and soft wood) with ultrasound consistently enhances the chemical reactions necessary to convert the biomass into high-value fuels and chemicals.
but does not offset fossil fuel emissionsleading world climate change experts have thrown cold water on the idea that planting trees can offset carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels.
While protecting and restoring natural forests is part of the solution the reality is that for all practical purposes fossil fuel CO2 emissions are irreversible Professor Mackey said.
and internationally assume that fossil fuel emissions can be offset through sequestering carbon by planting trees and other land management practices.
because this legitimises the ongoing use of fossil fuels Professor Mackey said. The study found that protecting natural forests avoids emissions that would otherwise result from logging
However no amount of reafforestation or growing of new trees will ultimately offset continuing CO2 emissions due to environmental constraints on plant growth and the large amounts of remaining fossil fuel reserves.
but to cut fossil fuel emissions deeply as about a third of the CO2 stays in the atmosphere for 2 to 20 millennia.
and release of 64 billion tons of greenhouse gases that would have resulted from burning coal and other fossil fuels a new study concludes.
and release of 64 billion tons of greenhouse gases that would have resulted from burning coal and other fossil fuels a new study concludes.
#Simplified solutions to deforestation ineffective in long rundeforestation is the second largest source of CO2 emissions after consumption of fossil fuels.
Samples of this logging waste regularly arrive at SINTEF to be transformed into fuel. In the raw form in which the biomass arrives at the laboratory it is regarded as a problematic and therefore low-value fuel.
But when the scientists and technicians have finished processing it they are left with a valuable source of heat--ready for use in industrial heating furnaces that are fuelled currently with wood pellets or chips and for domestic pellet stoves.
Cheap fuel and Norwegian logging sites are full of it. But it is a poor-quality fuel
because it is so variable in composition says Skreiberg. If the GROT is tipped into the furnace the woody component of the mixture may burn in one instant bark
in other words it is also a transport-and storage-friendly fuel. Pellets of torrefied biomass can withstand getting wet just like coal
About 40 percent of the world's population uses solid fuels--especially wood--for cooking
Artificial photosynthesis in which solar energy is converted directly into chemical fuels is regarded as one of the most promising of solar technologies.
A major challenge for artificial photosynthesis is to produce hydrogen cheaply enough to compete with fossil fuels.
and provide more surface area for fuel producing reactions. Upon illumination photo-excited electron ole pairs are generated in silicon and titanium oxide
The challenge is not only how to convert cellulosics into jet fuel but also how to certify that they are grown refined
These mice are able to burn a lot of fuel but they can't run very far.
and fuel demandsnew discoveries of the way plants transport important substances across their biological membranes to resist toxic metals
and fuel as the global population grows from seven billion people to an estimated nine billion by 2050.
and the U k. to collaborate on a paper describing how their discoveries collectively could be used to enhance sustainable food and fuel production.
Schroeder who is also co-director of a new research entity at UC San diego called Food and Fuel for the 21st Century
The project branches off from the Brookhaven group's research into using sunlight to develop alternative fuels.
--either directly or via electricity generated by solar cells--to convert the end products of hydrocarbon combustion water and carbon dioxide back into a carbon-based fuel.
A very promising route to making a carbon-containing fuel is to hydrogenate carbon dioxide (or carbon monoxide) using solar-produced hydrogen said Fujita who leads the artificial photosynthesis group in the Brookhaven Chemistry department.
and their production is estimated to be 6 to 20 times more efficient in terms of fossil fuel requirements.
In addition to delivering toxic substances from the charcoal and tobacco the heat causes chemical reactions in the mixture which produce toxic volatile organic compounds (VOCS) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS).
That means the plants contain significantly more biomass for fuel production he said. If you look at a slide of the cells under a microscope anyone can understand it.
pollution control the limited supply of fossil fuels and production of healthy food. This team dubbed Algafuture is composed of undergraduates and graduate students from the departments of Geography and Environmental Engineering and Chemical and Biomolecular engineering.
and do not require electricity or fuel. Instead they use the kinetic energy of flowing stream water to power the lifting of a fraction of this water to a higher elevation.
