Employment and Competitiveness for SMES 03 An Opportunity Exists in Ireland to Change Mindsets about What it
-pact positively on economic growth and job creation in Irish SMES 10 Danish National Agency for Enterprise and Housing
firms are found to have on average a 9. 1%higher employment growth rate, a 18.7%higher added value rate and a 10.4%higher
Finish Ministry of Employment and the Economy and the Ministry of Education and Culture (2012
growing employment and high value industrial skills in Ireland Lessons from Cirdan Imaging †Hidden Design†Key to Development
Finish Ministry of Employment and the Economy and the Ministry of Education and Culture (2012
ideas for business and employment growth (Part of Innovation Strategies The comprehensive work of Raulik-Murphy (2010), 32 completed
behaviour change (the employment of designers, investment in R&d and implementation of design processes), performance
Ministry of Trade and Employment Investment: â 8m to date (2008-ongoing Run by: The Norwegian Centre for Design and Architecture
Employment /Stephen Dunniece, Technical Director & Systems Design Engineer Cirdan Imaging /Tom Edgar, Head of Consultancy at Queen†s
Trade and Employment /Karen Hennessy, Chief executive Design and Crafts Council of Ireland /Stephen Hughes, Manger Construction
zz Growth and employment: Digital value creation and digital networking stimulate growth and drive efficiency
growth, prosperity and employment Today, Germany†s ICT industry generates almost 85 billion euros of economic value added, and therefore contributes
is an important factor for job creation in Germany. For every 1, 000 jobs created in the ICT sector,
technologies on employment and labour markets, health protection and business organisations. Working together with the social partners, we will develop new, economically
-more, a noticeable impact on employment trends is to be expected The Federal government will address
Employment promotion measures can offer support in this area within the framework of existing legislative options We want the job profiles affected by digitisation †for
YOUTH EMPLOYMENT DIGITAL INCLUSION T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o N d e v e l o p m e n t
solutions for youth employment February 2014 This report was developed and published by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU),
out of the youth employment and entrepreneurship initiative between ITU and Telecentre. org Foundation. The partnership seeks to advance youth employability, entrepreneurship, and social inclusion
by addressing challenges surrounding integrating young people into the employment market, highlighting innovative approaches and uses of ICTS,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment iii Lead authors Chris Coward is the cofounder, Principal Research Scientist,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment iv Foreword Today†s youth face enormous challenges finding a job
I am delighted that this report was developed in response to the Youth employment and Entrepreneurship initiative between ITU and Telecentre. org Foundation.
new Youth employment and Entrepreneurship Resources Database at www. itu. int/ITU-D/youth What will be required to connect more youth to this new world of opportunities?
reshaping pathways for employment and entrepreneurship. It is a dynamic environment where governments and other stakeholders need to be more adept at developing
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment v Table of contents Page 1 Introduction...1 1. 1 Organization of report...
2 Youth and unemployment...3 2. 1 A global crisis...3 2. 2 The skills mismatch...
4 New employment and entrepreneurship opportunities †Emerging sectors...17 4. 1 Online job services and job matching...
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment vi Page 6 Entrepreneurship skills and support...35 6. 1 Entrepreneurship skills...
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 1 1 Introduction Youth make up 17 per cent of the world†s population and 40 per cent of the world†s unemployed
unemployment not only hampers economic growth, for youth it can be a debilitating experience that affects their desire
and provide them with better opportunities for employment Against this backdrop, ongoing advances in information and communication technologies (ICTS) are
for both wage employment and creating one†s own business. ICT literacy not only qualifies people for jobs
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 2 adequately represent all of these in a report of reasonable length.
employment and entrepreneurship opportunities. The database is available at: www. itu. int/ITU-D/youth
unemployment and underemployment, illustrating the scale of the challenge and some of the factors that
The primary focus of the report follows, covering new employment sectors, new skills, and new ways of
Chapter 8 discusses the role of government in supporting youth employment and entrepreneurship. Chapter 9 offers some concluding thoughts
One of these is a working definition of employment and entrepreneurship. For purposes of this report a
It includes wage employment, self employment, and farming. Under this categorization, entrepreneurship is a form and subset of self employment.
