â Regional Competitiveness and Employment â European Territorial Cohesion EU is trying to solve the problems in all the three sectors with European Regional
and Regional competitiveness and Employment objectives but it doesn†t support 9/38 Best practices in transport infrastructure financing 1/23/2013
Regional Competitiveness and Employment. The south coast of the Baltic sea (some parts of Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia) may receive grants from
Regional Competitiveness and Employment. The Eastern part of Finland is also a part of the phasing out region;
impact universities†role in their territories †Labour market and employment policies Science, technology and innovation policies, Competition policy and Regional and urban
and the level of unemployment was below two digits For the 2008 call, special emphasis was made in the previous recollection of
exchange favorable to imported consumption, from massive firings and salary reductions to negotiated rises in salaries between workers and entrepreneurs medi
-ated by the state, plus very low levels of unemployment. All this notwithstanding Uruguay still has important groups of populations excluded from access to a
employment, place making, the sharing economy, health and education After the references section, there are also three annexes
1. Employment x Income 2. Sharing economy (and sharing society x Health x Health 3. Health
as articulated in the Europe 2020 Strategy, 6 such as unemployment, inequality and poverty, health and education,
x Work and employment x Neighbourhood regeneration x Energy and environment x Science x Finance and economy
Employment x Preparing for work x Finding work x Creating and doing work Place making
Employment 1. Improved entrepreneurship and work skills (personal and collective 2. Improved employment supports, e g. training, tools, facilities, etc
3. Improved matching between work demand and supply 4. Increase in jobs and work (number and duration
6. Scaled employment impact (more sectors, workers, localities 7. Other Place making (for community and
Employment Focus area Case Social needs addressed Preparing for employment Surfen zum Job (DE) Tackling youth unemployment, low job skills and the digital divide
Jobbanken (DK) Supporting people with a mental illness (back) into work, giving them self-esteem, and reducing society†s costs
Finding employment Slivers of time (UK) Flexible work matching for job seekers & volunteers with employers and people with personal care budgets to spend
Eslife (ES) Flexible work matching for household & family tasks, tackling high unemployment in local area
Skillendar (UK) Skills calendar to match job seekers & volunteers with people who need work/tasks done in neighbourhood
Eastserve, Manchester (UK) Tackling local digital divide, low skills, high unemployment and poverty, improving engagement and social cohesion
combatting pay cuts, unemployment and social disruption Civic engagement and activism Hackney CAB crowdmap (UK) Support low-income residents, losing some or all housing benefit,
and unemployment but still requiring tasks to be done Cookisto (EL and UK Homemade food swapping
Employment Context This section very briefly summarises the main findings arising from the desk research carried out
employment context, as well as some of the observed and expected roles and impacts of ICT within
and to identify three focus areas and relevant cases within the employment theme. Deliverables D8. 4 and D8. 5 will examine both the empirical evidence presented here in the light of the full desk
and regulatory systems within which work, employment and entrepreneurial activity sit. Although there are many nuances and variations,
participation, low unemployment and flexi-curity policies x European learning networks, such as gender mainstreaming, age management, inclusive
economy, asylum seekers and victims of human trafficking and youth employment x Through the European Social Fund:
there have been massive rises in unemployment, especially in southern Europe and amongst young 8 http://ec. europa. eu/employment social/eie/chap1-5-2 en. html
x Flexibilisation of the workforce which, in the absence of counterbalancing employment security measures, tends to put more power in the hands of employers
x Youth unemployment, where job-churn in the labour market has reduced considerably so many older workers are staying put in the context of job loss
Other important trends include fluctuations in self employment rates since the 2007-08 financial crisis, with significant differences between countries, after an initial rise soon followed by a fall. 9
as well as more redundancies in this sector. 10 In some countries, such as the UK, this is leading to greater de-regularisation and de-unionisation of the labour market as exemplified by
much more occasional, intermittent, casual and †un-social†hours employment, as well as so-called zero-hour contracts in
employment, as being monitored and supported, for example, by the European WISE Network Work Integration Social Enterprises as a tool for promoting inclusion),
There is much agreement about some of the main impacts of ICT on employment. For example most observers agree that innovation in the economy supported
disagreements about the roles and impacts of ICT on employment in practice. For example although most agree that new jobs are being created (assuming the impact of the economic and
Returning to areas of general agreement about the impact of ICT on employment, most agree that
the employment theme 1. Preparing for employment People need appropriate vocational skills, competences and aptitudes in order to prepare for
employment. This includes both initial education, training and other forms of preparation, as well 21 as retraining to help them get a new or better job.
