And then there's the fuel used by farm equipment. In addition cows burp lots of methane and their manure also releases this potent greenhouse gas.
and fuel suggests an international team of researchers. In a paper appearing online in the journal Agriculture
and the burning of fossil fuels blanket Earth and are the culprits behind current global warming woes.
PIM-1 can also be used for other applications such as capturing carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels enriching the oxygen content in air for efficient combustion engines hydrogen gas production
To ensure safe timely and accurate delivery drones would need to deal with a degree of uncertainty in responding to factors such as high winds sensor measurement errors or drops in fuel.
With the algorithm a drone can predict its fuel level and the condition of its propellers cameras and other sensors throughout a mission and take proactive measures--for example rerouting to a charging station--if needed.
and mission-level or health planning such as the condition of a vehicle's propellers cameras and fuel levels.
In this regard he and his colleagues used POMDP to generate a tree of possible health outcomes including fuel levels and the status of sensors and propellers.
which drones were tasked with delivering multiple packages to different addresses under various wind conditions and with limited fuel.
They found that drones operating under the two-pronged approach were more proactive in preserving their health rerouting to a recharge station midmission to keep from running out of fuel.
Wildland fires involve complex interactions that include fuel distribution terrain topography chemical reactions energy transfer and the associated fluid dynamics that transport moisture gas-phase hydrocarbons air
D. R. Weise A numerical investigation of the effect of moisture content on pyrolysis and combustion of live fuels Paper D402 Central States Section of The Combustion Institute Spring
Technical Meeting Tulsa OK March 17-18 2014) Because the fuel for wildland fires is mostly in the undergrowth three species of shrub
Continual warming of the leading edge of the fire is a necessary precondition to releasing the chemicals in the fuels that are needed to sustain it.
and do prescribed these fires sometimes on day one the fuels don't ignite easily and spread but they can come back there on day two
Each fuel was modeled through an annual seasonal cycle. We found that one of the most sensitive elements that is required for fire to spread is wind
California's seasonal combination of Santa anna winds and rising temperatures both serve to dry the fuel for combustion and drive the fire's process once underway.
As you bring the shrubs closer together is the fuel being consumed faster and the energy created faster as a result?
-22 2013) UAH researchers continue to examine how moisture levels in fuel sources affect burning behaviors under a USDA grant further expanding on recent published research.
and other non-food crops and in agricultural waste can be used to make advanced biofuels that could substantially reduce the use of the fossil fuels responsible for the release of nearly 9 billion metric tons of excess carbon into the atmosphere each year.
and renewable substitutes for gasoline diesel and jet fuel on a gallon-for-gallon basis. Unlike ethanol drop in transportation fuels derived from biomass have the potential to be dropped directly into today's engines
However if biofuels including cellulosic ethanol are to be a commercial success they must be cost-competitive with fossil fuels.
and synthesizing them into fuels and other valuable chemical products. A major challenge has been that unlike the simple sugars in corn grain the complex polysaccharides in biomass are embedded deeply within a tough woody material called lignin.
Researchers at JBEI have been cost-effectively deconstructing biomass into fuel sugars by pre-treating the biomass with ionic liquids--salts that are composed entirely of paired ions
The JBEI researchers tested the effectiveness of their bionic liquids as a pre-treatment for biomass deconstruction on switchgrass one of the leading potential crops for making liquid transportation fuels.
As well as providing significant environmental benefits by reducing reliance on fossil fuels a successful digestate-ash fertilizer would also reduce costs
It also has various commercial applications serving as building material laminates and particleboard and in the manufacture of beverages paper charcoal and vinegar.
and suggested regulations could become part of a revised Renewable Fuels Standard administered by EPA which would require Congress to make the changes.
and may reduce conflicts between objectives for increasing renewable fuel production and reducing unintended impacts and costs resulting from the propagation of invasive plants.
Similar to a plane honeybees require clean fuel in order to fly. Both fipronil and imidacloprid negatively affected the mitochondrial bioenergetics of the head and thorax of the honeybees.
#Climate change is fueling forest disturbances, study showsclimate change is already altering the environment. Long-lived ecosystems such as forests are particularly vulnerable to the comparatively rapid changes in the climate system.
Such power generation often is promoted as a sustainable alternative to burning fossil fuels. And that's partly true as far as it goes.
