which is the basis for superalloys used in extreme environments such as in deep-sea oil wells. By creating a computer model of that microstructure
Such failures can be life-limiting situations for a lot of materials Demkowicz says including materials used in aircraft oil wells and other critical industrial applications.
Besides areas surrounding coal-fired power plants petroleum refineries copper refineries and mining activities areas around industrial plants producing glass pigments inks
and fuel costs the advantages could swing even farther in the direction of electric vehicles.
when the fuels are burned is balanced fully by the carbon dioxide uptake that occurs as the plants grow.
or crop fields) separately an approach that lends greater clarity about options for addressing carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuels.
Corn ethanol production of 14 billion gallons supplied 4. 4 percent of total U s. transportation liquid fuel use in 2011.
However even that small share of liquid fuel supply required 45 percent of the U s. corn crop.
Biofuels are presumed the replacement for the petroleum-based transportation fuels gasoline and diesel that dominate liquid fuel use.
In the United states the federal Renewable Fuel Standard mandates a large increase in biofuels use which has reached now 16 billion gallons a year mainly ethanol.
But Decicco pointed out that a recent National Academy of Sciences report concluded that the Renewable Fuel Standard may not reduce greenhouse gas emissions at all once global impacts are counted.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of Michigan. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
systems for both food and fuel. Brown is working on the project through the Energy Biosciences Institute at the U of
Acid rain forms when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides--gases produced from the burning of fossil fuels--react with water molecules in the air.
The findings suggest that the role of tropical forests in offsetting the atmospheric buildup of carbon from fossil fuels depends on tree diversity particularly in forests recovering from exploitation.
That much fuel would take the average car in the United states more than half a million miles. Though the legumes'nitrogen fertilizer output waned in later years the species nonetheless took up carbon at rates that were up to nine times faster than non-legume trees.
and other food crops for fuel production may raise food prices or lead to shortages of food.
and in some cases it takes a lot of fuel to collect and transport glass and the heavy materials for reuse.
In some instances the fuel may exceed the value of the recycled material. Industry data indicate that use of sustainable packaging diverted about 1. 5 billion pounds of paper plastic and other packaging material from landfills between 2005 and 2010 in the United states alone.
and the Ohio river Valley had reduced fossil fuel emissions. Similar to the post-1980 data data from the 1930s showed improved tree growth and physiology.
The researchers hypothesize that acid rain a by-product of fossil fuel burning acidic mining runoff and agricultural fertilizers speed up the dissolving of surfaces that are naturally high in alkaline minerals.
We're hoping that biofuels made in such an efficient way can eventually replace current petroleum-based fuels said Xiaoxia Nina Lin assistant professor of chemical engineering and leader of the research.
so fuel production won't drive up food costs. Lin's team used corn stalks and leaves but their ecosystem should also be able to process other agricultural byproducts and forestry waste.
The fuel is toxic but higher concentrations will drive down the cost of isolating the fuel.
We're really excited about this technology Minty said. The U s. has the potential to sustainably produce 1 billion tons
#New possibilities for efficient biofuel productionlimited availability of fossil fuels stimulates the search for different energy resources.
Lignin as a barrierto understand how plant cells can deliver fuel or plastics a basic knowledge of a plant's cell wall is needed.
#Extreme weather events fuel climate changein 2003 Central and Southern Europe sweltered in a heatwave that set alarm bells ringing for researchers.
and the soil have absorbed up to 30%of the carbon dioxide that humans have set free primarily from fossil fuels.
Now the range of that cycle is expanding as more carbon dioxide is emitted from burning fossil fuels
Methane the main component of natural gas is released from leaking pipelines coal mines oil wells cattle rice paddies and landfills.
but the increased fuel load and emissions from weed infestations could make it unfeasible. Dr Vanessa Adams says that late dry season wildfires in Australia's tropical north generate about 3%of the country's annual greenhouse gas emissions so strategic burning could be an important abatement activity.
But when native savannas are invaded by weeds such as gamba grass fuel loads are increased dramatically and fires can burn up to five times hotter than a native wildfire Dr Adams said.
As of Aug 8 this year wildfires have burned more than 2. 5 million acres in the United states. Large wildfires are driven mainly by natural factors including the availability of fuel (vegetation) wind and ignition sources from lightning and humans.
and become fuel for fires. So while it may be warmer it is the shift from snow to rain that increases fire risk said Jeff Eidenshink fire science team lead with the USGS EROS facility.
which will provide information on fire fuels active fires aerosols and climate: all pieces of the wildfire puzzle.