Self employment, though can be a double-edged sword. â€oemany businesses in developing countries are started not to exploit
Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 3 business opportunities but because the owners cannot find satisfactory jobs. †2 In fact, â€oemost micro-and
small enterprises in developing countries are just forms of survivorship, with limited chances to grow. †3
This definition is intended not to diminish the importance of self employment. It is crucial for job creation
Entrepreneurship, on the other hand, adopts Schumpeter†s idea of an entrepreneur as one who is dynamic and willing to take risks to exploit existing business opportunities
2 Youth and unemployment Around the world youth disproportionately suffer from the malaise of unemployment.
The scale of the problem is immense, holding back economic growth while stifling the aspirations of people recently
unemployment, and discusses the primary causes of this acute state of affairs 2. 1 A global crisis
youth unemployment rate had fallen to 11.6 per cent in 2007 from 13.1 per cent in 2002,
even in countries where unemployment is low youth unemployment is twice the national average or greater.
Young people are three times more likely to be unemployed than their parents. 8 However, official unemployment rates mask greater challenges, as
6 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013, †(Geneva: International Labour Office 2013), 1
7 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013, †3 8 Jenny Marlar, â€oeglobal Unemployment at 8%in 2011:
Youth are three times more likely than older adults to be unemployed, †(Gallup. com, April 17, 2012), www. gallup. com/poll/153884/Global-Unemployment-2011. aspx
Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 4 Underemployed youth is triple the unemployment rate. 9 These are predominantly youth who work in
the informal sector, facing low wages, no benefits, and a higher probability to be laid off without any type
For example, Sub-saharan africa has a youth unemployment rate close to 11 per cent, but three out of four workers are engaged in the informal sector.
Although these jobs count as employment they do little to contribute to an individual†s well-being and a country†s economic development
In addition, 621 million youth are â€oeidle††known as NEET (not in education, employment, or training
Global youth unemployment and unemployment rate, 1991 †2013 Source: International labour organization (ILO) 11 9 Mona Mourshed et al.
Education to Employment: Designing a System that Works,(Washington, D c.:Mckinsey Center for Government, 2012), www. improvingthestudentexperience. com/library/general/Educationtoemployment. pdf
11 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013, †8 Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment
5 Figure 2: Unemployment rates by age range Source: Gallup 2. 2 The skills mismatch In addition to the protracted economic crisis from which many countries are still trying to recover, a
obsolescence brought about by long-term unemployment. †12 This situation has multiple implications for youth. It renders solutions to the employment crisis more difficult to find,
and in the case of over -qualified youth society is â€oelosing their valuable skills and forfeiting stronger productivity growth that
The unemployment situation varies significantly between developed and developing countries, and among and within regions.
In general, in the developed world long-term unemployment among youth is becoming acute, resulting in high levels of dissatisfaction and a lack of trust in socioeconomic and
in some developing economies, meaning they are unemployed, in irregular employment †most likely in the informal sector,
Education to Employment, 10 15 Ibid. 36 16 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013, †2
Youth More likely to Be unemployed and Underemployed Among those in the Labour force %Unemployed%Underemployed %Employed full time for
http://www. gallup. com/poll/153884/Global-Unemployment-2011. aspx Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment
6 Figure 3: Youth unemployment rates, by region Source: International labour organization (ILO 2. 3 Regional trends: Developed countries
The youth unemployment rate in 2012 is estimated at 18.1 per cent. 17 The situation has improved not in
recent years with the number of unemployed youth increasing by more than 2 million from 2008 to 2012
By the second quarter of 2012, youth unemployment surpassed 15 per cent in two thirds of developed
Youth unemployment rates, 2008 and 2012 (second quarter %Source: International labour organization (ILO) 19 17 Ibid. 3 18 Ibid.
