The downturn in employment is marked particularly in the construction, retail and manufacturing sectors and, given the reliance on these sectors,
Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment (DETE), the Department of Environment 1 NUTS III level:
Enterprise Dynamic assessing the enterprise structure, employment and GVA, the contribution from agency supported enterprises,
ï§Rising unemployment and reskilling ï§The †new†unemployed ï§Innovation ï§Supports for SMES
Rising Unemployment and Reskilling The current economic downturn has resulted in a significant increase in unemployment across
the country, primarily within construction, retail/hospitality and manufacturing activities FÃ S and the VECS have the infrastructures in place to address the skills
which unemployment has been increasing and uncertainty have exacerbated fears and a call for action. Many identified the need for a more in depth understanding of the regional skills
employment that would in turn inform the type of training and/or reskilling required Much of this has been addressed by a recent Expert Group on Future Skills Needs (EGFSN
s contends that continued up-skilling for those IN employment is equally important 19 FGS Consulting (2008) Developing and Coordinating Skills at the Regional Level (unpublished report
outside of the main gateway centres and to create significant employment and regional dynamic24, and is of vital importance
ï§70%of agency supported employment is in indigenous companies: substantially higher than the national average of 50
Unemployment (Q1 2009) 11.7%10.2%8. 9 %Employment Growth 1998-2008 38%33%22 %GVA per worker (productivity) â 59,774 â 76,799 â 103,104
GVA per person â 26,566 â 36,606 â 51,596 Educational Attainment 3rd level 23.4%29.1%35.9
Marked decline in Mfg employment compared to national average (98-08 -13%-4%-8 %More dependent on growth in retail
employment than national average 22%15%13 %31 GVA †Gross Value Added †the value of the region†s output less intermediate materials and services
Manufacturing employment declined however over the 1998-2008 period in line with the decrease nationally ï§Medical Devices is the most significant employer within the exporting sectors and
continues to demonstrate strong employment growth. There is also a strong ICT software) base and a growing creative sector and activities (including digital media
Unemployment (Q4 2009) 11%10.2%8. 9 %Employment Growth 1998-2008 37%33%22 %GVA per worker (productivity) â 58,922 â 76,799 â 103,104
GVA per person â 27,469 â 36,606 â 51,596 Educational Attainment 3rd level 27.5%29.1%35.9
Public sector Employment 26%23%23 %Entrepreneurship (Early Stage as a %of the Population 10%8%8
The skills development and unemployment issues faced by the Midlands region mirror those which are being experienced nationally,
mid 2008-which is now having a significant impact on unemployment levels which at 11.7%(2008) is the highest in the State
Unemployment (Q4 2009) 11.7 10.2%8. 9 %Employment Growth 1998-2008 45%33%22 %GVA per worker (productivity) â 53,216 â 76,799 â 103,104
GVA per person â 24,496 â 36,606 â 51,596 Educational Attainment 3rd level 22.7%29.1%35.9
%of Employment Growth due to construction (1998-2007 31%26%21 %ï§The engineering skill-sets and materials research capabilities in the region are key assets
Unemployment (Q4 2009) 9. 9%10.2%8. 9 %Employment Growth 1998-2008 32%33%22
%GVA per worker (productivity) â 91,366 â 76,799 â 103,104 GVA per person â 42,961 â 36,606 â 51,596
ï§Informed by employment trends and the existing enterprise base, the regionally based workshop highlighted potential in the areas of Medical Technologies, taking advantage of
Unemployment (Q1 2009) 11.4%10.2%8. 9 %Employment Growth 1998-2008 27%33%22 %GVA per worker (productivity) â 66,098 â 76,799 â 103,104
GVA per person â 31,859 â 36,606 â 51,596 Educational Attainment 3rd level 26.5%29.1%35.9
Manufacturing Employment 18%14%11 %ï§The proportion of people with a 3rd level degree or higher in the Midwest is
44 Dell plans to retain approximately 1, 200 people in employment in Limerick FORFÃ S REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AGENDAS:
Unemployment (Q4 2009) 11.4%10.2%8. 9 %Employment Growth 1998-2008 40%33%22 %GVA per worker (productivity) â 57,864 â 76,799 â 103,104
GVA per person â 26,735 â 36,606 â 51,596 Educational Attainment 3rd level 23%29.1%35.9
Agricultural Employment 9%6%2 %Manufacturing Employment 17%14%11 %47 CSO Population & Migration Estimates, April 2009
FORFÃ S REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AGENDAS: OVERVIEW, FINDINGS & ACTIONS 28 Key points of interest and potential
ï§Contributing 9%to overall employment, the agricultural sector remains a significant part of the Southeast economy.