To make your lawn look nice you need to use fossil fuels which emit carbon dioxide. Depending on the management intensity lawns could
Fossil fuels are used to power lawn mowers and trimmers to pump irrigation water and to make fertilizers
and fossil fuel energy expended to keep lawns looking lush consumes so much energy that it counteracts the soil's natural carbon sequestration abilities.
technique called PALM--for Photo-Activated Localization Microscopy--the researchers have found a way to improve the collective catalytic activity of enzyme cocktails that can boost the yields of sugars for making fuels.
Increasing the sugar yields from cellulosic biomass to help bring down biofuel production costs is essential for the widespread commercial adoption of these fuels.
if the United states is to significantly reduce its use of fossil fuels in the coming decades.
Fossil fuels are responsible for the annual release of nearly nine billion metric tons of excess carbon into the atmosphere.
#Microalgae produce more oil faster for energy, food or productsscientists have described technology that accelerates microalgae's ability to produce many different types of renewable oils for fuels chemicals foods
and oils that are the highest-value cuts of the barrel for advanced fuels. The benefits of these oils far surpass those of other oils that are currently available today.
Brown expressly pointed out that one of the major barriers to commercializing nanocellulose fuels involves national policy and politics rather than science.
The pollutants products of fossil fuel combustion are emitted by cars trucks and buses. Pollutants rise up into the atmosphere
#Breakthrough in hydrogen fuel production could revolutionize alternative energy marketa team of Virginia Tech researchers has discovered a way to extract large quantities of hydrogen from any plant a breakthrough that has the potential to bring a low-cost environmentally friendly fuel source
Our new process could help end our dependence on fossil fuels said Y. H. Percival Zhang an associate professor of biological systems engineering in the College of Agriculture and Life sciences and the College of Engineering.
The U s. Department of energy says that hydrogen fuel has the potential to dramatically reduce reliance of fossil fuels
But as fossil fuels replaced timber as a heat and energy source forestry and grazing practices evolved
Otherwise we are simply solving one problem less dependence on fossil fuels while creating another a technology that produces energy from renewable sources
and higher energy content fuels can be extracted efficiently. Domesticating these as crops requires a deep understanding of the physiology
--and a key barrier to deconstructing biomass into fuels. For bioenergy researchers the size of the peach genome makes it ideal to serve as a plant model for studying genes found in related genomes such as poplar one of the DOE JGI's Plant Flagship Genomes
and the quantity of lipids per cell (essential for obtaining fuel). Their study shows that one type of marine algae that has received little attention till now--dinoflagellate microalgae--is highly suitable for cultivation with the aim of producing biodiesel.
which avoids the ethical problem of monoculture to provide fuel rather than food. This study was led by scientists from the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona's Institute of Environmental science
and tritium (DT) fuel to temperatures exceeding the 50 million degrees Celsius needed to initiate fusion reactions and release net energy.
and ignition of a spherical fuel capsule in an implosion much like in a diesel engine.
the use of alternative fuels like biofuels electricity and hydrogen; and strong government policies to overcome high costs and influence consumer choices.
In addition alternative fuels to petroleum must be readily available cost-effective and produced with low emissions of greenhouse gases.
Improving the efficiency of conventional vehicles is up to a point the most economical and easiest-to-implement approach to saving fuel
The average fuel economy of vehicles on the road would have exceed to 180 mpg which the report says is extremely unlikely with current technologies.
and fuels including: hybrid electric vehicles such as the Toyota Prius; plug-in hybrid electric vehicles such as the Chevrolet Volt;
some will rely on fuels that are not readily available or have restricted travel range; and others may require bulky energy storage that will limit their cargo and passenger capacity.
and appropriate refueling infrastructure created they have great potential for reducing petroleum consumption. While corn-grain ethanol
This drop in fuel is designed to be a direct replacement for gasoline and could lead to large reductions in both petroleum use
it can also be introduced without major changes in fuel delivery infrastructure or vehicles. The report finds that sufficient lignocellulosic biomass could be produced by 2050 to meet the goal of an 80 percent reduction in petroleum use
Achieving these goals requires that the improved technology focus on reducing fuel use rather than adding greater power
and fuel research and development supported by both government and industry designed to solve the critical challenges in each major candidate technology.
and fuels will require a rigorous policy framework that is more stringent than the proposed fuel economy standards for 2025.
This policy intervention could include high and increasing fuel economy standards R&d support subsidies and public information programs aimed at improving consumers'familiarity with the new fuels and powertrains.
Because of the high level of uncertainty in the pace and scale of technology advances this framework should be modified as technologies develop and as conditions change.