19 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013, †11 Youth unemployment rates 2000 and 2007†2016, by region
%2000 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012p 2013p 2014p 2015p 2016p WORLD 12.7 11.6 11.7 12.6 12.7 12.6 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 7 Youth not engaged in employment, education, or training (NEET) is one of the main challenges
policymakers in developed economies face. In Japan and the United states, NEET rates were 9. 7 and 15.6
likely to lack the life skills required for formal employment as well as the social networks needed to obtain
The quality of youth employment has declined. Youth increasingly find themselves in nonstandard jobs such as temporary employment and part-time work.
Countries like Spain and Ireland have recorded increases in the youth part-time employment rate of 11.8 and 20.7 percentage points respectively
between the second quarter of 2008 and 2011.25 One out of three youth state that they opted for
-employment and farming to the coexistence of traditional and modern modes of production. 27 Nearly half
youth unemployment is still alarming in many countries, such as South africa (above 40 per cent since early 2008). 28
20 International labour organization, â€oeglobal Employment Trends for Youth 2012â€oe (Geneva: International Labour Office 2012), 31 21 International Youth Foundation, Opportunity for Action:
25 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2012,21 26 Ibid, 23 27 World bank, World Development Report 2013:
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 8 2. 4. 1 Latin america and the Caribbean In Latin america and the Caribbean, youth unemployment has declined recently
but is expected to resume its upward trend. 29 Since 2003 the youth unemployment rate has followed a rollercoaster
pattern, with the most recent two years from 2010 to 2012 marking a decrease from 15.4 to 12.9 per
The youth unemployment rate is significantly higher among Latin american women. The percentage of unemployed young women (17 per cent) is 6 percentage points higher than that of young men (11 per
Low quality schooling and high dropout rates supress youth employment. According to the Economic Commission for Latin america and the Caribbean, completing a high quality secondary education is an
and Peru there exists a higher concentration of unemployment among youth with secondary education than either primary or advanced education. 35 This situation reflects a skills mismatch
Youth unemployment rates in the middle East continue to be the highest in the world. The 2012 youth
29 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013, †18 30 Ibid 31 International labour organization, â€oedecent Work and Youth in Latin america, †(Geneva:
35 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013, †18 36 ibid. 4 37 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2012,17
38 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013, †19 Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment
9 Youth face an underdeveloped private sector and a growing informal sector. The Middle east has among
the largest 15 to 24 year-old cohort in the world, at 21 per cent of the total population. 39 Although this
Informal employment in the middle East, at about 67 per cent of the workforce, is higher than that in
Formal employment in the Arab States is associated strongly with public sector jobs. Young people are more likely to look for employment in the public sector because these jobs offer higher pay, better
benefits, fewer working hours, and job security. However, jobs in this sector are contracting. Meanwhile new jobs available in the private sector are filled not as youth continue to pursue public sector jobs
Technical training in science, technology, and engineering is needed particularly in this region. 43 2. 4. 3 Central and South Eastern europe and CIS
The overall youth unemployment rate for the region has fallen, but this decline masks disparities among and within countries.
the youth unemployment rate for the region has declined to 17.9 per cent in 2012.44 In some countries the youth unemployment rate is very
high (e g. Armenia, 39.1 per cent. In other countries the situation has improved. For example, in Azerbaijan, youth unemployment has declined from 18.4 percent in 1999 to 11.0 per cent in 2010;
in Turkey it fell from 25.3 per cent in 2009 to 17.5 per cent in 2012.
