technology and online services to boost job creation, promote economic prosperity and improve the daily lives of all Europeans
to job creation, including in new emerging professions, as well as supporting smart growth Ultimately, ICT should enable users to better manage their health and lifestyle, with
retired person there will be only 2 people working (the present ratio is 1: 4 While this trend poses extraordinary challenges in terms of adequate assistance
for online registration of new companies or getting the unemployment rights, are not yet fully met
The European services sector accounts for 75%of the EU€ s GDP and employment and the 4. 4 million firms in this sector generate 95%of all new jobs.
The idea of a substitution for motor vehicle travel is represented also well by teleworking or e
or at a teleworking center that is nearer the worker†s residence than his/her usual work place.
2004) suggests that teleworking would have only a minor impact in terms of reducing emissions, and it is reasonable to assume that the same is true for fuel use and the other correlates
established the short-term transportation and air-quality benefits of teleworking at the disaggregate level (e g.
due to relatively small amounts of teleworking and due to long-term (secondary) impacts counteracting the short-term savings (Mokhtarian, 1998.
) There is, however, still some potential for growth of adoption of teleworking given the type of jobs that lend themselves to this practice;
but actual teleworking remains below its potential level ICT Innovation and Sustainability of the Transport Sector
Exceptions are impacts of teleworking on travel demand and the impacts of ICT use in the
decrease in test redundancy and unnecessary duplication. When combined with Electronic Transfer of Prescription, it also improves clinical processes for ordering
Stimulate direct job creation and business opportunities: Provide a stimulus to the 70,000 person, â 20bn ICT industry by protecting
. and M. Pianta, 2010, â€oeinnovation and Employment: a Reinvestigation Using Revised Pavitt Classes, †Research Policy, Elsevier, Vol. 39 (6), pp. 799†809
vis-Ã-vis non-innovative SMES in terms of sales turnover, employment, and investment Thereafter, it probes the relationship between innovation and growth of SMES by (i
along with investment growth and employment growth on gross value-added growth by means of multiple regression analysis. The paper brings out substantial evidence to
innovations, employment generation, export promotion, etc. Of these, the ability of SMES to innovate assumes significance
growth of sales turnover, investment, and employment? In other words, does innovation contribute to SME performance directly?
employment resulting in the growth of firm size. It is with the above theoretical framework that we have set the objectives of the study
•To ascertain the growth rates of sales turnover, investment, and employment of innovative SMES vis-Ã-vis non-innovative SMES
sales, and data on economic variables such as employment, investment, sales turnover etc. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was ensured and based on the
What is more significant is that it was to gain self employment by implementing their innovative ideas and/or to exploit market opportunities that majority
investment and employment for innovative and non-innovative SMES is appropriate 5 Innovative and non-innovative SMES:
employment The growth performance of SMES has been analysed in terms of sales turnover investment, and employment. The growth performance has been analysed for all the
SMES of each sector†for innovative and non-innovative SMES separately and within the innovative group of SMES, for innovative SMES which involved in new product and
We have gathered data on sales at current prices as well as on employment and the current value of investment (in plant and machinery) from the SMES of auto, electronics
calculation of the growth of employment is fairly simple, it is necessary to make the five
Table 7 presents the figures for the growth of sales, investment, and employment for innovative and non-innovative SMES.
and employment in all the three sectors. However, the growth rates of the three variables differ within as well as between sectors.
then employment. In fact, employment of non-innovative SMES declined absolutely. In the electronics and machine tool sectors, sales growth was higher than that of investment
and investment growth was higher than that of employment for both innovative and non -innovative SMES.
In the electronics sector, non-innovative SMES registered negative growth in terms of investment and employment. Overall, the growth analyses for the
three sectors clearly indicate that innovative SMES are better off relative to non -innovative SMES If innovative SMES are compared better off to non-innovative SMES,
not only sales turnover but also employment and investment in all the three sectors. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between innovation sales and sales
along with investment growth and employment growth, had a positive influence on GVA growth, in all the three sectors.