It is essential that policies promoting particular technologies to the public are introduced not before these new fuels
#Making fuel from bacteriain the search for the fuels of tomorrow Swedish researchers are finding inspiration in the sea.
Not in offshore oil wells but in the water where blue-green algae thrive. The building blocks of blue-green algae#sunlight carbon dioxide and bacteria#are being used by researchers at KTH Royal Institute of technology in Stockholm to produce butanol a hydrocarbon-like fuel for motor vehicles.
A bacterium that produces cheap fuel by sunlight and carbon dioxide could change the world. Hudson agrees.#
so that the end product becomes longer hydrocarbons that can fully function as a substitute for gasoline.
There are also plans to develop fuel from cyanobacteria that are more energetic and therefore particularly suitable for aircraft engines.
or burned for fuel. Better yet the fungi can be propagated without sunlight or much human oversight in simple trays at room temperature--no immense greenhouses with costly temperature-control systems needed.
Biofuels are of mounting economic and ecological importance with the federal government calling for production of 36 billion gallons of biofuel by 2022 about 11.3 percent of all liquid fuel consumption.
which biofuel stocks will be incentivized using the renewable fuel standard mandate. According to our analysis current noxious weed laws do not provide adequate protection to prevent invasions in natural areas
When it comes to making fuels out of trees crops grasses or algae it's all about the cell walls of the plants.
Other partners using NREL's rapid analytical tool for fuel research besides Arborgen are the University of Florida the University of Georgia Greenwood Resources the Bioenergy Science Center
#Estimates reduce amount of additional land available for biofuel production by almost 80%Amid efforts to expand production of biofuels scientists are reporting new estimates that downgrade the amount of additional land available for growing fuel
because globally plants and the oceans absorb around half of the carbon dioxide that humans release into the air through the use of fossil fuels.
A typical BECCS system converts woody biomass grass and other vegetation into electricity chemical products or fuels such as ethanol.
To make the process carbon negative researchers have proposed a BECCS co-fired power plant that runs on a mixture of fossil fuel (such as coal) and vegetation (wood grass or straw for example.
But according to the GCEP report major technical and economic hurdles must be overcome such as the relative inefficiency of biomass fuels and the high cost of carbon capture and storage (CCS.
We're going to be burning fossil fuels for many years to come said Field who also serves as director of the Carnegie Institution Department of Global Ecology at Stanford.
BECCS is one of the only proven technologies that uses fossil fuels and actually removes CO2 from the atmosphere.
Biochar is a plant byproduct similar to charcoal that can be made from lumber waste dried corn stalks and other plant residues.
and replacement of gasoline with ethanol the GCEP authors wrote. However questions remain about the long-term effects of ethanol combustion on climate.
or fuels mechanical trees do not generate power and in fact require natural gas to operate. Following the 2012 negative-emissions workshop GCEP issued an international request for proposals to develop net-negative carbon emissions technologies.
The study finds it is necessary to use tools that consider both fuel characteristics and weather conditions when planning these prescribed fires.
and cover fuel moisture content and the amount of dry matter present. Researchers found that the best time to ignite preemptive fires was
when fuel moisture content--the amount of water a fuel holds expressed as a percentage of its dry weight--was close to 120 percent
and fuel load were all low. Their results showed that a fuel load of 94 grams per square meter is sufficient to support savanna fires in West Africa--less than half of
what's required for savanna fires to propagate in South africa. This is likely due to high grass cover and fast wind speeds.
and ample fuel supplies they become uncontrollable and can travel large distances destroying infrastructure wreaking havoc on ecosystems releasing millions of tonnes of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and costing billions of dollars in damage.
in order to limit dangerous fuel build up. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by World Agroforestry Centre.
and alternatives to traditional combustible tobacco says Robin Mermelstein director of the UIC institute and principal investigator of the National Cancer Institute-funded study.
More diverse areas had less persistent ground litter making high-intensity fires less likely to recur than in single-species grasslands with more litter serving as fuel.