Indeed Norris added that continuing the fossil fuel economy even for decades magnifies the period of climate instability.
An abrupt halt to fossil fuel use at current levels would limit the period of future climate instability to less than 1000 years before climate largely returns to preindustrial norms.
But if fossil fuel use stays on its current trajectory until the end of this century then the climate effects begin to resemble those of the PETM with major ecological changes lasting for 20000 years
and fuel were reallocated to directly produce food for people. To get at that question Cassidy and colleagues first mapped the extent
The world needs to unhook itself from its ever increasing reliance on synthetic nitrogen fertilisers produced from fossil fuels with its high economic costs its pollution of the environment and its high energy costs.
A pioneering study of African savannas by the University of Edinburgh has revealed deforestation in south-central Africa driven by rising populations in the aftermath of war and increasing demand for trees for agriculture and fuel.
Scientists suggest that the situation could be alleviated by using sustainable fuel instead of charcoal and ending the practice of burning forests to support agriculture and livestock.
#Monitoring nutrient intake can help vegetarian athletes stay competitivea balanced plant-based diet provides the same quality of fuel for athletes as a meat-based diet provided vegetarians seek out other sources
Maize is at the center of global food security as increasing demands for meat fuel uses
expert saysfossil fuel companies have been funding smear campaigns that raise doubts about climate change writes John Sauven in the latest issue of Index on Censorship magazine.
when fossil fuels are burned. The researchers have used now extensive model calculations to show which levels of CO2 emissions would still be allowable
and elaborating on what children already know about different nutrition-related themes including dietary variety digestion food categories microscopic nutrients and nutrients as fuel for biological functions.
Aylward is the lead author of a study identifying new fungal enzymes that could help break down cellulosic--or non-food--biomass for processing to fuel.
and convert it into a drop in fuel. Kling said he and his team's role in the EBI's feedstock production/agronomy program is to improve the production aspects of bioenergy crops.
This would be well-suited to smaller producers who want to generate some of their own fuel he said.
In comparison about 350 petagrams of carbon have been emitted from all fossil-fuel combustion and human activities since 1850.
Logging may have greater impact on carbon emissions than previously thoughtusing wood for energy is considered cleaner than fossil fuels
But making it releases carbon from burning fuel needed to heat a mix of limestone and clays to 1450 degrees Celsius (2642 degrees Fahrenheit)--and from the heated limestone (calcium carbonate) itself.
or lower requiring far less fuel than Portland cement. Cutting greenhouse gas emissions is one powerful incentive for finding a better way to provide the concrete the world needs;
Stronger longer-lasting modern concrete made with less fuel and less release of carbon into the atmosphere may be the legacy of a deeper understanding of how the Romans made their incomparable concrete.
In order to increase yields and output we use large amounts of fossil fuels and water we turned to large-scale industrial animal production systems and put high environmental pressure on land soils and biodiversity Krausmann points out.
and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) that by 2022 the nation derive 15 billion gallons per year of ethanol from corn to blend with conventional motor fuels according to principal investigator Pedro Alvarez the George R
The projected increases in water intensity due to climate change highlight the need to reevaluate the corn ethanol elements of the Renewable Fuel Standard Dominguez-Faus said.
and soft wood) with ultrasound consistently enhances the chemical reactions necessary to convert the biomass into high-value fuels and chemicals.
but does not offset fossil fuel emissionsleading world climate change experts have thrown cold water on the idea that planting trees can offset carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels.
While protecting and restoring natural forests is part of the solution the reality is that for all practical purposes fossil fuel CO2 emissions are irreversible Professor Mackey said.
and internationally assume that fossil fuel emissions can be offset through sequestering carbon by planting trees and other land management practices.
because this legitimises the ongoing use of fossil fuels Professor Mackey said. The study found that protecting natural forests avoids emissions that would otherwise result from logging
However no amount of reafforestation or growing of new trees will ultimately offset continuing CO2 emissions due to environmental constraints on plant growth and the large amounts of remaining fossil fuel reserves.
but to cut fossil fuel emissions deeply as about a third of the CO2 stays in the atmosphere for 2 to 20 millennia.
and release of 64 billion tons of greenhouse gases that would have resulted from burning coal and other fossil fuels a new study concludes.
and release of 64 billion tons of greenhouse gases that would have resulted from burning coal and other fossil fuels a new study concludes.