Employment 14.43-14.63 7. 06-20.34 6. 87 3. 27 Note:**Number of SMES Table 8:
Employment 13.95 16.79 7. 04 4. 05 3. 55 11.3 Note:**NP&P=new products & processes, IP&P=improved products & processes,**number of SMES
Growth of Sales, Employment and Investment Drivers Dimensions Achievements Outcomes
www. oecd. org/publishingwith the financial assistance of the European union -HSTCQE=U Y UZ: isbn 978-92-64-08460-581 2010 07 1 P
Employment, Labour and Social affairs, OECD Publishing www. oecd. org/els/health/workingpapers Rosen, B. 1989), â€oeprofessional Reimbursement and Professional Behavior
disclosures could affect areas such as employment status, access to health insurance and other forms of insurance,
reduce redundancies in the establishment of a national/local e-health strategy. They are used commonly by countries
Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social affairs, OECD Publishing, Paris OECD (2009), OECD Health Data 2009 †Statistics and Indicators for 30
This is just the start†because job creation, growth and competitiveness need constant attention The guiding principle of the Government†s Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda is
Employment growth has been weak and the jobs created have tended to be funded in sectors directly or
Entrepreneurship and a flourishing start-up community promote job creation and productivity growth. These types of businesses benefit the broader economy by testing new ideas, developing
competition, employment and participation. As G20 president, Australia will show leadership in pursuing a new wave of economic reform
•refocused the delivery of apprenticeship support services on improving participation and completion rates, with funding of $200 million per year
Industry Skills Fund to assist in the training and employment of young people in regional
Australia and areas of identified higher levels of youth unemployment or disengagement TPO00007 An action plan for a stronger Australia
a possible refocusing of VET in schools and school-based apprenticeships •The Government will reduce red tape in the higher education sector by simplifying and
a cost of $188. 5 million over four years to drive growth and job creation, initially for five
total employment (ABS, 2014b; 2014j). ) While typically associated with the retail trades, the services sector includes several high wage
manufacturing activity and employment, with food processing exports currently around $19 billion per annum (ABS, 2014b;
to employment and redeployment, and keep unemployment levels low •Access to public and private infrastructure that facilitates the movement of people
and goods, and enables efficient communications and competitive energy costs •Risk-based regulation making and enforcement systems that target market failures
and employment-generating business. The United kingdom has cut public sector net borrowing by a third between 2009-10 and 2012-13 and is forecast to have
7th highest employment rate (OECD, 2014a; 2014d). ) Australia also ranks relatively well on the global indexes of competitiveness compiled by the World Economic Forum and the International
sectors, employment outside the public related sectors of the economy has been weak Box A3 •Profiting from ideas â€
Weak private employment Australia†s employment growth has been weak since the global financial crisis, particularly in the private sector.
Nationally, employment growth has averaged just 1. 4 per cent over the past six years, around three fifths of the rate of the previous 10 years.
Jobs in the †market†sector of the economy, on which long term economic growth and government revenues
manufacturing and agriculture, employment has fallen actually (ABS, 2014j Over half of the jobs created have been
Job creation in market and non market industries since the global financial crisis *†Non-market†comprises Public Administration and
will focus on reforms in investment and infrastructure, trade, competition, employment and participation. As G20 president, we will show leadership in presenting a new wave of economic
to increase their profitability, productivity, employment and export penetration ABS, 2014l; Palangkaraya et al, 2014 More generally,
and should boost real wage growth and employment The Government is committed to a simpler and more sustainable tax system.
array of employment options. In a competitive jobs market, businesses must reward effort and excellence as well as improve employees†skills to retain good employees
and contribute to growth, employment and transfer of new skills and technologies. To ensure that Australia is open for business,
$1. 4 billion per year in Commonwealth funding to support participation in apprenticeships and for other programmes targeting industry, youth and foundation skills.
employment outcomes for lower level qualifications, the system also needs to pay more attention to the needs of trainees and employers alike (NCVER, 2013a
over the life of their apprenticeship, through the Trade Support Loans programme, for those undertaking qualifications leading to occupations listed in the Trade Support Loans Priority
employment with the school†s industry partners. Students will be able to graduate with a Year 12 qualification,
post-school ICT diploma or advanced diploma with opportunities for employment with the businesses involved in the programme.