It is sustainable in the sense that the fuel can be grown processed and converted to energy on a cyclic basis
and many of their cultures manipulated fire to control the availability of plants they used for food fuel tools and ritual.
and air qualityto reduce fire hazard in the United states wildland managers often utilize the silvicultural practice of mechanically cutting woody shrubs and suppressed trees (ladder fuels).
Soil respiration releases carbonthe planet's soil releases about 60 billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere each year which is far more than that released by burning fossil fuels.
#New recreational travel model to help states stop firewood assisted insect travelthe spread of damaging invasive forest pests is powered only partially by the insects'own wings.
People moving firewood for camping can hasten and widen the insects'spread and resulting forest destruction.
or considering firewood bans determine how to deploy resources for surveillance firewood inspections or other activities.
Although more than 65 percent of campers carry firewood from home and that wood often comes from dead
Research has demonstrated that firewood harbors many bark-and wood-boring insects. In 2008 co-author Robert Haack of the Forest Service's Northern Research Station found that nearly 25 percent of firewood intercepted at the Mackinac bridge between Michigan's Upper
and Lower peninsulas carried live bark -and wood-boring insects and an additional 41 percent displayed evidence of prior borer infestation.
Our ultimate goal is to identify the line that shows resistance to both charcoal rot
Hookah an ancient form of smoking in which charcoal-heated tobacco or non-tobacco based shisha smoke is passed through water before inhalation is rapidly gaining popularity among adolescents in the US.
which ultimately affects crop yield. â#Schroeder is also co-director of a new research entity at UC San diego called â#oefood and Fuel for the 21st Centuryâ
because biofuel contributes toward reducing the burning of fossil fuel explained the researcher. The researchers conducted measurements and collected 6000 soil samples from 135 regions in south-central Brazil which is responsible for more than 90%of Brazil's sugarcane production.
Although plantations can supply services to society such as slope stabilization firewood and carbon they can also result in avoidable losses of biodiversity.
This is the same amount of carbon emitted annually by consuming 540 million gallons of gasoline or burning 5. 1 billion pounds of coal.
The clearing of tropical forests to plant oil palm trees releases massive amounts of carbon dioxide a greenhouse gas fueling climate change.
along with rising gasoline prices has led to the world's largest fleet of flex-fuel vehicles fueled by the over 36 million tonnes of sugar cane currently grown in the country.
and synthesize them into clean green and renewable transportation fuels. Glycosyltransferases (GTS) are enzymes that catalyze the connection of simple monosaccharide sugars into the complex polysaccharide sugars that are essential to a wide range of plant cell structures and processes.
This is a major drawback for bioenergy research where the goal is to modify plant biomass for maximum fuel yields.
That's charcoal to you and me. So the raw material known in the trade as brash is now being put under the microscope.
We're trying to find the optimum conditions for making charcoal from forestry waste. What kinds of pressures and temperatures deliver the best result and the best possible quality?
This machine allows us to check the critical conditions needed to produce high-quality charcoal explains Skreiberg.
which will spend four years not only creating high-grade charcoal from cheap forestry waste but also developing profitable ways of manufacturing the new product.
But it's a low-value fuel because it's made up of so many different things.
If we can convert this cheap easily available biomass into a high-quality homogeneous fuel that is easy to handle that would have major consequences in terms of the use of biofuel in Norway.
In comparison with other fossil fuels charcoal emits low levels of sulphur and nitrogen oxides. This would result in lower local air pollution.
Antal has developed a special pressurised reactor for the production of charcoal in which biomass is heated under pressure.
Currently the reducing agents used are fossil fuels such as coal and coke. However if some of the fossil coal were to be replaced by charcoal this would result in a considerable reduction in CO2 emissions from the manufacturing process.
There would also be the environmental benefits of the solar cells themselves. Skreiberg illustrates these with the following maths exercise.
Elkem one of our industrial partners already uses a lot of charcoal. But this is imported from Indonesia.
It is produced there using the old-fashioned method with a low utilisation ratio of the energy in the timber used to make the charcoal.
This innovation means that we may also be looking at making charcoal from broadleaved trees
Quality fuel The other important area of application would be as a fuel in the form of briquettes pellets or finely crushed powder.
That would help to make the energy installations using this type of fuel more profitable.
We in our living rooms could use this kind of fuel in appliances like wood-burning stoves.