prominent sectors in employment terms are the public sector, the financial services sector, and the retail trade sector.
employment was not dominated by construction sector during Ireland†s period of rapid economic growth Points of Interest
ï§Employment in the East (Dublin and Mideast) grew by 32%between 1998 and 2008
However, unemployment has risen sharply over the last twelve months, rising from a rate of 4. 6%at the end of 2007 to almost 9%in early 2009
ï§ICT services accounts for over a third of agency supported employment, and has seen the
Unemployment (Q1 2009) 8. 9%9. 2%10.2 %Employment Growth 1998-2008 22%50%33
%GVA per worker (productivity) â 103,104 â 57,871 â 76,799 GVA per person â 51,596 â 28,387 â 36,606
Tà snua (translated as †New Startâ€) is a response to the increasing number job cuts recently in
Education, Enterprise and Employment. Its website presents a comprehensive overview of the range of supports available, enables on-line requests for meetings with relevant agencies
The Department for Employment and Learning in Northern ireland, sought to drive the implementation of their Skills Strategy through six regionally based employer-led Workforce
and sub-regional employment and skills needs to ensure that appropriate responses are planned and delivered across NI
A report commissioned by the Department of Employment and Learning undertook a review of the WDF and outlines a clear mandate and recommendations to increase the effectiveness of
Employment by Sector and Region, Q4 2008 Source: CSO, Quarterly National Household Survey (QNHS) Database Direct
Employment in Enterprise Agency Supported Companies, Selected Sectors 2008 Source: Forfã¡s Annual Employment Survey, 2008
Table A2. 1 GVA Statistics by Region Distribution of GVA across Regions %GVA per Person at
the impacts in terms of a decline in economic activity and increases in unemployment. The more recent downturn in employment is marked particularly in both the construction and
manufacturing sectors and has greater implications for the regions outside of the Greater Dublin Area (GDA) in the medium term
Enterprise Dynamic assessing the enterprise structure, employment and GVA, the contribution from agency supported enterprises,
The Southeast region exhibited strong employment growth over the period 1998-2008 and not unlike other regions in Ireland, this growth was driven by considerable expansion within
the construction and public sectors. Employment growth in construction activities was particularly strong in the Southeast and suggests that the recent and dramatic down-turn in
boosted manufacturing employment and have helped to offset decline in the more established manufacturing sectors. However, continuing cost pressures, particularly in more labour
The agricultural sector contributes 9%to overall employment, greater than the national average of 6%.This is complemented by the employment provided by strong international
food processing companies Although the performance of the region in terms of High Potential Start up (HPSU) 6 companies
likely to achieve significant growth in 3 years (sales of â 1m per annum and employment of
The industry profile for the region demonstrates high levels of employment in construction agriculture and manufacturing, coupled with relatively lower levels of educational attainment
-one consultation, informed by employment trends and the existing enterprise base. The outline for each sector that follows demonstrates the suite of assets that provide a platform
overall employment. This is on a par with the West region and higher than all others.
region has a lower than average proportion of employment overall in services activities Moreover, services growth (excluding the public sector) contributed significantly less in terms
of employment creation in the Southeast (38%)than it did nationally (50%)over the past 10
While overall growth in the sector has been relatively slow, employment in internationally traded services has been far more rapid.
companies21 within the sector account for just over one-fifth of employment overall, having almost doubled between 1998 and 2008, to over 6, 500.
s, Annual Employment Survey, 2008 FORFÃ S REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AGENDA: REALISING POTENTIAL: SOUTHEAST 20 ï¿
face unemployment, many are stimulated to develop their own businesses and consider entrepreneurship as a realistic option.
unemployment and the proactive Enterprisestart initiative currently being rolled out regionally by EI in conjunction with the CEBS
configuration presents considerable choice in terms of housing, employment, recreation shopping, entertainment etc. From a regional competitiveness perspective, quality of life
unemployment, a focus on building a stronger community spirit throughout the region could have a very positive impact on quality of life in general.