in an area with access to industry but high youth unemployment Proposal 10: Improving the Vocational education and Training system
A new model for apprenticeship support services The Government will implement new arrangements for delivering support to Australian
The Australian Apprenticeship Support Network will provide a one-stop shop for employers looking to hire a new apprentice suited
•managing the administration of an apprenticeship, including the training contract and •administering the Australian Apprenticeships Incentives Programme,
including employer incentives and trade support loans. pilot training scholarship programmes under the Industry skills Fund
•training for Employment Scholarships: 7, 500 scholarships will be provided to smaller employers who take on a new worker, aged 18†24, in regional Australia and areas
where youth unemployment is high. Approved employers will be able to engage a training provider of their choice
•Youth employment Pathways: This will provide support for training 3, 000 disengaged young people, aged 15†18 in regional Australia and areas of identified higher levels
only be redeemable once the trainee goes into employment or further study after completing their training. streamlining governance and regulation
apprenticeships The Government is working with States and Territories through COAG, the COAG Industry and Skills Council and the Reform of the Federation White paper on these and other
and retaining employment This highlights the importance of focusing on skilled migration, which can increase the
employment prospects and incomes of lower skilled Australians. Business groups have emphasised the importance of skilled migration for increasing the skills of Australian workers
infrastructure in that they provide employment for more people in operation than they do in construction. A new airport at Badgerys Creek
and medium enterprises, accelerating industry growth and job creation. Much of this information is akin to a public good,
financial assistance of up to $20, 000 over the life of their apprenticeship The Government is also helping Australian businesses develop international markets and win
Success of the Centres will be measured by increased investment, employment, productivity and sales, reductions in red tape, improved industry-research links and more businesses
Job creation and productivity growth don†t just happen in a vacuum, they are supported by entrepreneurship and a flourishing start-up
relation to their employment TPO00007 An action plan for a stronger Australia Industry Innovation and C
options, relative to the market price, is a benefit relating to employment and so would usually be considered income of the employee
The Minister for Employment will oversee further consultations to identify the viability of and best way to expand access to the
The Dynamics of Employment Growth: New Evidence from 18 Countries. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no. 14
Job creation and Economic Dynamism. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 3-24 Deloitte. (2014. Positioning for Prosperity?
employment growth and development, International Labour Conference. Geneva International Labour Office International labour organization. 2011). ) A Skilled Workforce for Strong, Sustainable and
employment, community and training related actions such as the European Social Fund and related programmes such as Equal and also Leonardo Da vinci
Second, the audit report uncovered a number of redundancies and organisational inefficiencies Wright & Hunter recommended a streamlined organisational structure that eliminated the overlaps and
a fault whilst minimising the redundancy amongst the other cases 3. 1. 3. 1. Equivalence Testing and Boundary Value Analysis
1. Selection of a facilitator (she/he has to have good communication skills, hold a certain level of
to recognise knowledge redundancy in some departments as well A well-described tool in the literature for implementing A k. M audit is the Knowledge management
so the need for the employment of recycling strategies has become of great importance for many in
growth of the national economy through employment creation, investments and exports. Despite the importance of SMES for the vitality of the economy and the potential offered by the IP system for en
ï The Institute for Employment Studies (IES) provides research in the employment market and publishes various reports on employment related issues.
The report Skills Pay-The Con -tribution of Skills to Business Success, although not published by IES provides an analysis
www. employment-studies. co. uk/pubs/report. php? id=ssda0804 ï The Investors in People Standard is a straightforward,
ï Public consciousness of the importance of innovation for wealth, employment and competi -tiveness for a highly innovative climate
Negotiation skills Technical skills for searching for information /patents, regulations etc *0042/UK published in LINGUA, Language Audits and Needs Analyses, Documentation of the Sym
provide the bulk of employment However, opportunities presented by the globalization and the entwined, simultaneous pressure to
and provide the bulk of employment Innovative ideas and products are becoming increasingly important to counter the price
employment to 70.9%of all employed persons in 2006 (Ifm, 2007b. In absolute terms German SMES provided employment and/or apprenticeship to 20.42 million people in 2006
in the country. Nearly 83%of all apprenticeship placements in 2006 were offered by SMES, which amounted to 1. 36 million (Ifm, 2007b
Recent calculations by the authors of this paper, based on Germany†s official â€oestatistics portal†data, show that the high percentage of SMES amongst all enterprises continues to
and the overall employment generated SMES in Germany continue to remain week on the revenue front
substantial unemployment with an unemployment rate of nearly 9%.At the same time the industry is unable to fill vacant positions with skilled labour.