Russian Federation, youth unemployment in Moscow was 5 per cent, compared to 51.3 per cent in
44 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013, †17 45 Ibid. 17 46 Ibid.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 10 cent in one 2008 survey. 48 Educational achievement as measured by the Programme for International
Comparatively, the youth unemployment rate is lower in Asia than in other regions. South Asia (9. 3 per
cent) and East asia (9. 5 per cent) have the lowest regional youth unemployment rates, while Southeast
The youth unemployment rate in Sub-saharan africa is 11.8 per cent with large variances in the continent. 56 Countries with the highest youth unemployment rates include South africa, with over half of
the youth population unemployed, Namibia (58.9 per cent in 2008), Reunion (58.6 per cent in 2011), and
50 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013, †13-15 51 International Youth Foundation, Opportunity for Action:
53 International labour organization,"China Youth employment Report,"(Geneva: ILO, 2005 54 UNESCO, Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2010,(Paris:
56 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013, †20 57 Ibid. 20 Digital opportunities:
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 11 Africa has the highest rate of working poor, estimated at 40.1 per cent in 2012.58 More than three out of
As a result, African youth are typically found in vulnerable employment conditions. ILO estimates that an
Informal sector employment shares, by region (2009 Source: ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database Educational attainment among youth is chronically low.
59 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2012,26 60 UNESCO Institute for Statistics,"Global Education Digest 2011,"(Montreal:
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 12 This chapter explores how ICTS are transforming three sectors:
ICT-led transformations of all workforce sectors should improve the employment and entrepreneurial prospects of youth with ICT skills.
opportunities for ICT-related job creation. Upgrading workforce skills is becoming a key factor in the
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 13 3. 2 Health Healthcare is a global multi-trillion dollar industry that is undergoing massive changes as a result of ICT
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 14 Figure 6: Technology-enabled programmes, by purpose Source: World health organization, 2012
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 15 THE WHO study also reveals many programmes that face important barriers. 71 Problems with end-user
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 16 Firms or countries tend to follow any of the five following trajectories
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 17 4 New employment and entrepreneurship opportunities †Emerging sectors
The increasing adoption of ICTS in everyday life, and the growing marketplace for digital goods and
services, are creating opportunities for youth to find employment that transcend traditional paradigms The way young people find
employment in their own communities. New approaches to outsourcing like crowdsourcing and microwork are providing young people worldwide with task
The global increase in the use of mobile technologies is playing a key role in expanding employment
Great potential for employment growth derives from a demand for services enabled by mobile phones. 81 Young people can now find
This chapter explores a range of emerging opportunities involving ICTS and youth employment and entrepreneurship. First, the ways in which young people find work through digital job matching services is
covered, followed by new opportunities for ICT enabled employment. The chapter then turns to the
growing app industry, its potential for employment, and some of the issues related to becoming an app
employment for young people around the world. Lastly opportunities that green jobs may hold for youth
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 18 4. 1 Online job services and job matching While it may be skilled common for, educated workers to use existing web-based job-matching services to
young women may not have the same freedoms to seek employment through conventional means, and men largely dominate internet cafes
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 19 Figure 8: Crowdsourcing vs. Microwork Source: Author elaboration and Howe (2008
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 20 Microwork Microwork is a series of small tasks that have been broken out of a larger business process
countries, especially women and young people who tend to experience higher unemployment and underemployment and could benefit from flexible income-generating opportunities. 89
employing people with limited opportunities for sustainable employment as principal workers in business process outsourcing centres to provide high-quality, information-based services to domestic and
submit innovative ideas for microwork projects to aid digital job creation in developing countries. The m2work challenge calls for participants to identify real-world problems that could be addressed by
www. rockefellerfoundation. org/blog/job creation-through-building-field Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment
21 Samasource is a nonprofit organization that brings digital work opportunities to people around the world.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 22 Jobs in the app economy can be categorized as follows •IT-related jobs that use app economy skills†the ability to develop,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 23 Figure 9: Global map of app trade routes Source: Developer Economics 2012
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 24 The World bank Bank†s infodev programme, in collaboration with the Government of Finland and Nokia
Africa†s early-stage start-ups to address the issue of youth unemployment across the continent In many developing countries where mobile phones are the primary means of accessing information via
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 25 winners receiving incubation, financial, and other forms of support. 99 This is a model that many other
persons with disabilities unprecedented levels of access to education, skills training and employment, as well as the opportunity to participate in the economic, cultural and social life of their communities. †100
employment, in many cases stimulated by initiatives and organizations focused specifically on empowering this population
significant source of digital employment for young people. Gaming platforms also rely on the outsourcing of small tasks through third-party gaming services like Crowdflower.
