administrative data, instrumentation and diagnostic equipment, departmental systems and patient care, continuing a trend that began in the laboratory and spread to clinical care
Most ICT solutions use internet-based technologies to rethink, redesign, and rework how businesses and
E-health addresses new healthcare trends by facilitating individual information capture, data mining, and concomitant access by multiple stakeholders..
Most existing health information systems are inadequate in terms of the new models being deployed in health reform initiatives.
way, with a limited number of standardised data -related deï nitions and processes supporting only a
issues to be addressed include training, physical security and conï dentiality of patient-related data Human factors:
include computer and web technologies, as well as the organisational and managerial competences and leadership necessary for the changes in working methods and job roles.
The automation of processes and services is not feasible without data standards that allow communication
through open access internet-oriented software languages. Core diï culties in setting these standards concern the low deï nition level of contents (deliverables), failure to determine the objectives and
functionalities desired for applications, and conï icts in deï ning minimum data sets for operational
management and clinical decision-making. Standards development and implementation is a slow process and may require concerted regulatory action
The data protection of health records against intrusion unauthorised use, data corruption, intentional or unintentional damage, theft,
and fraud is a universal concern and a high priority issue in most countries Given the sensitive nature of healthcare information and
Joint investment and development involving users, governments, academic and ï nancing institutions and agencies, technical co-operation agencies and industry interests is seen as necessary.
the informatics industry are fundamental and, in the case of general informatics tools, the industry practically
and national planning capacity in information systems and technology Ëoe Convening groups for the implementation of standards
Ëoe Notwithstanding the fact that for the past 25 years the use of computers and telecommunications in
to data management responsibilities in all functions at all levels, creating an additional burden to the
and exchanging patient data, with concomitant distrust for oï €-site data storage and access control
Data from those sources is limited however very Ëoe Speeding up adoption depends on the presence of factors such as incentives, competition, return on
Email: rrodrigues@ehealthstrategies. com Website: www. ehealthstrategies. com Speeding up adoption depends on the presence of factors such as incentives
competition, return on investment and regulation
NEMO 21st Annual Conference Documentation Bucharest, Romania, November 2013 Museums in the Digital Age Museums and the Development
is at the core of museum work today These four strategic areas are also behind
NEMO's current core activities: highlighting the value of museums for society, increasing collection accessibility for European citizens
core of museum business today In order to set the stage, Paul Klimpel examines museums'position in the digital age, situating
Internet portal Europeana, which provides digital access to cultural content from heritage institutions all over Europe, and highlights its
of digitisation for museums, placing an emphasis on the current third stage that focuses upon accessibility and the creation of
digitisation of the collections of the Stadt -geschichtliches Museum Leipzig (Museum of City History Leipzig), an ongoing project that
digitisation project include not only significantly increased access to the museum's online collections, but also increased communication
successes digitisation can bring to a museum and its community Museums and the Development of Active
While the Internet's democratic potential has created corresponding demands and great opportunities, heritage organisations have
been slow in engaging in digitisation. Why has this been the case? Understanding historical developments is crucial for appreciating both
The Internet's promise of providing fundamental access to and distribution of European culture to within reach of its citizens
commercial enterprises such as Google. At the same time, new collaborative and civil society based projects such as Wikipedia have also
emerged, whose dynamics remain unparalleled even by commercial actors Museums in the Digital Age Introduction:
In today's world, the Internet's relevance for our shared cultural heritage depends upon its open
different actors are Wikipedia, Google and Europeana. While on the one hand these actors are competitors and hold suspicions of one
digitisation or the new Internet possibilities of access, negotiation, dissemination and knowledge-networking that emerged from it
far is Wikipedia. For a long time Wikipedia was viewed critically and even ridiculed, however now, Wikipedia enjoys a considerable rep
-utation and has established itself in the field of encyclopaedias Other companies have also, with immense
courage and high investment, started to digitise and make more information accessible online. The Google books Project, the most
famous example of mass digitisation, is by no means the only one. While Google's projects
were, and still remain controversial and contested, they have been very successful and many museums are currently cooperating with
them, for example within the Google Art Project. Google is a dominant commercial player in the field,
but there are many others -competition is just a mouse click away Although clearly museums have so far not been
the vanguard in the process of digitisation, the need for them to become more active players is Where do museums stand in the digital age
Private companies, heritage institutions and the civil society Paul Klimpel 10 crucial. Museums'tasks of collection
times of Ebay and countless other e-commerce enterprises where a buyer can be found for
data centres, external companies and experts 3. Obtain Museums today must not only create digital objects themselves, but also obtain the
web services, personal data standards and metadata exchange interfaces. Data modelling and collection in the digital age is a far greater
challenge than the more classic'book-finder '4. Explore Digitised collections and modern, networked databases open up countless new valuable
research possibilities. In order to take advantage of such opportunities in the digital age, museums must meet two basic conditions
Europeana Data Model has made important steps toward such standardisation and offers a valuable example for museums.