#Simplified solutions to deforestation ineffective in long rundeforestation is the second largest source of CO2 emissions after consumption of fossil fuels.
Samples of this logging waste regularly arrive at SINTEF to be transformed into fuel. In the raw form in which the biomass arrives at the laboratory it is regarded as a problematic and therefore low-value fuel.
But when the scientists and technicians have finished processing it they are left with a valuable source of heat--ready for use in industrial heating furnaces that are fuelled currently with wood pellets or chips and for domestic pellet stoves.
Cheap fuel and Norwegian logging sites are full of it. But it is a poor-quality fuel
because it is so variable in composition says Skreiberg. If the GROT is tipped into the furnace the woody component of the mixture may burn in one instant bark
in other words it is also a transport-and storage-friendly fuel. Pellets of torrefied biomass can withstand getting wet just like coal
About 40 percent of the world's population uses solid fuels--especially wood--for cooking
Artificial photosynthesis in which solar energy is converted directly into chemical fuels is regarded as one of the most promising of solar technologies.
A major challenge for artificial photosynthesis is to produce hydrogen cheaply enough to compete with fossil fuels.
and provide more surface area for fuel producing reactions. Upon illumination photo-excited electron ole pairs are generated in silicon and titanium oxide
The challenge is not only how to convert cellulosics into jet fuel but also how to certify that they are grown refined
These mice are able to burn a lot of fuel but they can't run very far.
and fuel demandsnew discoveries of the way plants transport important substances across their biological membranes to resist toxic metals
and fuel as the global population grows from seven billion people to an estimated nine billion by 2050.
and the U k. to collaborate on a paper describing how their discoveries collectively could be used to enhance sustainable food and fuel production.
Schroeder who is also co-director of a new research entity at UC San diego called Food and Fuel for the 21st Century
The project branches off from the Brookhaven group's research into using sunlight to develop alternative fuels.
--either directly or via electricity generated by solar cells--to convert the end products of hydrocarbon combustion water and carbon dioxide back into a carbon-based fuel.
A very promising route to making a carbon-containing fuel is to hydrogenate carbon dioxide (or carbon monoxide) using solar-produced hydrogen said Fujita who leads the artificial photosynthesis group in the Brookhaven Chemistry department.
and their production is estimated to be 6 to 20 times more efficient in terms of fossil fuel requirements.
That means the plants contain significantly more biomass for fuel production he said. If you look at a slide of the cells under a microscope anyone can understand it.
pollution control the limited supply of fossil fuels and production of healthy food. This team dubbed Algafuture is composed of undergraduates and graduate students from the departments of Geography and Environmental Engineering and Chemical and Biomolecular engineering.
and do not require electricity or fuel. Instead they use the kinetic energy of flowing stream water to power the lifting of a fraction of this water to a higher elevation.
To make your lawn look nice you need to use fossil fuels which emit carbon dioxide. Depending on the management intensity lawns could
Fossil fuels are used to power lawn mowers and trimmers to pump irrigation water and to make fertilizers
and fossil fuel energy expended to keep lawns looking lush consumes so much energy that it counteracts the soil's natural carbon sequestration abilities.
technique called PALM--for Photo-Activated Localization Microscopy--the researchers have found a way to improve the collective catalytic activity of enzyme cocktails that can boost the yields of sugars for making fuels.
Increasing the sugar yields from cellulosic biomass to help bring down biofuel production costs is essential for the widespread commercial adoption of these fuels.
if the United states is to significantly reduce its use of fossil fuels in the coming decades.
Fossil fuels are responsible for the annual release of nearly nine billion metric tons of excess carbon into the atmosphere.
#Microalgae produce more oil faster for energy, food or productsscientists have described technology that accelerates microalgae's ability to produce many different types of renewable oils for fuels chemicals foods
and oils that are the highest-value cuts of the barrel for advanced fuels. The benefits of these oils far surpass those of other oils that are currently available today.
Brown expressly pointed out that one of the major barriers to commercializing nanocellulose fuels involves national policy and politics rather than science.