employment for themselves as digital entrepreneurs. An estimated 100 000 young, low-skilled workers in China and Viet nam earn their primary income by outsourcing their services to gaming platforms. 102 The
employment as gold farmers 104 Power-leveling is using the help of another, stronger player in a role playing video game to level a character more
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 26 4. 6 Mobile phone repair and computer assembly Mobile phone repair as well as computer maintenance and assembly continue to be important areas of
youth job training and employment in many regions around the world. In cities throughout the developing
people†s first interactions with technology as well as a huge source of employment and entrepreneurship There are countless initiatives that offer youth skills training in device repair, local employment
opportunities, as well as business training for local micro enterprises Action Technique pour un Developpement Communautaire Action Technique pour un Developpement Communautaire (ATEDEC) is designed a project to
suffering from unemployment, delinquency, and drug abuse. In partnership with a youth livelihoods programme called AKAZI KANOZE, youth are trained in computer maintenance and
opportunity for employment in which ICTS and youth could play a major role. It is estimated that a shift to
the green and smart economy pays a double dividend by encouraging job creation and accelerating the
the most from job creation, including forestry, agriculture, building, transport, services, administration and renewable energy. 109
107 OECD, â€oeict Skills and Employment: New Competences and Jobs for a Greener and Smarter Economy, †OECD Digital
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 27 Employment growth in the renewable energy sector alone is projected to be impressive for the coming
decades. A UNEP report suggests that by 2030, given the increasing interest in energy alternatives, up to
Other areas of employment in the green economy that involve a range of ICTS from geographic
some 7 per cent of all formal employment. 112 110 United nations Environment Programme. â€oegreen Economy, Renewable Energy:
111 OECD, â€oeict Skills and Employment: New Competences and Jobs for a Greener and Smarter Economy. â€
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 28 4. 7. 2 Green jobs for youth The dialogue around ICTS and the green economy has centered largely on food security, sustainable
would in turn generate youth employment. 113 Youth have expressed a strong interest in renewable energy and fighting climate change as evidenced in
jobs to increase our employment and youth employment rates. †115 Paulo, YMCA volunteer Upgrading youth ICT skills will be a key factor in their ability to participate in and benefit from the green
115 UN Focal point on Youth, â€oewhat Are the Up-and-coming Areas for Youth employment in Your Country?
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 29 a variation of ICT skills that is becoming increasingly important for some careers.
employment 5. 1 Computer literacy Computer literacy â€oerefers to the ability to use computers and related technologies, from end-users to ICT
basic computer skills as a minimum qualification for employment. 117 An increasing number of non-IT
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 30 5. 2 Digital literacy Most of today†s attention around ICT skills is focused on the concept of digital literacy.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 31 Second, being digitally literate involves much more than having technical skills.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 32 All of these distinctions have important implications for digital literacy training.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 33 Figure 12: Web skills/Competencies/Literacies grid EXPLORING CREATING CONNECTING PROTECTING
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 34 5. 4 Complementary skills The discussion in this chapter so far has focused on the ICT-related skills required for meaningful
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 35 Learning and innovation skills •creativity and innovation •critical thinking and problem solving
services aimed at improving the employment prospects of their clients. These services include: 125 •CV preparation
the primary engines of job creation, income growth, and poverty reduction. The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) estimated that 388 million entrepreneurs were engaged actively in starting and running
between the ages of 18 and 35.126 Considering staggering global youth unemployment levels, much hope for youth lies in their ability to become job creators rather than job seekers
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 36 Business incubators and accelerators are emerging around the world seeking to emulate the successes of
Support,"(OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Working papers 11,2010), www. oecd -ilibrary. org/content/workingpaper/5km7rq0k8h9q-en
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 37 Figure 14: Core entrepreneurial skills and attributes132 *English continues to be recognized as key for conducting business
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 38 Important skills for digital entrepreneurs In addition, digital entrepreneurs also require skills in a variety of areas related to business
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 39 Micromentor is an initiative of the nonprofit humanitarian agency Mercy Corps that offers
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 40 turn to crowdfunding as one of their primary sources of investment capital.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 41 6. 4 Toolkits and training programmes There are many digital resources designed to help young entrepreneurs that have been created by the
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 42 Providing access to market information has long been a goal of many initiatives,