Large scale unemployment makes skill retention and development a daunting task. A number of issues are at play, the resolution
which will enable them to improve their employment prospects. Those still in education should be encouraged strongly to obtain minimum level qualifications before entering the
increasing number of job cuts recently in Limerick and the Midwest region FORFÃ S REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AGENDA:
In the context of rising unemployment across a wide range of sectors and professions, the
employment options Physical Infrastructures Broadband ï¿High quality and pervasive broadband is a fundamental enterprise and quality of life
indicators including increased exports, productivity, innovation and employment Enterprise Ireland Enterprise Ireland†s core objective is to drive export growth by creating and growing
accounts for approximately 8%of total employment in the region, and is dominated by firms 32 This overview represents a selection of existing agencies,
Employment in EI supported companies in the Southeast, by sector (2008 Source: Forfã¡s, Annual Employment Survey, 2008
Enterprise Ireland has supported the development of 15 Community Enterprise Centres across the region, with one in Carlow, two in Kilkenny, seven in Waterford, three in Wexford and
for approximately 5%of total employment in the region and is dominated by firms in the ICT
Employment in IDA supported companies in the Southeast, by sector (2008 Source: Forfã¡s Annual Employment Survey, 2008
A key activity for IDA in the regional context is the development of a strong value propositions
and Employment Authority and provides training courses apprenticeship programmes and re-skilling/supports. The FÃ S Corporate Strategy sets out the
strategic direction taken by the Authority and outlines the action that it will take to progress
Trade and Employment FORFÃ S REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AGENDA: REALISING POTENTIAL: SOUTHEAST 43 Appendix 2 IDA Business & Technological Parks
and learning techniques are offered Keywords: Digital technologies; Social media; Networked society; Mobile media Introduction Innovative uses of emerging technologies are enabling a fundamental transformation of the
-priate strategic employment of informa -tion technology (IT) may be essential in translating strategies (e g.,, innovation
and the high cost of firing hinder job creation, particularly during business cycle downturns. In addition, improving the quality of the educational system†where the
wages, firing, and therefore hiring, more workers than in the other Nordics and than most European countries
111th both because of the strict rules on firing and hiring and the rather conflict-ridden labor-employer relations
market efficiency, hindering employment creation Italy†s financial markets are developed not sufficiently to provide needed finance for business development (111th
Addressing the unemployment challenge will remain the key economic priority of the region as a whole for the foreseeable future
sufficient to create the employment necessary to absorb the about 60,000 new entrants into the Jordanian
to increase employment in the medium term Sub-saharan africa Sub-saharan africa has grown impressively over the last 15 years:
and firing practices (143rd), a lack of flexibility in wage determination by companies (140th), and significant
efficient†it has stringent hiring and firing practices 78th) and wages that are determined not flexibly (108th
reducing the incentive for job creation in the country Rwanda moves up by seven places this year to
labor force (5th) and reasonable redundancy costs On the other hand, infrastructure in the country is underdeveloped (132nd), with low-quality roads and
unemployment, are investing in the healthcare system and primary education (137th) as well as higher education and training (138th
challenges such as climate change and unemployment. This research project has iden -tified, mapped and engaged communities that are constructing the emerging Digital
Environment, Education and Skills, Culture and Arts, Work and Employment, Participation and Democracy, Neighbourhood Regeneration, Science
OCRACY CULTURE AND ARTS HEALTH AND WELLBEING WORK AND EMPLOYMENT S MA RT PU BL
Work and Employment DSI AREAS AREAS OF SOCIETY New ways of making Funding acceleration and incubation
OCRACY CULTURE AND ARTS HEALTH AND WELLBEING WORK AND EMPLOYMENT S MA RT PU BL
Work and Employment DSI AREAS AREAS OF SOCIETY New ways of making Funding acceleration and incubation
-ing unemployment will require innovative solutions that challenge traditional ways of doing things To provide a synthetic overview, we cat
new solutions to reduce unemployment and minimise its corrosive effects on the economy and society.