In principle, ICT can support people in preparing for employment in two main ways x by facilitating
or improving the individual†s vocational skills and competences relevant for work x by facilitating
x Improved employment supports (e g. training, tools, facilities, etc. using ICT 2. Finding employment ICT is an important tool in finding employment,
for example by matching those looking for work with those seeking one or more workers with the relevant skills, competences and aptitudes
Evidence from Poland, for example, shows that traditional private job centres only help about 5 %of young job seekers find a job,
or increase in, new forms of employment, such as telework distance work, flexible work or itinerant work,
x Scaled employment impact (more sectors, workers, localities) using ICT 16 https://www. taskrabbit. com and https://www. taskrabbit. co. uk
Seven cases are analysed in the employment theme as summarised in Table 3. 1 Table 3. 1:
Employment cases: summary Focus area Case Social needs addressed Summary Preparing for employ -ment Surfen zum
unemployment, low job skills and the digital divide -Improve digital search skills for all types of unemployed
unemployment in local area -Digital fast and flexible matching to recruit and manage the supply and demand of household and family tasks
difficult to be in employment because they are at a disadvantage or vulnerable in some way, or
The sample of seven cases comprises two preparing for employment cases, three finding employment cases,
and two creating and doing work cases. Although many of the cases provide outcomes in two or more focus areas (see section 3. 2. 3),
The preparing for employment cases both rely on public funding with one run by a civil organisations and one by the private sector.
employment cases are funded and operated by the private sector, although the Slivers of Time case
Although the finding employment cases tend to start in specific locations, they are growing fastest either through expansion of the
The types of ICT and its use varies across the three employment focus areas, as described below
Preparing for employment x ICT used: Relatively standard ICT is used alongside physical and traditional activities.
Finding employment x ICT used: Relatively standard ICT is used which is generally standalone, i e. ICT is the only or
service itself, offline communities also develop because in these finding employment cases matching is mainly fast, often urgent and thus local.
employment cases, CSE (but not Mission Leben) is perhaps starting to exhibit tendencies towards also being a part of a random network in
Preparing for employment 1. Improved entrepreneurship and work skills (personal and collective x Surfen zum Job:
and learnt how to find, employment in 30 cities, with an overall high evaluation of training
2. Improved employment supports, e g. training, tools, facilities, etc x Surfen zum Job: 300 unemployed youth prepared for,
and learnt how to find, employment in 30 cities, with an overall high evaluation of training
Finding employment 3. Improved matching between work demand and supply x Surfen zum Job: Of the 300 unemployed youth prepared for work in 30 German cities many
also found employment directly via the case x Slivers of Time: 80,000 job seekers with loose links to the labour market, with 13. 7m
7. Scaled employment impact (more sectors, workers, localities x All cases are scaling, disseminating or growing,
The finding employment cases seems to be scaling fastest 8. Increase in health and wellbeing
Preparing for employment Both Surfen zum Job and Jobbanken have mutually beneficial multi-actor collaborative partnerships
Finding employment All three cases, Slivers of Time, Eslife and Skillendar, use relatively standard ICT as the only or main
Preparing for employment The main barrier is reported as lack of familiarity with ICT, and thus some reluctance by the target
employment Finding employment The main barrier is the difficulty of overcoming established ways of working and attitudes
especially with mainly low skill beneficiaries. Legislation and administrative systems are geared not to independent working.