The pollutants products of fossil fuel combustion are emitted by cars trucks and buses. Pollutants rise up into the atmosphere
#Breakthrough in hydrogen fuel production could revolutionize alternative energy marketa team of Virginia Tech researchers has discovered a way to extract large quantities of hydrogen from any plant a breakthrough that has the potential to bring a low-cost environmentally friendly fuel source
Our new process could help end our dependence on fossil fuels said Y. H. Percival Zhang an associate professor of biological systems engineering in the College of Agriculture and Life sciences and the College of Engineering.
The U s. Department of energy says that hydrogen fuel has the potential to dramatically reduce reliance of fossil fuels
But as fossil fuels replaced timber as a heat and energy source forestry and grazing practices evolved
Otherwise we are simply solving one problem less dependence on fossil fuels while creating another a technology that produces energy from renewable sources
and higher energy content fuels can be extracted efficiently. Domesticating these as crops requires a deep understanding of the physiology
--and a key barrier to deconstructing biomass into fuels. For bioenergy researchers the size of the peach genome makes it ideal to serve as a plant model for studying genes found in related genomes such as poplar one of the DOE JGI's Plant Flagship Genomes
and the quantity of lipids per cell (essential for obtaining fuel). Their study shows that one type of marine algae that has received little attention till now--dinoflagellate microalgae--is highly suitable for cultivation with the aim of producing biodiesel.
which avoids the ethical problem of monoculture to provide fuel rather than food. This study was led by scientists from the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona's Institute of Environmental science
and tritium (DT) fuel to temperatures exceeding the 50 million degrees Celsius needed to initiate fusion reactions and release net energy.
and ignition of a spherical fuel capsule in an implosion much like in a diesel engine.
the use of alternative fuels like biofuels electricity and hydrogen; and strong government policies to overcome high costs and influence consumer choices.
In addition alternative fuels to petroleum must be readily available cost-effective and produced with low emissions of greenhouse gases.
Improving the efficiency of conventional vehicles is up to a point the most economical and easiest-to-implement approach to saving fuel
The average fuel economy of vehicles on the road would have exceed to 180 mpg which the report says is extremely unlikely with current technologies.
and fuels including: hybrid electric vehicles such as the Toyota Prius; plug-in hybrid electric vehicles such as the Chevrolet Volt;
some will rely on fuels that are not readily available or have restricted travel range; and others may require bulky energy storage that will limit their cargo and passenger capacity.
This drop in fuel is designed to be a direct replacement for gasoline and could lead to large reductions in both petroleum use
it can also be introduced without major changes in fuel delivery infrastructure or vehicles. The report finds that sufficient lignocellulosic biomass could be produced by 2050 to meet the goal of an 80 percent reduction in petroleum use
Achieving these goals requires that the improved technology focus on reducing fuel use rather than adding greater power
and fuel research and development supported by both government and industry designed to solve the critical challenges in each major candidate technology.
and fuels will require a rigorous policy framework that is more stringent than the proposed fuel economy standards for 2025.
This policy intervention could include high and increasing fuel economy standards R&d support subsidies and public information programs aimed at improving consumers'familiarity with the new fuels and powertrains.
Because of the high level of uncertainty in the pace and scale of technology advances this framework should be modified as technologies develop and as conditions change.
It is essential that policies promoting particular technologies to the public are introduced not before these new fuels
#Making fuel from bacteriain the search for the fuels of tomorrow Swedish researchers are finding inspiration in the sea.
Not in offshore oil wells but in the water where blue-green algae thrive. The building blocks of blue-green algae#sunlight carbon dioxide and bacteria#are being used by researchers at KTH Royal Institute of technology in Stockholm to produce butanol a hydrocarbon-like fuel for motor vehicles.
A bacterium that produces cheap fuel by sunlight and carbon dioxide could change the world. Hudson agrees.#
There are also plans to develop fuel from cyanobacteria that are more energetic and therefore particularly suitable for aircraft engines.
or burned for fuel. Better yet the fungi can be propagated without sunlight or much human oversight in simple trays at room temperature--no immense greenhouses with costly temperature-control systems needed.
Biofuels are of mounting economic and ecological importance with the federal government calling for production of 36 billion gallons of biofuel by 2022 about 11.3 percent of all liquid fuel consumption.
which biofuel stocks will be incentivized using the renewable fuel standard mandate. According to our analysis current noxious weed laws do not provide adequate protection to prevent invasions in natural areas
When it comes to making fuels out of trees crops grasses or algae it's all about the cell walls of the plants.