training, apprenticeships, business training, funding and/or mentorship, among others. These comprehensive programmes offer integrated services for young entrepreneurs with the aim of facilitating
connecting them with greater opportunities for education, employment and entrepreneurship Through Youthspark, Microsoft will dedicate the majority of its cash contributions to nonprofit
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 43 A study looking at learning spaces and the influence of ICTS identifies six trends as the hallmark of the
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 44 Figure 15: Story of Kelvin Doe Source: Authors 7. 1 New learning models
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 45 Figure 16: Blended learning and ICTS Source: Authors The blended learning process relies on digital environments called Learning Management Systems (LMS
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 46 Blended learning has gained popularity mostly in European and North american high schools, colleges and
151 International Labour Office, Apprenticeship in the Informal Economy in Africa,(Geneva: ILO, 2008 Digital opportunities:
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 47 Prominent and emerging models of self-directed learning include open universities,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 48 Similar services continue to grow as universities and other educational institutions seize the power of ICTS
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 49 Figure 18: Social capital and collaborative/peer learning Source:
In the context of youth employment, it is important to consider the benefits that participating in
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 50 work alongside more experienced workers they acquire and develop many of the same ICT and soft skills
opportunity for employment Website: code. google. com/soc 7. 3 Learning and innovation places The classic notion of the learning place is associated with organized institutions such as schools
universities, and vocational training centres. With the advance of new learning models described above youth are taking learning to places like technology hubs, co-working spaces,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 51 A report prepared for the European commission in 2008 predicted some of these changes by arguing that
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 52 7. 4 Repositories, games and mobile resources Using online channels to learn
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 53 7. 4. 3 Social media Social media are used extensively for learning as well.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 54 There is an opportunity for public access points, such as telecentres, libraries,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 55 The European Computer Driving Licence is an international computer skills certification
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 56 Figure 20: How Open Badges work Source: Mozilla Open Badges175
are educated highly, suffer from low-wage, deadend work and record levels of unemployment. †176 Youth
unemployment and underemployment are at a record high. Tackling this enormous challenge requires the coordinated efforts of governments, the private sector, civil society, academia and international agencies
designed to harness ICTS for youth education, employment, and entrepreneurship. The examples are the result of a combination of factors:
partnerships across sectors to spur innovation, economic growth and employment. International agencies have played a vital role by bringing attention to the urgent needs of youth, and convening governments
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 57 This chapter looks at the role of governments in advancing policies, programmes and strategies for youth
employment and entrepreneurship. It is concerned especially with the school to work transition, an important period in the lives of youth.
and (5) enacting policies that boost employment and entrepreneurship opportunities 8. 1 ICTS in education
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 58 programmes in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Laos, Pakistan, and Viet nam designed to
redundancy. In some countries ministries of labour, telecommunications, youth or human development education, social development and even industry work together to identify common areas of interest and
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 59 8. 2 ICT skill development in non-formal educational settings
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 60 At the same time, it is important for governments to recognize the growth and influence of alternative
they are qualified. 197 This skills mismatch is a leading cause of the youth unemployment crisis Establishing channels for dialogue among industry leaders, policymakers, academia,
which in turn contributes to the formulation of education and labour policies that responds to the needs of the market and spurs innovation.
partnerships a priority and have dedicated budgets for apprenticeship, job placements, and other programmes. Civil society organizations can be involved as well
In the United kingdom, the National Apprenticeships Service has developed a three-way partnership with QA Apprenticeships and Cisco Apprenticeship to offer high school graduates three-year apprenticeship
opportunities with CISCO. 199 In Jordan the Ministry of Social Development is responsible for a programme
199 â€oecisco, †QA Apprenticeships, http://apprenticeships. qa. com/employers/corporate-bespoke-apprenticeships/qa -apprenticeships-at-cisco
200 International Youth Foundation, www. iyfnet. org/news/1160 201 Tandon et al. A Bright Future in ICTS Opportunities for a New Generation of Women;
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 61 Another area for government-private sector partnership is job placement.