their holdings available through the Internet 11 Although, again, this rests on the condition of
to digitisation. Sure, there are'virtual exhibitions',or the use of new technologies such as smartphone apps as a replacement to
the traditional audio guide. Such technologies can often create attention and awareness prompting a physical museum visit.
increasingly interconnected through digitisation and in the centre of a rapidly changing network of institutions, initiatives and companies
age, Wikipedia, Google and the countless others. These new players have opportunities and capacities in the digital age that museums
for example, data centres have skills that museums will never attain. Where museums can take advantage of these competencies through
State Library and Google entered into a very beneficial partnership, but as they did not
heritage belongs to everyone and digitisation and the Internet can help make it accessible to everyone.
What museums do with public funds for society must remain public and access must never be limited
The Internet has been a part of daily life in the developed world for more than two decades.
people alive today for whom Wi-fi access smartphones and tablets are simply a fact of
life The question is therefore less about how museums can respond to a'digital'age, but of
printing will begin to open up new capabilities to create, personalise and distribute culture Lifestyles will change,
interpretation of large volumes of data defining more effective ways for people to live within the boundaries of resources and
The core value of a museum in the modern world-to enable visitors to lead more meaningful, better
technologies such as smartphones and tablet devices is forcing cultural organisations, and especially museums, to think both strategically
gadget, especially as mobile technologies in particular have become almost ubiquitous over the last five years with the phenomenal take-up
of smart phones and tablets like the ipad However, it is important not to dismiss the
mobile devices to extend the museum's appeal and to also deepen the relationship between a
mobile is most likely already playing a role in some way -whether through an existing audio guide tour
Wi-fi which will require both investment and effort to install 18 •Organisation-many projects will involve
address in order to deliver a successful mobile project. One of the best ways to ensure success
to ensure the entire design process is as'user centric'as possible. This means that a museum
approach to user engagement •'Skim'is the most basic level, providing content designed to hook the visitor and
about going mobile to consider the following if they want to give themselves the best chance
provide services ranging from digitisation and aggregation of digital cultural content, to interactive navigation, culture experiences
lifelong learning, social media and augmented reality applications. In addition, museums are working tirelessly to adjust their capacities and
data centre, providing among other things global, uninterrupted cross-platform access to priceless content. If successful, the museum will
and their personal data, individuals throughout their transactions, etc. In this sense, it is absolutely natural that a law could pose certain
networks and devices, and social networks Indicatively, the laws affecting a modern museum throughout its activity are
digitisation activities are implemented or even when a museum's web portal provides access to content online
•Privacy law-is threatened by the reuse of digital cultural content (especially contem -porary arts, books, photographs, news
restriction to access when personal data is at stake •E-commerce legislation-regulates business transactions made on the Internet.
The commercial exploitation of a museum's digital content is regulated also •Orphan works regulation-is being finalised
digitisation, dissemination and further exploit -ation of this content in the digital environment will be prominent.
owners and the users. An open discussion is now underway concerning the actual meaning of'public domain',the benefits of Creative
'are understood by users. These are issues and terms that will be addressed in the near future In the short term,
Internet user and focusing especially on the use of digital objects in global networks will be necessary 'IT IS ABSOLUTELY NATURAL THAT A LAW COULD
POSE CERTAIN BARRIERS TOWARDS ACCESS -TOWARDS THE USE AND REUSE OF CULTURAL CONTENT IN THE DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT
portal, which allows users to discover material from every Member State and every domain in
Especially now that computing is everywhere in every pocket, on every desk, in every home people, including children,
the data, content, knowledge and technology that Europeana and its partners make available to them.