Peak load is the portion of energy production from a bioenergy installation that cannot be covered by the plant's primary source of fuel on the coldest days.
The challenge will be to optimise the production of charcoal so that it will contain as much as possible of the biomass's energy.
It must be of a quality that is good enough to use as a reducing agent in the metal industry and as a fuel.
Skreiberg hopes that an industrial company such as Elkem which now uses imported charcoal will get involved
Scientists sequence genome of eucalyptus--a global tree for fuel and fiberfrom antiseptic oils to the construction of didgeridoos the traditional Australian Aboriginal wind instrument the eucalyptus tree serves myriad purposes accounting for its status as one of the world's most widely planted hardwood trees.
so that we can develop the potential of Eucalyptus as an alternative source feedstock for jet fuel noted Tuskan.
which are derived from fossil fuels they are very sustainable. Warkentin also says Grain legume crops are highly nutritious.
and nitrogen oxide resulting from fossil fuel combustion. In the United states roughly two-thirds of all sulfur dioxide and a quarter of all nitrogen oxide come from electric power generation that relies on burning fossil fuels such as coal.
Acid rain occurs when these gases react in the atmosphere with water oxygen and other chemicals to form various acidic compounds.
and sustained is a crucial to improving agricultural practices as increasing crop yields are desired both for fuel and food production.
There is a fledgling industrial effort underway in Florida to redirect the five million tons of annual citrus waste generated there from low-value cattle feed to produce ethanol for fuel.
when compared to fossil fuel emissions. And climate change isn't just about warmer temperatures he continued.
Excavating plant fossils preserved in rocks deposited during the last days of the dinosaurs we found some preserved with abundant fossilized charcoal and others without it.
and considered less important than the negative effects of continued reliance on fossil fuels. This mobilization would see a potential availability of 880 million m3 of woody biomass by 2020.
and transport fuels taking into account the potentials for energy efficiency and non-bioenergy renewables. Overall the study found that the lower mobilization of forest resources would be sufficient to meet woody material demands
Natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel. Development of cost-effective means to separate carbon dioxide during the production process will improve this advantage over other fossil fuels
and enable the economic production of gas resources with higher carbon dioxide content that would be too costly to recover using current carbon capture technologies Tour said.
either plant more forests in non-forested lands decrease use of fossil fuels or do both.
and low-carbon fuels would. Technology that is already available could reduce the amount of carbon being added to the atmosphere by some 7 gigatons per year the team found.
Charcoal has been used as an agricultural amendment for centuries but scientists are only now starting to appreciate its potential for tying up greenhouse gases Cusack said.
and storage particularly when the technique is used near where fuels are being refined. CCS turns carbon dioxide into a liquid form of carbon
#There may be multiple paths to fuel reduction in the wildland-urban interfaceconservative fuel treatments designed to reduce fire severity
however between these different thinning approaches where fuels were reduced. The findings suggest that there may be multiple paths to fuel treatment design around the wildland-urban interface (WUI.
Fuel reduction treatments are designed to reduce fire behavior and provide firefighters with safer opportunities to spot-protect homes
and qualitative observations during the Wallow Fire suggest previously implemented treatments did said just that Morris Johnson a research fire ecologist with the U s. Forest Service's Pacific Northwest Research Station
Parts of the landscape that burned during the Wallow Fire previously underwent fuel reduction treatments as part of the White Mountain Stewardship Contract following another massive fire the Rodeo-Chediski Fire
This management history gave researchers an unexpected opportunity to study how effective two alternative fuel treatments were in reducing the fire's severity particularly in the WUI a critical area on the landscape where a forest
But the distance at which the reduction occurred differed depending on the intensity of the fuel treatment.
This would suggest that the greater a fuel treatment's emphasis on wildlife habitat and aesthetic considerations the larger the size of treatment area needed to realize a reduction in fire severity.
Our findings suggest that fuel treatments that promote wildlife habitat and aesthetics are still potentially successful in sufficiently reducing fire severity to provide opportunities to protect residences in the WUI during a fire said Kennedy.
Although this case study refers to just these treatments in this particular fire it does point to the possibility that there are multiple paths to effective fuel treatments.
Alternative sustainable fuels are needed urgently in the marine transport sector due to stringent upcoming regulations demanding reduced sulphur
and surfactant to form a multi-component fuel. The most promising fuels will then be tested engine to assess their quality and use for potential marine transport.