Preparing for employment The role and use of ICT in social innovation ICT has a supporting role in helping vulnerable and other unemployed people become better
prepared for employment. This is done by both reducing many of the costs involved and providing
Thus, although successful employment preparation initiatives exist in many forms with and without ICT, the role of ICT in these cases is improving
Given that ICT typically seems to be improving employment preparation initiatives which are already underway, the technology needs to be embedded carefully in the overall initiative so as to
Finding employment The role and use of ICT in social innovation ICT is seen both in a supporting role improving the matching of the supply and demand and of
This model has disrupted incumbent methods of flexible employment by removing the need for costly intermediaries (the †middlemanâ€, in this case employment agencies) who only
The three ICT-enabled finding employment cases illustrate a new and quite profound strategic model for identifying
and enable finding employment include, first significant cost savings and efficiencies through real-time and quick-time matching directly
the employment theme. An overview of all the main results of the analysis of the employment
cases is provided in Table 3. 2 1. The role and use of ICT in social innovation
ICT plays a supporting role in social innovation in both the preparing for employment and the
finding employment focus areas by significantly improving outcomes being sought by traditional and physical activities. ICT also enables new types of social innovation to be
achieved in both the finding employment and the creating and doing work focus areas, for
matching assets to needs in the finding employment cases. Online communities are established typically as complements to existing offline communities
deployed, although small-world networks are most common in the preparing for employment cases, whilst in both the finding employment and creating
and doing work cases scale-free dissemination and copying networks are starting to become common,
employment cases, ICT is used to significantly reduce costs, increase flexibility, shorten value chains and improve capabilities through building knowledge communities and for sharing
for employment cases, it seems typical for public funded strategic ICT use and experimentation to take place through either civil society or private sector partners.
In the finding employment cases, new strategic business models for finding and matching the supply and demand for
preparing employment cases show that careful embedding of ICT into the traditional activities used to train
In the finding employment cases, cost efficiencies due to cutting out the unnecessary †middle man†and thus shortening value chains
Overall, all six social innovation outcomes examined in the employment theme, as well as several others, have been shown to be supported
3. 2. 3. The seven cases examined in the employment theme all use ICT as an important tool to
either directly support people finding it difficult to be in employment because they are at a
In meeting the social need of disadvantaged people for employment that these seven cases examine, there are clear differences between the three focus areas in how ICT is used and in the
done in the finding employment cases where the real, quick-time and highly flexible matching of
The other four cases in the employment theme, in the preparing for work and the
The finding employment cases are also based on relatively standard ICT supporting an online community which is also the only or main basis for all activity.
Employment case analysis overview Focus area and SI outcomes ICT use Online platforms Communities Networks
employment skills and supports Standard ICT alongside traditional activities -Content creation -Issue identification -Comple -mentary on
employment matching supply and demand Standard ICT standalone -Content creation -Issue identification -Matching assets to
aim is to target poverty and social exclusion through growth and employment as well as modern and effective social protection.
unemployment and poverty, improving engagement and social cohesion -ICT affordable broadband for jobs, education & community
average, lower unemployment by 6, 200,180 start-ups, 3-fold increase in educational achievement, fewer benefits claimed
unemployment and social disruption -ICT web/mobile for matching supply & demand, managing system social fora, awareness raising;
much less distinct than in the employment theme. It is clear that this is a consequence of the place
employment, 180 of whom have started their own business, and has seen the percentage of residents claiming benefits reduce from 40%to under 33
unemployment by providing a new means to meet economic necessities, as well as retaining this economic (nonprofit making) activity in the community thus supporting local
ICT in the sharing economy theme and in the finding employment cases in the employment theme
employment cases in the employment theme. The ICT used is mainly standard off the shelf
employment theme. It is clear that this is a consequence of the place making theme being cross
economy, environment, employment, education, health and community. It spans from individual 53 www. taskrabbit. com
unemployment but still requiring tasks to be done -ICT web/mobile free platform for matching supply & demand
possibility of future employment in this area. Especially in the UK and London, where all sorts of
to strategic issues, trends and challenges which provides the general employment context, as well as some of the
strategic issues, trends and challenges which provides the general employment context, as well as some of the
learning, hard policy issues such as youth unemployment or regional skills shortages. However, MOOCS neither have a sustainable business model at the moment nor acceptable completion rates to actually live up to its potential First
Employment 8. Increase in jobs & work (number & duration 9. Improved jobs & work (quality & remuneration
Improved employment supports, e g. training, tools, facilities, etc 12. Scaled employment impact, actual or predicted (more sectors, groups, localities
13. Other (specify Place development 8. Improved community activism and participation (including political, planning, budgeting, etc
EMPLOYMENT & TRAINING SOCIAL COHESION INNOVATION & KNOWLEDGE ENTREPRENEURISM INTERNATIONALISATION GREEN ECONOMY Catalonia 2020 Strategy
5. 1. Employment and training 5. 2. Social cohesion 5. 3. Innovation and knowledge 5. 4. Entrepreneurism
6. 2. Improving the performance of the employment market 6. 3. Facilitating business access to finance
employment, establishing a roadmap for economic recovery whilst preserving the model of social cohesion ECAT 2020 establishes objectives
employment and training; social cohesion; innovation and knowledge entrepreneurism; internationalisation; and the green economy ECAT 2020 is organised around eight strategic lines of action.