the rest of the EU. Identify specific social challenges (such as health, employment, urban regeneration and care) facing countries
inclusive growth, fostering a high employment economy delivering economic, social and territorial cohesion Investing more in research,
The benefits of bringing in an external view to address sensitive issues such as redundancies and
specialisation of regional economies on the basis of employment (or value-added) data Location quotients measure whether some sectors are represented over in a regional
Attractiveness of working conditions for researchers compared with other employment opportunities; facilitated mobility of research and innovation personnel between the public and the
sectors, especially to the business community and the higher and vocational training institutions iii) publicity through radio, television and newspaper coverage (iv) the distribution of
growth of employment in knowledge-intensive sectors R&d expenditure per worker, etc 1) Indicators should be selected to reflect the programme's objectives and intervention logic
role in the field of vocational training Barriers and challenges Improving the contribution of universities to regional growth by implementing
capital expenditure and highly-skilled employment. They enable process, goods and service innovation throughout the economy
generating economic growth and employment and strengthening the competitiveness of the EU economy. They bear enormous market potential.
different public policies such as economic development, employment higher education and culture. Successful CCI strategies most often depend
DG Employment, Social affairs and Inclusion will also directly fund social experimentation projects through PROGRESS and the Programme for Social Change and Innovation to reform
the SBI are DG Enterprise and DG Employment, Social affairs and Inclusion Early December, the Commission proposed the Regulation on European Social
regard to other relevant policies such as education, employment and rural development policies? Does it assess/take into account the existing level of policy
and achieving the employment and growth targets of the Europe 2020 strategy requires a competitive industry that builds its competitiveness on innovation in
terms (e g. on turnover, employment, market seize, IP management, sales, return on investment and profit
which will provide the growth and employment of the future. The reindustrialisation of the EU's industrial base has to focus on the development
growth and job creation, and has the potential to act as a catalyst by contributing to and/or leveraging other activities supported, for instance
competitiveness, boosting growth and job creation. At the same time, research and innovation help make people†s lives better by improving things like healthcare, transport and digital services
22 million jobs (accounting for 9%of total employment in the EU and has the potential to reinvigorate communities in some of our
competitiveness and employment in jeopardy It is essential then for the EU to spark a new industrial revolution
Transport drives employment economic growth and global exports. It provides citizens, societies and economies with essential resources and means of mobility
holds significant potential for job creation Water is fundamental to human health food security, sustainable development and the environment.
to boost competitiveness and job creation in European economies What is EU Research and Innovation doing to
substantial potential for business opportunities and job creation while tackling important resource efficiency challenges Concerning waste, activities will focus on the whole production and
employment or training, are crucial challenges for the future of Europe. A rapidly changing world, characterised by the emergence of new economic powers
In 2013, EU research has focused on growth, employment and competitiveness (intangibles, youth, public finances), sustainable
and territorial-that will have a major impact on employment, in particular for some groups in the labour force or
for growth and employment in the EU. In 2011, the security sector in the EU employed 180,000 people, with an annual turnover of
For the poor, livelihood choices †in employment and entrepreneurship †are constrained by a wide range of interdependent obstacles, ranging from geographic isolation to market failures to
â€oefirms using ICT see faster sales growth, higher productivity and faster employment growth. †3
In developed countries, SMES contribute 60%of employment and 50%of gross domestic product (GDP. In developing countries, the figures are only about 30%and 17
employment, mostly with Sappi. 56 3. 3 Building Institutional Capacity ICTS fundamentally create institutional capabilities.
Governments use the centers to support employment and new business formation strategies, particularly in the
struggling with youth unemployment or wanting to kick-start local software economies will often pay internship wages or first year salaries for graduates that obtain jobs.
employment. These are not people at the â€oebase of the economic pyramid, †but rather somewhere in the middle or
employment and entrepreneurship in a high-skill, high-value industry sector for more than 50,000 students. In the process
nearly two thirds obtained employment, and more than 10%started their own businesses. 95 Alumni recommended even more assistance finding internships and jobs.
business because of lack of financing is a major barrier for sustainable growth and job creation. ICTS have a
vocational training institutions, technology centres and transfer agencies) and the structure of the regional econ -omy (dominant industries, availability of service firms
Employment was the more important objective than competitiveness. Due to labour hoarding the nationalized companies†pro
consequence, employment decreased significantly lead -ing to serious labour market problems in the early 1990s Overall, the recovery after the crisis has been successful
employment) within the sample of respondents corre -sponds approximately to the regional economy. As far
relation to employment is 15.6%in the case of SMES Large firms, for comparison, have average ratios of
For example, relationship promoters often had a full time job and a central position within the network. In this context, the works on the creative milieu
-tions, where he points out redundancy in the form of †fail-safe network circuitry†as com
Bremen†s employment is divided into two main sectors: 29.9%of the workforce is employed in industry and 69.3%in services.