Carbon dioxide increases each year as a result of burning fossil fuels and deforestation. But the amount it goes up from one year to the next depends on
and densifying a wide range of feedstocks has significant potential for helping to make biofuels a cost-competitive transportation fuel technology.
and densification on the efficiency at which the complex polysaccharides in cellulosic biomass could be converted into fermentable sugars for fuel production.
but not much scientific attention has been paid to the efficiency of converting mixtures of feedstocks into fermentable sugars and fuels.
and that the burning of fossil fuels is releasing an additional 9 billion metric tons of excess atmosphere-warming carbon each year both the planet and the American economy stand to benefit from a large-scale domestic advanced
and could displace gasoline diesel and jet fuel on a gallon-for-gallon basis and be dropped directly into today's engines and infrastructures.
The sugars in lignocellulosic biomass however are complex polysaccharides that are embedded deeply within a very recalcitrant material called lignin.
When the additional waves of moisture bump into developing monsoons Famiglietti said it's like throwing fuel on a fire.
and provide shellfish fuel baitfish and opportunities for recreational anglers. A lot of those harvests are probably sustainable.
This is the first time we've been able to separate observed heat trapping due to ozone into its natural versus human sources and even into specific types of human sources such as fossil fuels versus biofuels.
when the trees are harvested in a process that currently needs to be more efficient before it can rival the production of fossil fuels.
#This work forms part of the BBSRC Sustainable Bioenergy Centre (BSBEC) where it is linked with other programmes aimed at improving the conversion of biomass to fuels.
therefore minimising conflicts of food versus fuel. About Willow Treestraditionally grown for wicker furniture and baskets and an ancient medicinal plant
The trends are consistent with the projected effects of increased concentrations of heat-trapping greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide released by the burning of fossil fuels.
The consequences are significant with around half of the 2. 4 million rural households in the country using wood as their primary fuel source burning between four and seven million tonnes per year.
The use of alternative sources of energy for cooking should be promoted to balance out the current unsustainable rate of fuel wood extraction;
#Photovoltaics beat biofuels at converting suns energy to miles drivenin 2005 President George w bush and American corn farmers saw corn ethanol as a promising fossil fuel substitute that would reduce both
Accordingly the 2005 energy bill mandated that 4 billion gallons of renewable fuel be added to the gasoline supply in 2006.
and food supplies as food stocks are turned to fuel and marginal lands are put under the plough to keep up with demand.
In 2010 fuel ethanol consumed 40 percent of U s. corn production and 2012 prices are at record highs.
and charging stations are built to serve them EVS are competing with alternative-fuel vehicles. Using electricity generated by coal-fired plants to power the cars defeats the purpose to some extent but
which makes more sense growing fuel crops to supply alternative-fuel vehicles with ethanol and other biofuels or using photovoltaics (PV) to directly power battery electric vehicles (BEV)?
life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fossil fuel requirements--the researchers identified PV electricity for battery electric vehicles as the superior sun-to-wheels conversion method.
and the lowest fossil fuel inputs except in locations that have very high hypothetical switchgrass yields of 16 or more tons per hectare.
In the current issue of Nature a team of researchers led by Michigan State university shows that marginal lands represent a huge untapped resource to grow mixed species cellulosic biomass plants grown specifically for fuel production
and fuel production said Cesar Izaurralde PNNL soil scientist and University of Maryland adjunct professor.
As chocolate is combined often with milk could it be the amount of milk/milk products consumed per head that fuels Nobel prize success?
A piece of charcoal found directly underneath the cache was dated radiocarbon to 4800 years ago.
A second fragment of charcoal in a level above the cache was dated to 4000 years ago.
or fuel crop plants could represent an abundant source of renewable energy according to research published in the International Journal of Automotive technology and Management.
biomass resource for the production of automotive fuels in India. The use of tree seed oils as a source could have several additional benefits over vegetable seed oils including lower viscosity and greater volatility both
Biodiesel production from tree seeds in India will not only reduce the dependence on crude oil imports
#Buy local firewood to prevent spread of invasive beetle, forest service saysenjoying the cooler temperatures with a warm toasty fire?
The Kansas Forest Service is asking residents to help save trees by buying their firewood locally all to prevent the further spread of an invasive beetle killing millions of ash trees.