implementing policies to improve competitiveness and employment In many spheres, however, the effective and efficient implementation
employment, finance, productivity and confidence The CAREC report stresses that the strategy for the competitiveness of the Catalan
potential for job creation and encourage new, emerging knowledge-based sectors -Eliminating the barriers and rigidity that prevent the Catalan economy from
employment, R&d climate change and energy, education, and combating poverty and social exclusion Within the framework established by the Europe 2020 Strategy,
required to launch initiatives aimed at generating growth and employment through the so-called National Reform Programmes.
-Fostering a high-employment economy that can ensure economic, social and territorial cohesion (inclusive growth ECAT 2020 follows the roadmap laid down by the Europe 2020 Strategy,
signed the Strategic Agreement for the Internationalisation, Quality of Employment and Competitiveness of the Catalan Economy.
employment and social cohesion When this agreement expired, the signatories decided to revise its content
particularly important initiative in this context is the Catalan Employment Strategy whose main goal is to reduce unemployment.
This Strategy is structured into three large blocks: job creation; employability; and improving the labour market The current situation of economic crisis and public spending restrictions requires
appropriate, effective and efficient economic policy measures. The Government is responsible for designing, planning and implementing such policies,
competitiveness of the Catalan economy and employment. ECAT 2020 takes its inspiration from the Europe 2020 Strategy,
5. 1. Employment and training The greatest challenge facing the Catalan economy is to create employment.
The Government must provide a stable, reliable environment in order to restart the production system and economic growth, an essential condition for generating jobs and
potential for job creation. These sectors include, for example: the energy industry energy efficiency and renewable energy sources;
jobs Employment and training Inclusive growthyouth on the move European platform against poverty Social cohesion Resource-efficient Europe Green economy Sustainable growth
jobs Employment and training Inclusive growthyouth on the move European platform against poverty Social cohesion Resource-efficient Europe Green economy Sustainable growth
productivity and quality job creation, it is necessary to improve mechanisms for professional mediation, information and guidance so as to adjust supply to demand in
Policies promoting a culture of mobility with regard to employment and training are also crucial to improving employability
model that fosters the maintenance of employment and the modernisation of labour organisations. Economic and social stakeholders should also play a major role in this
quality vocational training model, one that offers lifelong, flexible education and is adapted to the needs of the production system.
unemployment have caused a substantial increase in situations of social inequality and poverty. Today, unemployment is the main cause of poverty amongst the working-age
population. For this reason, measures promoting social cohesion focus on integrating unemployed people into the labour market and on improving job-seeking skills
activities and job creation and reduces dependency on imports of goods and raw materials The green economy offers great economic opportunities to industry, the energy sector
employment and training; social cohesion; innovation and knowledge; entrepreneurism; internationalisation; and the green economy Targets, budgets and monitoring indicators for each product
In the present context of severe economic crisis and high unemployment, it is particularly important to improve employability as a way of working towards a change to
2020 emphasises the importance of the new Catalan 2012-2020 Employment Strategy and the current Plan for the Development of Active Policies
played by career guidance in integration into employment Career information and guidance services provide support for people who need to take
decisions with regard to training and employment, helping to ensure that they make appropriate choices about their professional career and training needs.