Professor Bridgwater Director of the European Bioenergy Research Institute at Aston University said: This project will establish a knowledge platform for cost-effective production of all new sustainable fuels which have the potential to completely alter marine travel.
All of the wood sourced will be from Norwegian forests which represent a significant resource for bioenergy production.
and ash wood is popular for bows baseball bats firewood and electric guitar bodies. Sometimes you don't have a choice to manage pests once they're here.
and charcoal trapped in lake sediments historic land surveys and tree rings. All reveal the change of conditions through time
The result is saved not only money but less pollution from fossil fuels which aids public health--a natural goal for hospitals to have said Sites.
Nitrogen enters the environment either through a microbial process called biological nitrogen fixation or through human activity such as fertilization and fossil-fuel consumption.
By reducing methane emissions society buys some critical decades of lower temperatures. â#oesociety needs to wean itself from the addiction to fossil fuels as quickly as possibleâ#Howarth said. â#oebut to replace some fossil fuels â#coal oil
and less expensive it will encourage greater natural gas consumption and less of fuels such as coal renewables and nuclear power.
Most evidence indicates that natural gas as a substitute for coal in electricity production gasoline in transport and electricity in buildings decreases greenhouse gases.
Natural gas from shale formations is favored by proponents as a cleaner inexpensive replacement for fuels such as coal
and transporting the fuel can result in emissions of methane--itself a potent greenhouse gas.
However new satellite populations were started by people transporting infested ash trees from nurseries or as logs and firewood.
C4 is sort of a fuel-injected photosynthesis that maize and sorghum and millet have said he.
The Southeast is a major energy producer of coal crude oil and natural gas. Decreased water availability exacerbated by population growth
While climate change certainly is a global challenge as greenhouses-gases from the use of fossil fuels disturb ecosystems worldwide the impacts vary widely over space and time.
and fossil fuel use as well as natural sources such as microbes in saturated wetland soils. The amount of atmospheric methane has remained relatively stable for about a decade
Labels for petrol and Bergamot essential oilpetrol could also be tagged using this method and the technology could be used in the cosmetics industry as well.
Also a better understanding of the signals that microbes use helps scientists who rely on such organisms for converting materials like switchgrass and wood chips into useable fuel.
#Checking up on crude oil in the ground: Nanoreporters tell sour oil from sweetscientists at Rice university have created a nanoscale detector that checks for
and reports on the presence of hydrogen sulfide in crude oil and natural gas while they're still in the ground.
Crude oil and natural gas inherently contain hydrogen sulfide which gives off a rotten egg smell. Even a 1 percent trace of sulfur turns oil into what's known as sour crude
and can generate more greenhouse gases than gasoline according to a study published today in the journal Nature Climate Change.
While the cellulosic biofuel production process has yet to be commercialized extensively several private companies are specialized developing biorefineries capable of converting tough corn fibers into fuel.
--which is 7 percent greater than gasoline emissions and 62 grams above the 60 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions as required by the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act.
and significantly reduce the nation's demand for fuel as required by the 2012 CAFE standards.
An unintended consequence of reduced timber harvesting may be reduced capacity to subsidize other restoration activities--either through revenue from timber sales or through manipulation of vegetation and woody fuels during logging.
Most greenhouse gases come from burning fossil fuels to produce energy although deforestation industrial processes and some agricultural practices also emit gases into the atmosphere according to the Environmental protection agency.
what humankind is doing to the climate by burning fossil fuels and releasing greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.
electricity from solar infrastructure and easily transportable liquid fuel from biofuel cultivation said Ravi the lead author of a new study published in a recent issue of the journal Environmental science & Technology that details the idea.
Native to North and South america the prickly plant can be used to produce liquid ethanol a biofuel that can be mixed with gasoline
Most ethanol today is produced at high-temperature fermentation facilities that chemically convert corn sugarcane and other plants into liquid fuel.
Carbon neutralthe Stanford team has begun looking for ways to create other fuels and improve the overall efficiency of the process.
Propanol would actually be a higher energy-density fuel than ethanol but right now there is no efficient way to produce it.
