals that are triggered usually by insulin binding to its receptor on the cell surface may serve as a biomarker linking insulin resistance with insufficient milk supply.
In particular the PTPRF gene which is known to suppress intracellular signals that are triggered usually by insulin binding to its receptor on the cell surface may serve as a biomarker linking insulin resistance with insufficient milk supply.
By combining this trait with other plant traits such as improved disease resistance the researchers expect that there is potential to produce improved seeds for agriculture.
Researchers tested the S. aureus isolated from nose swabs for resistance to a range of antibiotics
The gas is transported through an internal combustion area that produces energy for heat and electricity. I expect there to be more improvement as we continue be more efficient continue to do more with less
#Survey shows increase in resistance to drug therapies among bovine respiratory disease casesa survey of records of bovine respiratory disease cases at the Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory showed that drug resistance in one of the primary
Until now one of the aspects that has not been studied very well is linked the cost to antimicrobial resistance in BRD cases he said.
The study was funded internally by the diagnostic lab. Using resistance to three or more antimicrobials as the definition of multi-drug resistance 63 percent of the bacteria would be classified as multidrug resistant in 2011 compared with 46 percent in 2010 and 42 percent in 2009.
The results of the study were published by the Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. Antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine has received a considerable amount of recognition as a potential factor leading to antimicrobial resistance in human medicine Lubbers said.
However the contribution of multidrug resistance to limited or failed therapy in veterinary patients has received much less attention.
Because there are a limited number of antimicrobial drugs that can be used for treatment of BRD pathogens Lubbers said multidrug resistance in those pathogens poses a severe threat to the livestock industry.
We (KSVDL) consider this type of information to be part of our active ongoing disease surveillance
Importantly they found that exposure to aerial spraying was associated not with increased rates of emergency department visits for any of these conditions.
When local methods prove inadequate aerial spraying is used to rapidly reduce large adult mosquito populations.
According to the UC Davis researchers the exposure to pyrethrin during the urban aerial sprayings in 2005 was minimal due to the use of ultra low volume technology.
Geraghty cautioned that potential long-term effects of aerial spraying were addressed not in the study and would be extremely difficult to investigate on human populations.
Resistance gene found against Ug99 wheat stem rust pathogenthe world's food supply got a little more plentiful thanks to a scientific breakthrough.
Eduard Akhunov associate professor of plant pathology at Kansas State university and his colleague Jorge Dubcovsky from the University of California-Davis led a research project that identified a gene that gives wheat plants resistance to one of the most deadly races of the wheat
The team's study Identification of Wheat Gene Sr35 that Confers Resistance to Ug99 Stem Rust Race Group appears in the journal Science.
It identifies the stem rust resistance gene named Sr35 and appears alongside a study from an Australian group that identifies another effective resistance gene called Sr33.
This gene Sr35 functions as a key component of plants'immune system Akhunov said. It recognizes the invading pathogen
As a first line of defense wheat breeders and researchers began looking for resistance genes among those that had already been discovered in the existing germplasm repositories he said.
Until now however we did not know what kind of gene confers resistance to Ug99 in this wheat accession.
To identify the resistance gene Sr35 the team turned to einkorn wheat that is known to be resistant to the Ug99 fungal strain.
and showed resistance to the Ug99 race of stem rust. Now that the resistance gene has been found Akhunov
and colleagues are looking at what proteins are transferred by the fungus into the wheat plants
and environmentalists have focused largely on the supply side for instance electric power plants heating systems and cars that release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere Saner and his team decided to take a close look at the other end of the equation--how energy consumption for housing
are hot spots of rotation-resistance and others (in Nebraska and northwest Missouri for example) lack evidence of rotation-resistant rootworms.
and insect resistance and he said'Well I know what time of day I'll eat my vegetables!'
What we have shown is that keeping the internal clock ticking is advantageous with respect to insect resistance
and Melinda Gates Foundation into whether light and other stimuli like touch may be used to enhance pest resistance of food crops in developing countries.
5%throughout the whole year 75%seasonally and 20%on an occasional basis. The most frequently used method in the bedroom was the electric device at 62%.47%of pregnant women used insecticides in the rest
In contrast the use of the electric device remained constant. Exposure routesthe main ways of being exposed to these substances are inhalation skin contact and unintentional ingestion.