-Making vocational training more flexible in order to adapt the professional skills taught to current and future needs of the production system
-Substantially increasing the number of young people taking vocational training courses, and -Increasing personalised career guidance services
6. 1. 3. Promoting new niches of employment To foster job creation, Government measures need to focus on new employment
niches and to train workers for the emerging sectors with potentially high future demand, such as personal care services, sustainability and multimedia content
unemployment generated by sectors in decline and to establish a model for economic growth that is more balanced than previous models
6. 1. 4. Matching vocational training to labour market requirements Serious imbalances exist between supply and demand in the Catalan labour market
especially as regards vocational training. Vocational training should be a tool for professionalising people and helping them to find
and retain jobs, and provisions need to be brought more in line with the actual needs of production
The Government promotes an integrated vocational training system with the following objectives: to provide a single vocational training service that is adapted to the needs of
the labour market; to develop a model for dual vocational training in cooperation with companies and production industries;
to introduce a model for the recognition of work experience and to accredit professional skills;
Unemployment is the main cause of poverty amongst the working-age population. For this reason, the Government promotes measures to foster integration into the labour
employment incentives; awareness-raising programmes; and career guidance services. Support is provided particularly for the integration into employment of people receiving the minimum income allowance
immigrants and ex-convicts 6. 1. 9. Using ICTS to promote equal opportunities and improve vocational skills
order to reduce the high levels of unemployment and to generate economic growth through increased productivity and the creation of quality jobs.
1. 3. Promoting new niches of employment 1. 4. Matching vocational training to labour market requirements 1. 5. Raising rates of school success
1. 6. Promoting full comprehension of English as a third language 1. 7. Introducing a new university model based on excellence and internationalisation
6. 2. 1. Improving efficiency and information with regard to employment media -tion mechanisms For the labour market to operate well,
favourable to job creation and to enabling companies to increase productivity and become more competitive. However, to guarantee job quality and security, collective
6. 2. 3. Improving job quality and conditions of employment In order to foster sustained economic growth based on productivity, it is crucial to
conditions of employment are key factors in persuading workers to commit to company projects and contribute to improving competitiveness
2. 1. Improving efficiency and information with regard to employment mediation mechanisms 2. 2. Promoting a model of labour relations aimed at increasing productivity and
2. 3. Improving job quality and conditions of employment 2. 4. Preventing fraud connected to undeclared work and undue reception of benefits
and to generate employment. The â€oecatalunya emprã n†programme pursues these objectives and seeks to promote a
and vocational training), throughout society and in public opinion in order to foster entrepreneurship, which can help to increase the will to set up businesses.
generate employment and improve social cohesion 6. 5. 3. Promoting regional economic development Policies must take Catalonia†s great territorial diversity into account.
Renewable energy sources generate business opportunities and employment and contribute to modernising the production system,
intervention that fosters business initiative and job creation whilst preserving the rights and duties of citizens and companies and minimising transaction costs.
growth and employment, environment, climate change health and education, inclusive societies, well-being, etc Making a project to tackle societal needs implies framing the needs
challenges to developing countries of ï ight of capital, tax evasion and employment reduction by oï €shoring
the local Leipzig employment centre, which provided temporary staff for over fifteen years Digitising the Stadtgeschichtliches Museum Leipzig
high employment economy delivering social and territorial cohesion Tracking the progress of growth within each
•Employment-raising the employment rate for women and men aged 20-64 to 75
and job creation, and the word'culture'is hardly mentioned in the EU 2020 Strategy, will
unemployment is dramatically impacting large groups of younger generations that find increasing challenges in building their future
employment, Â educationâ andâ training, Â andâ socialâ inclusion. Â Thisâ mayâ includeâ humanâ resourcesâ developmentâ activitiesâ
apprenticeship, in which students decide the terms and conditions of their learning rather than following a prescribed
job creation and to the achievement of the digital single market through the increasing offer of
for 3. 3%of EU GDP and 3%of employment in the EU 2 OJ C 297,7. 12.2006, p. 1
In employment terms, almost 67%of workers are employed by SMES of which 45%are employed by micro-enterprises, 30%by small companies and the remaining 25%by medium
Table 1 †Number of enterprises, SME employment and gross valued added in EU 27 (2010
%Employment Number 38 905 519 26 605 166 21 950 107 87 460 792 43 257 098
employment 6 Table 2 illustrates the size of six different industry clusters2 in terms of the percentage of the total
%in Lithuania to 37.8%in the UK In terms of employment size, this cluster is followed closely by
†labour intensive industries†with employment rates ranging from 20%(UK) to 44.2%(Slovakia The lowest levels of employment are found in the †life science†and †tourism and hospitalityâ€
clusters The use of heat map colours in table 2 helps to analyse employment rates vertically.