For the process to be carbon neutral scientists will have to find a new way to make carbon monoxide from renewable energy instead of fossil fuel the primary source today.
which in turn would be fed to a copper catalyst to make liquid fuel. The CO2 that is released into the atmosphere during fuel combustion would be reused to make more carbon monoxide
but the missing piece was the efficient conversion of carbon monoxide to a useful fuel that's liquid easy to store and nontoxic Kanan said Prior to our study there was a sense that no catalyst could efficiently reduce carbon monoxide to a liquid.
or develop a new catalyst that converts carbon monoxide to fuel. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Stanford university.
Charcoal is another form of black carbon. Each form is produced naturally by wildfires as well by industry and other human activities.
This helps us narrow down the role of the ocean as a sink for both soot and charcoal.
We rely on the same resource for everything from smartphones to gasoline. We need to diversify
and take the pressure off of fossil fuels. Trees and plants have enormous potential to contribute carbon to our society.
Our activities such as fossil fuel burning and deforestation are pushing the cycle out of its natural balance adding more and more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
Right now the land and the ocean are taking up almost half of the carbon dioxide we add to the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels
and bridge construction would substantially reduce global carbon dioxide emissions and fossil fuel consumption. Despite an established forest conservation theory holding that tree harvesting should be minimized strictly to prevent the loss of biodiversity
and to maintain carbon storage capacity the new study shows that sustainable management of wood resources can achieve both goals while also reducing fossil fuel burning.
and other factors. â#¢About 12%to 19%of annual global fossil fuel consumption would be saved including savings achieved
because scrap wood and unsellable materials could be burned for energy replacing fossil fuel consumption. Wood-based construction consumes much less energy than concrete or steel construction.
The manufacture of steel concrete and brick accounts for about 16 percent of global fossil fuel consumption.
When the transport and assembly of steel concrete and brick products is considered its share of fossil fuel burning is closer to 20%to 30%Oliver said.
Reductions in fossil fuel consumption and carbon emissions from construction will become increasingly critical as demand for new buildings bridges
And the harvested wood will save fossil fuel and CO2 and provide jobs--giving local people more reason to keep the forests.
These criteria are foreseen to require a 60%reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared to an alternative fossil fuel.
Nearly 1. 6 billion people worldwide depend on forests as a source of food medicines timber and fuel.
It adds to the fuel as well as makes it more likely that catastrophically sized forest fires might start.
and create biochar a highly porous charcoal said project principal investigator Karl Linden professor of environmental engineering.
Additionally the biochar can be burned as charcoal and provides energy comparable to that of commercial charcoal.
Linden is working closely with project co-investigators Professor R. Scott Summers of environmental engineering and Professor Alan Weimer chemical and biological engineering and a team of postdoctoral fellows professionals
Grazing fuel and foodapproximately 20%of the world's population depend on these areas of land for their livelihoods including their use for grazing fuel and food.
and therefore less fuel to produce the same amount of beef. The improvement in the efficiency of production has meaningful societal benefits.
Before fossil fuels grass and ingenuity were the fuels for the Mongols and the cultures around them said lead author Neil Pederson a tree-ring scientist at Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.
As humans burn fossil fuels dose crops with chemical fertilizers and dispose of manure from livestock they introduce extra nitrogen and other nutrients into the soil air and water.
#Biofuel-to-hydrocarbon conversion technology licensedvertimass LLC a California-based start-up company has licensed an Oak ridge National Laboratory technology that directly converts ethanol into a hydrocarbon blend-stock for use in transportation fuels.
The ORNL technology offers a new pathway to biomass-derived renewable fuels that can lower greenhouse gas emissions and decrease U s. reliance on foreign sources of oil.
Vertimass is pleased very to be partnering with ORNL to commercialize this revolutionary technology that can broaden the market for alternative fuels said Vertimass chairman William Shopoff.
The resulting liquid can be blended at various concentrations into gasoline diesel and jet fuels without negatively affecting engine performance.
After mixing with petroleum-derived fuels the blend-stock does not require modifications to the existing distribution infrastructure.
The blend-stock can be mixed into gasoline at higher concentrations than ethanol's current limit of 10 percent;
plus it can be added to diesel and jet fuel. It's completely consumer-transparent. Vertimass anticipates that the ORNL technology will be in demand by existing corn-based ethanol production plants as well as new refineries coming online that aim to convert non-food crops such as switchgrass
Commercialization will lead to the widespread use of proprietary Vertimass technology for low cost production of sustainable transportation fuels for aircraft and heavy and light duty vehicles from multiple sources of biomass on a large scale.
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