The central regions of these brilliant powerhouses are ringed by doughnuts of cosmic dust 1 dragged from the surrounding space similar to how water forms a small whirlpool around the plughole of a sink.
They applied a technique developed by paper co-author Brad Mcrae of the Nature Conservancy that's based on how electricity finds the path of least resistance when traveling across circuit boards.
and the resistance was made the human and natural landscape barriers. The work was supported by the U s. Environmental protection agency and the Wilburforce Foundation.
or high insulin levels a precursor to insulin resistance which is a prediabetic state Veiga-Lopez reported.
However she said prenatal exposure to BPA did not lead to insulin resistance in sheep as was true in a previous mouse study.
Proof-of-concept anodes--the part of the battery that stores lithium ions--built with graphene nanoribbons (GNRS)
After 50 charge-discharge cycles the test units retained a capacity that was still more than double that of the graphite currently used for LI battery anodes.
Co-authors of the paper are Rice graduate students Zhiwei Peng Changsheng Xiang Gedeng Ruan and Zheng Yan and Douglas Natelson a Rice professor of physics and astronomy and of electrical and computer engineering.
However the team has begun already to erect electric fences to avoid attacks to sheep with an ideal result.
However some scientists feared that widespread use of these proteins in genetically modified crops would spur rapid evolution of resistance in pests.
(CIRAD) in France scrutinized the available field and laboratory data to test predictions about resistance.
and evolve resistance said Tabashnik head of the UA department of entomology who led the study.
and with the data accumulated over that period we have a better scientific understanding of how fast the insects evolve resistance and why.
Analyzing data from 77 studies of 13 pest species in eight countries on five continents the researchers found well-documented cases of field-evolved resistance to Bt crops in five major pests
Their report indicates that in the worst cases resistance evolved in 2 to 3 years;
if resistance genes are initially rare in pest populations; inheritance of resistance is recessive--meaning insects survive on Bt plants
only if have two copies of a resistance gene one from each parent --and abundant refuges are present.
Refuges consist of standard non-Bt plants that pests can eat without ingesting Bt toxins. Computer models showed that refuges should be especially good for delaying resistance
when inheritance of resistance in the pest is explained recessive Carriã re. Planting refuges near Bt crops reduces the chances that two resistant insects will mate with each other making it more likely they will breed with a susceptible mate yielding offspring that are killed by the Bt crop.
The value of refuges has been controversial and in recent years the EPA has relaxed its requirements for planting refuges in the U s. Perhaps the most compelling evidence that refuges work comes from the pink bollworm
which evolved resistance rapidly to Bt cotton in India but not in the U s. Tabashnik said.
One of the paper's main conclusions is that evaluating two factors can help to gauge the risk of resistance before Bt crops are commercialized.
If the data indicate that the pest's resistance is likely to be recessive and resistance is rare initially the risk of rapid resistance evolution is said low Tabashnik.
In such cases setting aside a relatively small area of land for refuges can delay resistance substantially.
Conversely failure to meet one or both of these criteria signifies a higher risk of resistance.
When higher risk is indicated Tabashnik describes a fork in the road with two paths: Either take more stringent measures to delay resistance such as requiring larger refuges
or this pest will probably evolve resistance quickly to this Bt crop. Two leading experts on Bt crops welcomed publication of the study.
Kongming Wu director of the Institute for Plant Protection at the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Beijing said This review paper will be very helpful for understanding insect resistance in agricultural systems
and improving strategies to sustain the effectiveness of Bt crops. Fred Gould professor of entomology at North carolina State university commented:
what we know about resistance to transgenic insecticidal crops. Although the new report is the most comprehensive evaluation of pest resistance to Bt crops so far Tabashnik emphasized that it represents only the beginning of using systematic data analyses to enhance understanding and management of resistance.
These plants have been remarkably useful and in most cases resistance has evolved slower than expected Tabashnik said.
I see these crops as an increasingly important part of the future of agriculture. The progress made provides motivation to collect more data
We've also started exchanging ideas and information with scientists facing related challenges such as herbicide resistance in weeds and resistance to drugs in bacteria HIV and cancer.