There is a geographical divide at cluster level as well; when comparing the different clusters it is clear that
in particular Member States some clusters are more significant in terms of employment ï§â€ Creative and cultural industries†employ most people in The netherlands, Latvia
ï§The Baltic states Latvia and Lithuania take the lion share in terms of employment in the cluster †Transport & distributionâ€
Table 2 †Cluster employment(%of total Member State workforce employed in particular cluster Source: Deloitte, based on Clusterobeservatory. eu (2011
self employment and compares European opinions with those outside of Europe, the image of entrepreneurs is relatively low in the EU:
employment SMES highly depend on entrepreneurs Nevertheless, in the EU a truly entrepreneurial climate is often
and job creation It is estimated by Mckinsey that for every job destroyed by the adoption of digital technologies
create employment Three priorities have been set to help achieve this vision ï§To become a magnet for highly skilled talent
motivation, choices, experiences and obstacles linked to self employment, and compares European opinions with those outside of Europe, people all over the world agree that
specialists8 accounted for around 3-4%of EU employment, OECD estimated that in 2010 a
ICT Skills and Employment. New competences and jobs for a greener and smarter economy 10 IDC (2009.
Exploiting the employment potential of ICTS Empirica and IDC Europe (2013. e-Skills for Competitiveness and Innovation:
or apprenticeships with SMES or initiatives actively supporting the conversion of ideas into enterprises. The Entrepreneur First initiative for example-a not-for-profit
%In the EU, the Blue Card work permit †adopted in 2009 †allows high-skilled non-EU citizens to
and as the work permits do not cover all 27 Member States the Blue Card results in considerable diversity in the conditions and rights accorded to Blue Card
and employment by stating in the European Agenda for the Integration of Third Country Nationals that"their creativity and innovation capacity should be
and inclusive, with a strong emphasis on job creation and poverty reduction Looking at education in particular,
communication gives particular attention to combatting youth unemployment, covering four areas which are defined as essential to be addressed
ï§Promoting work based learning including quality traineeships, apprenticeships and dual learning models to help the transition from learning to work
Furthermore, employment would be boosted, with 1. 2 million jobs expected to be created in infrastructure construction in the short term, rising to 3. 8 million jobs throughout the economy in
provision of funding schemes, pilot projects or apprenticeships/internships Owner: â'European commission â'Member States â'Private partners
employment evolves 69 Contacts Vincent Fosty Deloitte Consulting †Partner vfosty@deloitte. com Dana Eleftheriadou
Exploiting the employment potential of ICTS -European commission (2012. Jobs for Europe: The Employment policy Conference -Sectors with high job creation potential
-European commission (2011. An action plan to improve access to finance for SMES 71 -European commission (2011.
Europe's Small Business Act strengthens small businesses and drives growth -European commission (2011. Minimizing regulatory burden for SMES.
ICT Skills and Employment -OECD (2012. ICT Skills and Employment. New competences and jobs for a greener and
smarter economy -OECD (2010. ICT Skills and employment 72 Annex Industry clusters Table 7-Industry clusters in Europe(%of total Member State workforce employed in particular cluster
Source: Deloitte, based on Clusterobeservatory. eu (2011 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland
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