unemployment in certain sections of the society. According to some preliminary calculations the shortage of skilled (technical) labour, primarily of engineers and scientists
assumption that till then there will be no change in the employment basis. In case the employment basis increases by 2. 5%in this period, the shortfall would grow to 492,000 (of
which 95,000 engineers. In case of a decrease by 2. 5%the shortfall would still be to the
location as a potential threat to their job security leading to resentments, antagonism and even non-cooperation,
creating a more dynamic economy and greater employment opportunities. In fact, the national climate for private sector innovation has an impact on businesses of
•Harmonise vocational training system with innovations and technological change Inadequate access to technological know-how •Foster links between enterprises and research centres
and achieving the employment and growth targets of the Europe 2020 strategy requires a competitive industry that builds its competitiveness on innovation in
terms (e g. on turnover, employment, market seize, IP management, sales, return on investment and profit
which will provide the growth and employment of the future. The reindustrialisation of the EU's industrial base has to focus on the development
growth and job creation, and has the potential to act as a catalyst by contributing to and/or leveraging other activities supported, for instance
†to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in member countries, while maintaining financial
Employment regulation which the World bank finds is generally more flexible in advanced countries than in developing economies, limits
and unemployment, including chronic unemployment, have been implemented in many countries. New enterprises can procure a range of benefits that contribute to local
rises in employment and incomes enhanced provision of services for consumers and businesses; and possibly, demonstration and motivational
local level include demographics, unemployment, wealth the educational and occupational profile of the workforce the prevalence of other small firms and infrastructure
recognised as an important source of employment and potential growth. Indeed, data are very scarce, but estimates
women provide employment for 9. 2 million people. Using the US ratio between number of employees and self
-employment, it is estimated that the self-employed women in surveyed European countries might employ around 15 million persons.
Indeed, self employment represents one of the most important job options for women, especially for women in developing economies.
employment generally and entrepreneurial activities more  OECD 2004 15 PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY
source of employment and generate significant domestic and export earnings. In the poorest countries they nevertheless
less to employment and output than the informal sector Figure 5). An important policy priority in low-income
Figure 5. Contributions to employment and output Source: M. Ayyagari, T. Beck and A. Demirgã c-Kunt, â€oesmall and Medium Enterprises across the Globeâ€, World
Employment Output (GDP Low income Middle income High income Income group Low income Middle income
support needs of SMES are recognised fully as central to growth, employment and poverty reduction â Strengthen SME capacities to improve their competitiveness in domestic
Firms in the low-tech sector tend to be slightly smaller, with average employment of 47
and median employment of 30 (Table 2). 5 In the unbalanced sample, 62%of the firms
employment and sales of old and new products between-150 per cent and 150 per cent, and R&d
employment share less than 100 per cent. We also replaced R&d employment share with the R&d to
sales ratio for the few observations where it was missing. For further details, see Hall, Lotti and Mairesse
and Market Forcesâ€, in Social Pacts, Employment and Growth, N. Acocella and R. Leoni Editors, Physica-Verlag HD
maintaining higher wages at the cost of higher unemployment versus favoring higher levels of employment
high levels of employment †knowledge based economic activity. Emerging comparative advantage that is 2 â€oethe Death of Distance, †The Economist, 30,september 1995
employment has increased by 15%between 1992 and 1996, even though the mean income is 50%greater
OECD, 1998, Technology, Productivity and Job creation: Best Policy Practices, Paris: OECD OECD, 1998, Main Science and Technology Indicators, Paris:
They are a major source of job creation (Storey et al. 1987, Castrogiovanni 1996, Clark III and Moutray 2004) and they represent the seeds for future large companies and corporations
their ability to provide the locus for employment creation in periods of economic shifts, and their innovative contribution to structural and
Technology, growth and employment International Review of Applied Economics 16 (3), 265†276 Covin, J. G. and Slevin, D. P. 1989.
employment and types of employment, job training, innovation in the workplace and work organization, as well as the articulation between work and family life.
more established companies and commercialise them, thereby contributing to growth and employment As a result, SME innovation †capacity†is naturally at the top of the European, national and regional
and job creation Procurement of Innovation Platform The Procurement of Innovation Platform19 is an online hub developed by ICLEI (an association of over
o Innovation assistant, to support newly graduated employment •INNOMOT48 o Bioenergy for the region, to build cooperation between Phd students and companies
o Innovation assistant, to support newly graduated employment •PERIA49 o Creation of R&d departments, to support the hiring of research staff
assistant, it aims at promoting the employment of recently graduated staff in SMES with no or little
research output from universities directly to SMES, through the support to the employment of young
Employment of young graduates in innovation projects within SMES Innovation Systems awareness raising, tutoring and consultancy for SMES;
tended to spread â€oeknowledge investment†(e g. high education and vocational training, public and private R&d) too thinly, not making much of an impact in any one area.