But will farmers ever be able to prevent resistance altogether? Tabashnik said he doesn't think so.
It's almost a given that preventing the evolution of resistance is not possible. Story Source:
Early CVD experiments produced MDS with grains that were too tiny to be of use for their electrical properties.
Lessons for the futureenvironmentally friendly modern concretes already include volcanic ash or fly ash from coal-burning power plants as partial substitutes for Portland cement with good results.
and consumption of electricity will reduce emissions the researchers said. Implementing standard energy-efficiency practices focused on refrigeration
While commercial silicon-based solar cells turn about 20 percent of sunlight into electricity and experimental units top 25 percent there's been an undercurrent of research into polymer-based cells that could greatly reduce the cost
one to carry (negative) electrons the other to carry positive charges Verduzco said. The imbalance between the two prompted by the input of energy--sunlight--creates useful current.
With a layer of aluminum on the other side of the device constructed by the Penn State team the polymer bands stretched from the top to bottom electrodes
It's not clear why the copolymer organizes itself perpendicular to the electrodes he said.
and learn to control their structures to increase the solar cell's ability to capture photons and turn them into electricity.
In both cases electrical resistance drops to zero and complete expulsion of magnetic fields occurs. Superconductors have the ability to transport large electrical currents and produce high magnetic fields
which means they hold great potential for electronic devices and power transmission. The recent finding by the University of Arkansas-led team is important to further understand superconductivity Chakhalian said.
I can make a closed circuit out of the superconducting material cool it down and attach a battery that starts the flow of the electrons.
#Diamonds, nanotubes find common ground in graphenewhat may be the ultimate heat sink is only possible because of yet another astounding capability of graphene.
A vertically aligned forest of carbon nanotubes grown on diamond would disperse heat like a traditional heat sink but with millions of fins.
Such seamless integration through the graphene interface would provide low-contact resistance between current collectors
Acetylcholinesterase helps regulate nervous system activity by stopping electrical signaling in nerve cells. If the enzyme can't do its job the mosquito begins convulsing and dies.
Graphene a single sheet of carbon atoms is the thinnest electrical conductor we know. With the addition of the monolayer molybdenum disulfide and other metal dichalcogenides we have all the building blocks for modern electronics that must be created in atomically thin form.
The growth and electrical measurements were made by the Hone lab in mechanical engineering; the optical measurements were carried out in the Tony Heinz lab in physics.
Bulk of shoes carbon footprint comes from manufacturing processesa typical pair of running shoes generates 30 pounds of carbon dioxide emissions equivalent to keeping a 100-watt light bulb on for one week according to a new
A significant portion of the world's shoe manufacturers are located in China where coal is the dominant source of electricity.
Silicon was used for the hydrogen-generating photocathode and titanium oxide for the oxygen-generating photoanode The treelike architecture was used to maximize the system's performance.
For example Yang notes that the photocurrent output from the system's silicon cathodes and titanium oxide anodes do not match
and that the lower photocurrent output from the anodes is limiting the system's overall performance.
We have some good ideas to develop stable photoanodes with better performance than titanium oxide Yang says.
We're confident that we will be able to replace titanium oxide anodes in the near future
Also known as elephant grass miscanthus is one of a new generation of renewable energy crops that can be converted into renewable energy by being burned in biomass power stations.
when developing bit patterned media recording (BPMR)--a potential high-density magnetic recording system of the future.
Conventional hard disk drives store a single data bit in a continuous magnetic medium consisting of many'grains'.
because it records the data in a regular array of single-grain magnetic islands (see image) that can be much smaller than multiple grain bits in continuous media according to Lin.
because the magnetic cells are patterned in isolated and ordered arrays known as'islands'.'A number of practical hurdles however are preventing the use of BPMR in computer hard disks.
One problem is that the islands are separated by nonmagnetic spaces--some 25-65%of the surface only is magnetic.
Therefore the writing process must be synchronized with the position of the magnetic islands. However manufacturing defects variations in disk spinning speed
and provide much better resistance to cheatgrass invasion the study concluded. Continued research is needed to quantify the threshold levels of cattle grazing that would still maintain a healthy native ecosystem.
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