2. 550change of employment in the 14 lead and growth sectors absolute (2000-2004 6number of sectors in which the district/town is ranked among the Top 25 in Germany
2. 550change of employment in the 14 lead and growth sectors absolute (2000-2004 6number of sectors in which the district/town is ranked among the Top 25 in Germany
Within France, Montpellier has one of the lowest overall costs of employment salary levels are at least 10%below The french national average
employment growth in high-tech sectors in the UK. †(Lawton Smith et al. 2005: 455 53
The high-tech orientation shows itself also in the employment structure: Oxfordshire has a comparably very high proportion of employment (4. 9%)in R&d activities (Ox
-fordshire County Council 2005 Knowledge and science is of great importance for Oxfordshire†s economy.
-ditionally, while the employment in the industry sector decreased an expansion of the service sector occurred (Dei Ottati 1996b,2005.
1, 100change of employment in the 14 lead and growth sectors absolute (2000-2004 2number of sectors in which the district/town is ranked among the Top 25 in Germany
1, 100change of employment in the 14 lead and growth sectors absolute (2000-2004 2number of sectors in which the district/town is ranked among the Top 25 in Germany
Devices & Healthcare Managementâ€, the Vocational training Centre (Berufliches Bildungszentrum Tuttlingen †BBT) provides qualification in surgical instrument making
universities on macro level, educational and vocational training institutions on meso level and specific R&d support and education programmes as well as measures fostering re
employment in the EU (see Section 2. 2 The fast growth of freight transport †driven to a
-butes to growth and employment but also causes congestion, accidents, noise pollution increased reliance on imported fossil fuels, and
*figure for TLS total (EU-7) weighted by employment 13%of all companies from the sector
accounting for 21%of employment) said that they used Voice-over-IP services. It can be
+*figure for TLS total (EU-7) weighted by employment Use of specific software systems for transport & logistics management
*figures for TLS total (EU-7) weighted by employment Deployment of e-standards With regard to the deployment of standards for
employment) felt that at least"a good deal"of their exchanges with business partners were conducted electronically (in 2007;
"*weighted by employment (read:""companies representing x%of employment "E-commerce and e-marketing in the transport & logistics industry
"E-commerce"can mean different things in the TLS sector (see Section 3. 6). In passenger
employment) said they accepted orders from customers online. There is practically no difference between companies from the various
*figures for TLS total (EU-7) weighted by employment ICT adoption by European vs. US
processes and employment, innovation and productivity, and †at sector level†on value chain characteristics.
5"i2010 †A European Information Society for growth and employment.""Communication from the Commission, COM (2005) 229 final
regard to employment, competitiveness, economic growth, transport safety efficiency and possible cost reductions (distribution costs), technological innovation and for entering into new markets
Accounts include measures of economic growth, productivity, employment creation, capital formation and technological change at the industry level for 25 EU
5%of employment in the EU The growth of goods transport within the EU, at a rate of 2. 8%per year since1995†2004
decisions †contributes to growth and employment but also causes congestion, accidents noise pollution, increased reliance on imported fossil fuels,
employment Share in total freight transport Share in total passenger transport Growth between 1995 and 2004 Expected
of business activities and employment away from Europe Following consultation with stakeholders, the European commission has presented an
By share of employment, firms representing 99%of the sector workforce are connected to Internet A relevant indicator is the existence of broadband connection.