Now it is spreading through the transportation of firewood and lumber. The adult beetles are poor flyers
Where we really see rapid movement is assisted through human movement like cutting down logs for firewood and taking them 50 miles or 200 miles away.
and quality of cereal and bioenergy cropsa team of scientists led by Thomas Brutnell Ph d. director of the Enterprise Rent-a-car Institute for Renewable Fuels at the Donald Danforth Plant science Center have developed a new
and fuel said Brutnell. The technologies that our team developed to identify regulatory genes that enhance photosynthesis in C4 crops can be extended to identify control points for other processes including nitrogen and phosphate efficiency as well as a plant's response to environmental stresses like heat
These grassland fields can also produce ample biomass for renewable fuels. Monica Turner UW-Madison professor of zoology and study lead author Peter Blank a postdoctoral researcher in her lab hope the findings help drive decisions that benefit both birds
and environmental taxes on electricity and gasoline is the most effective way for politicians to get consumers to understand the problems of smoking and pollution.
and gasoline in the United states. Erik Brockwell will be defending his dissertation at Ume㥠University on Friday October 10.
and we have to replace materials like oil-based fuels Bucksch said. Integral to this change will be understanding plants
#Food, fuel and more will be produced in sea farms of futuremeet the farm of the future where common seaweed is being upgraded from an environmental problem to a valuable natural resource and raw material.
and acetone and also found in fuel products and tobacco smoke; and the wood preservative mixture pentachlorophenol.
Cumene is a flammable and volatile liquid with a gasoline-like odor. It is a natural component of coal tar
and clayas more gardeners and farmers add ground charcoal or biochar to soil to both boost crop yields and counter global climate change a new study by researchers at Rice university
and more severe as a result of fire suppression that allowed forest fuels to build up in the past century is still prevalent among some said CU-Boulder geography Professor Thomas Veblen a study co-author.
and fuel build up said Schoennagel. This matters because high-severity fires are dangerous to people kill more trees
or run off into the environment less use of heavy equipment water labour and fuel. Dr Hogendoorn says adoption of the technique will have the additional benefit of building up the honey bee industry
The LA megacity sprawls across five counties 150 municipalities many freeways landfills oil wells gas pipelines America's largest seaport mountains and even dairies all within an area
Urbanization has concentrated more than half of Earth's population at least 70 percent of fossil fuel carbon dioxide emissions and a significant amount of methane emissions into a tiny fraction of Earth's land surface.
The world's 40 largest cities combined rank as the world's third largest emitter of fossil-fuel carbon dioxide--larger than the total emissions of Japan.
There's an urgent need to get a handle on explosive growth in carbon emissions from fossil-fuel use by cities
Another wrinkle for scientists is being able to distinguish between emissions generated from fossil fuel use
And while climate warming will continue with the addition of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere due to human activities (fossil fuel combustion land-use clearing) previous assumptions about a positive soil carbon cycling feedback to future warming
but also for biofuels production since the same sugars can be fed to yeast to generate ethanol and other liquid fuels.
Along the west coast of North america winds lift deep nutrient-rich water into sunlit surface layers fueling vast phytoplankton blooms that ultimately support fish seabirds and marine mammals.
or nuclear fuel to generate electricity it saves water. From mining to generation coal power consumes more than twice the water per megawatt-hour generated than unconventional gas does.
But when natural gas replaces coal as a fuel for generating electricity the benefits to air quality include lower carbon dioxide emissions than coal and almost none of the mercury sulfur dioxide or ash.
Now an international research team led by ASU scientists has developed a new approach to estimate CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels--one that provides crucial information to policymakers.
Called the Fossil fuel Data Assimilation System or FFDAS this new system was used to quantify 15 years of CO2 emissions every hour for the entire planet--down to the city scale.
The FFDAS uses information from satellite feeds national fuel accounts and a new global database on power plants to create high-resolution planetary maps.
The research team combined information from space-based nighttime lights a new population database national statistics on fuel use
In addition to devastating impacts on forest-dependent people and biodiversity the illegal conversion of tropical forests for commercial agriculture is estimated to produce 1. 47 gigatonnes of carbon each year--equivalent to 25%of the EU's annual fossil fuel
and our weather is becoming more extreme due to human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels said WMO Secretary-general Michel Jarraud.
and termites) and about 60%comes from human activities like cattle breeding rice agriculture fossil fuel exploitation landfills and biomass burning.
otherwise occur because of fossil fuel combustion. Enhanced ocean CO2 uptake alters the marine carbonate system and lead to increasing acidity.
During the same period the global climate warmed by about 0. 6 degrees Celsius mostly due to increases in fossil fuel carbon dioxide emissions.
So they don't get as much attention as human-generated emissions such as fossil fuel VOCS she said.
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