Other partners using NREL's rapid analytical tool for fuel research besides Arborgen are the University of Florida the University of Georgia Greenwood Resources the Bioenergy Science Center
#Estimates reduce amount of additional land available for biofuel production by almost 80%Amid efforts to expand production of biofuels scientists are reporting new estimates that downgrade the amount of additional land available for growing fuel
because globally plants and the oceans absorb around half of the carbon dioxide that humans release into the air through the use of fossil fuels.
A typical BECCS system converts woody biomass grass and other vegetation into electricity chemical products or fuels such as ethanol.
To make the process carbon negative researchers have proposed a BECCS co-fired power plant that runs on a mixture of fossil fuel (such as coal) and vegetation (wood grass or straw for example.
But according to the GCEP report major technical and economic hurdles must be overcome such as the relative inefficiency of biomass fuels and the high cost of carbon capture and storage (CCS.
We're going to be burning fossil fuels for many years to come said Field who also serves as director of the Carnegie Institution Department of Global Ecology at Stanford.
BECCS is one of the only proven technologies that uses fossil fuels and actually removes CO2 from the atmosphere.
or fuels mechanical trees do not generate power and in fact require natural gas to operate. Following the 2012 negative-emissions workshop GCEP issued an international request for proposals to develop net-negative carbon emissions technologies.
The study finds it is necessary to use tools that consider both fuel characteristics and weather conditions when planning these prescribed fires.
and cover fuel moisture content and the amount of dry matter present. Researchers found that the best time to ignite preemptive fires was
when fuel moisture content--the amount of water a fuel holds expressed as a percentage of its dry weight--was close to 120 percent
and fuel load were all low. Their results showed that a fuel load of 94 grams per square meter is sufficient to support savanna fires in West Africa--less than half of
what's required for savanna fires to propagate in South africa. This is likely due to high grass cover and fast wind speeds.
and ample fuel supplies they become uncontrollable and can travel large distances destroying infrastructure wreaking havoc on ecosystems releasing millions of tonnes of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and costing billions of dollars in damage.
in order to limit dangerous fuel build up. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by World Agroforestry Centre.
and alternatives to traditional combustible tobacco says Robin Mermelstein director of the UIC institute and principal investigator of the National Cancer Institute-funded study.
More diverse areas had less persistent ground litter making high-intensity fires less likely to recur than in single-species grasslands with more litter serving as fuel.
Carbon dioxide increases each year as a result of burning fossil fuels and deforestation. But the amount it goes up from one year to the next depends on
and densifying a wide range of feedstocks has significant potential for helping to make biofuels a cost-competitive transportation fuel technology.
and densification on the efficiency at which the complex polysaccharides in cellulosic biomass could be converted into fermentable sugars for fuel production.
but not much scientific attention has been paid to the efficiency of converting mixtures of feedstocks into fermentable sugars and fuels.
and that the burning of fossil fuels is releasing an additional 9 billion metric tons of excess atmosphere-warming carbon each year both the planet and the American economy stand to benefit from a large-scale domestic advanced
and jet fuel on a gallon-for-gallon basis and be dropped directly into today's engines and infrastructures.
When the additional waves of moisture bump into developing monsoons Famiglietti said it's like throwing fuel on a fire.
and provide shellfish fuel baitfish and opportunities for recreational anglers. A lot of those harvests are probably sustainable.
This is the first time we've been able to separate observed heat trapping due to ozone into its natural versus human sources and even into specific types of human sources such as fossil fuels versus biofuels.
when the trees are harvested in a process that currently needs to be more efficient before it can rival the production of fossil fuels.
#This work forms part of the BBSRC Sustainable Bioenergy Centre (BSBEC) where it is linked with other programmes aimed at improving the conversion of biomass to fuels.
therefore minimising conflicts of food versus fuel. About Willow Treestraditionally grown for wicker furniture and baskets and an ancient medicinal plant
The trends are consistent with the projected effects of increased concentrations of heat-trapping greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide released by the burning of fossil fuels.
The consequences are significant with around half of the 2. 4 million rural households in the country using wood as their primary fuel source burning between four and seven million tonnes per year.
The use of alternative sources of energy for cooking should be promoted to balance out the current unsustainable rate of fuel wood extraction;
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