In the apprenticeship examples above, participants are remunerated for their work and also have the opportunity to study part-time
apprenticeships, internships or any other form of on-the-job-training opportunity, they limit their commitment to the duration of the programme.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 62 •Foster innovation through contests and competitions. This can be accomplished by partnering
The transformations taking place around youth, ICTS, employment, and entrepreneurship are characterized by rapid change and innovation.
apprenticeships, and networking events represent just a few of the ways people learn, and innovate together.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 63 and have driven the explosive expansion of social media and other web 2. 0 applications.
and positioned to seize new employment and entrepreneurship opportunities? The report has outlined a number of strategies pertaining to the role of government
Public-private partnerships can further advance youth employment through training, internships, and job placement programmes. Policies and programmes to support
and connecting them to employment and entrepreneurship opportunities. Telecentres, libraries community technology centres and other places that offer computer resources, internet connectivity, and
the needs of youth and support governments in implementing youth employment and entrepreneurship strategies, while development agencies and foundations can provide financial support and expertise
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 64 Gestion du spectre radioã lectrique au Niger References Amin, Mohammad.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 65 Hofer, Andrea-Rosalinde and Austin Delaney.""Shooting for the Moon:
"OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED Working papers 11 (2010. www. oecd-ilibrary. org/content/workingpaper/5km7rq0k8h9q-en
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"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2012.""Geneva International Labour Office, 2012 International labour organization.""Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013. †Geneva
International Labour Office, 2013 International labour organization. Working Towards Sustainable Development Opportunities for Decent Work and Social Inclusion in a Green Economy.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 66 Johnson, Larry, Samantha Adams, and Michele Cummins. â€oethe NMC Horizon Report:
Marlar, Jenny. â€oeglobal Unemployment at 8%in 2011: Youth are three times more likely than older
-Unemployment-2011. aspx Mcfedries, Paul. â€oei†m in the Mood for MOOCS. †IEEE Spectrum, December 4, 2012
Job creation Through Building the Field of Impact Sourcing. Rockefeller Foundation 2011. www. rockefellerfoundation. org/blog/job creation-through-building-field
Moraa, Hilda and Wangechi Mwangi. â€oethe Impact of ICT Hubs On African Entrepreneurs: A Case study
Education to Employment: Designing a System that Works. Washington, D c.:Mckinsey Center for Government, 2012
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Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 67 OECD. ICT Skills and Employment: New Competences and Jobs for a Greener and Smarter Economy
OECD Digital economy Papers, No. 198. OECD Publishing, 2012 http://dx. doi. org/10.1787/5k994f3prlr5-en
OECD. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012. OECD Publishing, 2012: 466 http://dx. doi. org/10.1787/sti outlook-2012-en
/UN Focal point on Youth. â€oewhat Are the Up-and-coming Areas for Youth employment in Your Country? †UN World Youth Report Website.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 68 United nations Environment Programme. â€oetransition to Green Economy Could Yield up to 60 Million
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 69 Glossary Accelerators For-profit incubator that support start-ups with funding and other services in
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 70 HTML Hypertext markup language (HTML) is the main markup language for creating
YOUTH EMPLOYMENT DIGITAL INCLUSION T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o N d e v e l o p m e n t
Innovative ICTSOLUTIONS for youth employment Lead authors Foreword Table of contents 1 Introduction 1. 1 Organization of report
2 Youth and unemployment 2. 1 A global crisis 2. 2 The skills mismatch 2. 3 Regional trends:
4 New employment and entrepreneurship opportunities-Emerging sectors 4. 1 Online job services and job matching
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
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