high unemployment, and low demand and high public deficits. And innovation is seen thus a key to restart
especially context of constraints on public finances and public sector employment INNOVATION-DRIVEN GROWTH IN REGIONS:
unemployment or causing long term damage to innovation capacity and the long-term growth potential In most OECD countries, the response to the crisis and to the slowdown in productivity growth has
fact that this has led to a shift away from low-skilled employment in OECD countries to high skill labour
specialisation focus on social policies such as unemployment and increased worker (retraining, smart specialisation arguably offers an opportunity to foster a dynamic economic process that accelerates
regions, employment and older industries by creating new avenues for economic renewal and growth Box 1. 4. Specialisation and comparative advantage
science and technology indicators analyses, regional sectoral employment distribution, export indicators road mapping, SWOT analyses and foresight approaches
technology and employment may help policy-makers in diagnosing of strengths, weaknesses, fits and misfits in terms of scientific, technological
technology and employment may help policy-makers in diagnosing apparent strengths, weaknesses, fits and misfits in terms of scientific
National Innovation Strategy, the Ministry of Employment and Economy Corporate Strategy and Sectoral Strategies the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation Investment Strategy (Tekes) and the Regional Innovation
stratified by industry and an employment-based size indicator •The Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) Farm
e g. in social security and unemployment. Decentralisation has increased also the powers of the provinces, most importantly in regional-economic policy, nature management and spatial planning
With low unemployment even in the current crisis, a relatively large group of baby boomers retiring and a limited mobility/willingness to travel,
General Secretary of Universities, Andalusian Ministry of Economy, Innovation, Science and Employment Definition of the ecosystem and its boundaries
and associated regional initiatives to influence business and employment growth in the region This strategy is influential at the local
iii) Manufacturing employment in the region represents approximately 18.9, %compared to the national average of 8. 4%and the Victorian state
providing ongoing employment and creating an environment that allows workplace mobility and hence the possibility of open innovation and idea â€oecross fertilisationâ€
multiplier (indirect and induced) effects on value added, employment, tax revenues and social security contributions as well as on beneficial impact on structural change and value creation in
formed between the National Innovation Strategy, the Ministry of Employment and Economy Corporate Strategy and Sectoral Strategies, the Tekes †the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation
industry settlement, job creation investment, patents, and new products, visibility on the national and international level
and iv) The vocational training centres for the purpose interaction between business and technology development Measuring the effects and impacts
ii) Employment rate; and iii) Happiness and Health The PCTI has selected 25 Performance Indicators based on its own strategic objectives of the PCTI
such as science and technology indicators analyses, regional sectoral employment distribution, export indicators, road mapping, SWOT analyses and foresight approaches.
1965), but other economic indicators such as employment, Gross domestic product (GDP), number of newly established firms, and degree of innovation can be used as well.
production, operating surplus, employment, labour costs and investment. Benchmark data can be obtained by summing up sectoral data over all countries in these OECD database (or over a smaller group of
We see that the relative employment in Air Transport and in the Manufacture of Basic Metals plummeted,
Potential for additional employment Potential for higher added value Keep existing activity Regions Countries INNOVATION-DRIVEN GROWTH IN REGIONS:
Technopoles on value added, job creation, transformation of economic structure etc. †•Flanders: â€oethe management contracts with all organisations are evaluated at the end of their
other relevant policies such as for instance education, employment and rural development policies)? ) Does it assess/take into account the existing level of policy co-ordination within the
empowerment, job creation, and employment within disadvantaged communities (Daves 2001 SMES have a valid claim to heightened relevance,
and strategies have been developed world wide to expand and integrate this sector into the mainstream of economic activities (Luiz, 2002
employees (informal employment. According to Terziovski (2010) Small and Medium enterprises (SMES) in the manufacturing sector make a significant contribution to economic
and Medium Enterprises Institute, SMES are defined as a registered enterprise with employment levels ranging from 30 to 70 depending on the types of industry.
Strength, Employment. Towards the 21st Century: Roads and Challenges†potentially important role of †Cultural Industry†in our economic system was pointed out 7. When
and unemployment, gives rise to some economists assuming that structural changes in which knowledge plays an important
7 European commission, Growth, Competitive Strength, Employment. Towards the 21st Century: Ways and Challenge, Office for Official Publications of the European communities, Luxembourg, 1994
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