firms (comprising about half of the sector's employment) enable remote access. This infrastructure indicator is quite common among large firms (74%)and medium-sized ones
13%of all companies from the sector (accounting for 21%of employment) said that they
Employment of"ICT practitioners "The e-Skill Forum, established by the EC in March 2003, defined, in the one hand, ICT
quarters of the sector†s employment, said that they have invested in ICT in 2007†more
Data for TLS total weighted by employment (read "firms representing x%of employment"),data for
size-bands in%of enterprises Source: Sectoral E-business Watch Survey 2007 Figures related to the TLS sector shows
employment) reported that they had such rules. Figures shown in Exhibit 3. 3-4 appear to
sector's employment (Exhibit 3. 3. 5), have declared that they do use this technology. By
Data are weighted by employment (read:""firms representing x%of employment"in the sector Base: all companies
Exhibit 3. 3-6: RFID application areas(%of RFID users applying it for a given purpose
In 2007, about a fifth of firms (representing about 44%of sector employment) in the TLS
employment say they have an SCM system. The use of SCM systems is clearly a domain
33%of employment in the TLS industry say they send e-invoices, and about 46%receive
e-invoices (accounting for 55%of employment. Among SMES, about 24%send and 53 %receive e-invoices (Exhibit 3. 4-3). This is an example confirming the overall impression
+Data for TLS total weighted by employment (read:""firms representing x%of employment "data for size-bands in%of enterprises.
Base: all companies E-business in the transport & logistics industry 70 3. 5. 1 B2b online trading:
employment; data for size-bands in%of firms Source: Sectoral E-business Watch (Survey 2007 Case studies about WMS in France
employment; data for size-bands in%of firms Source: Sectoral E-business Watch (Survey 2007 The relatively low diffusion of CRM technology within micro and small firms should not
*weighted by employment("firms representing x%of employment say that †"Source: Sectoral E-business Watch (Survey 2007
"*weighted by employment("firms representing x%of employment say that †"Source: Sectoral E-business Watch (Survey 2007
109 EU-KLEMS is a database on measures of economic growth, productivity, employment creation capital formation and technological change at the industry level for all European union member
on employment dynamics in a more nuanced way than just assessing the net impact on
total sector employment. The following hypothesis addresses this issue Hypothesis P. 3: ICT and high-and medium-skilled labour have a positive impact on TFP
employment, average hours worked per employee and total working hours. The latter is further broken down in different skill categories (low, medium and high
Exhibit 4. 1-4 reports the employment growth figures. Again, a rather heterogeneous picture can be detected, partly due to the negative figures of several member countries
the growth rates for employment were highest in the period from 1995-2000. Overall, employment growth in the transport and storage sector
has been rather modest, with few exceptions Exhibit 4. 1-5 shows the comparison among the EU-15 countries in terms of average
Employment growth, transport and logistics services in EU-15 member countries, 1980-2004 annual average growth rates, various sub-periods
Figures for sector totals are weighted by employment("firms representing x%of employment in the sector/country"),figures for size-bands in%of firms
Productivity and employment Regarding the role of ICT capital in the transport and logistics sector, the economic
employment side, requiring more specialised and professional workers who are capable of taking full advantage of the ICT systems.
companies representing about 80%of employment in the sector expect ICT to matter in all these fields in the future (see Exhibit 6. 2-2
*Data weighted by employment("firms representing â€%of employment in the sector expect that ICT will have
and economic variables such as productivity and employment dynamics. Instead, ICT has indirect effects that occur via innovations that are carried out
Innovation and Employment. Edward Elgar Cheltenham and Northampton EEA Report No 1/2007: Transport and environment:
Impact of ICT on Corporate Performance, Productivity and Employment Dynamics. Special study by E-business W@tch, available at www. ebusiness-watch. org
Innovation and employment. In: Fagerberg, J.,Mowery, D. and Nelson, R. eds..The Oxford Handbook of Innovation.
†Market Structure and the Employment of Scientists and Engineersâ€, in The American Economic Review, vol. 57, pp. 524-531
by employment and by the number of enterprises. 130 Weighting by employment: Values that are reported as employment-weighted
figures should be read as"enterprises comprising x%of employees"(in the respective sector or country.
The reason for using employment weighting is the predominance of micro-enterprises over other kinds of firms.
If the weights did not factor in the economic importance of different sized businesses, the results would
where employment-weighting is implicit 131 The EU-7 are composed of those countries which were covered by the survey.
) Confidence intervals for employment-weighted data are highest for the steel industry, due to the small number of observations and because this sector†s structure
Employment-weighted data for this industry therefore have lower statistical accuracy than for the other sectors
employment unweighted Sectors (aggregate, EU-7 Chemical, rubber and plastics 10%8. 0%-12.4%6. 5%-15.0%8. 4%-11.9
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