one can expect the highest visibility and user interaction for one's content. Europeana will also ensure that a user is able to track and
understand the impact of that engagement on one's own statistics so that users are not left in
the dark. Furthermore, it means that Europeana will develop open source products, such as channels, for partners who want to reach deep
into specific interest groups, like fashionistas and foodies Europeana is a prime example of the greater
dominated by private companies, like Google or Wikipedia. Through Europeana, the EU has established a platform that will not only
democratise information and bring Europe's collections into the homes of its citizens, but one that will also generate revenue through the
or citizens'personal data 26 27 Kimmo Levã¤uses Finland as a case study to examine the three stages of digitisation for
museums, focusing specifically on the current third stage, which is witnessing increased public accessibility to cultural content and an
Museums today must accept the Web 2. 0 assertion that if you do not have an Internet
presence, you do not exist at all. For museums this entails digitisation in every function. It not
only calls for investments in new technologies but also demands more inclusive and expansive ways of working and thinking
Digitisation and networking in the information society are part and parcel of globalisation which is often difficult to realise.
digitisation In Finland, the digitisation of collections and museum work is currently moving into the third
stage of development, one that focuses on the Museums going digital: a look at Finland Kimmo Levã
basically involved digitisation. Museums digitised photos, documents and collection data. However, despite such digitisation material was stored still on hard disks in
museums. During the second stage of digitisation, in the early 2000s, museums began to implement collection management systems
that made material accessible to the audience via the Internet Currently, in the third stage, the primary focus is
upon creating a network where museums share the same collection management system, client interfaces and services based on the digitised
material. A vital part of this third stage is to make client interfaces a well-known brand.
In Finland, the most important project in this respect is'Museum 2015'and in particular 'Finna 'The objective of the Finnish Museums
users and copyright holders acquire an effective marketing channel, which helps them to build a
Notwithstanding the problems, digitisation presents a great opportunity for museums. It gives them the chance to open mobile and
purely virtual museums alongside brick-and -mortar establishments. In actuality, mobile and Internet services are not just a possibility, but a
necessity 29 COPYRIGHT QUESTIONS FOR MUSEUMS Internet accessibility does not come without copyright problems, which arise not from the
mere existence of copyright laws, but rather from their complexity. The thrust of the law is
basically this: those who created the original artwork, photograph or artefact need to be compensated.
must collect money from the end users. When museums do this, the open data ideology and
expectations concerning museums are undermined as open data enthusiasts and the majority of museum customers expect to
receive everything from museums for free THE THIRD PROBLEM arises if museums have decided to exhibit
The open data philosophy does not bind the end user and it is highly likely that
someone will generate money along the way from the museum's efforts. In the short term
the digitisation project include significantly increased access to the museum's collections increased on-site visits to the museum and
2010, this data has been shared nationally and internationally with online portals such as Europeana, Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek and
database of all victim groups in Leipzig during the Nazi regime Communication and outreach In 2008, the museum first began to present
button was included that allows website visitors the ability to email any additional information they have directly to the museum.
Since 2008 33 the museum has received a considerable amount of feedback from academic researchers, collectors and family descendants
museum's online database is used for several education services and projects. The online database connects the museum with local and
regional schools, thus supporting explorative learning, developing students'research skills preparing and processing student projects
collection database. In the end, the museum received about two-thirds more visitors to its digital collections than to its physical exhibition
need to be entered into the online database To accomplish this, the museum will need another six to eight years and additional staff to
Internet and in portals has yielded a significant increase of requests from the public. Without additional staff and technical equipment
impact of social networks on museums 'identities Although the concept of a European culture is harder to define,
social networks on the museum identity and actions within the community Through content sharing, such as through
As the Internet is used as a primary information source and is seen as authoritative, which was not always the case
in meaning, from the idea of the Internet as a showcase for attracting visitors, to the Internet
as a fully digital and fully'connected'vision of the museum's presence; today the museum on
the Internet is a comprehensive and articulated digital entity sometimes exhibiting its own autonomous life.
This digitisation and virtual -isation of museums, has created also new professional positions, such as cyber curators
evident that the core of the problem is a matter of museum linguistics. Museum linguistics is
raised and the effects of the social media communication campaign. Every week the list of donors was updated, donations from
were checked and the counter on the website was updated. Progress was monitored constantly so that further actions could be
models, simulations, computer programmes etc. A lecture can be given without slides without reading text, without diagrams or
A good Internet search engine informs us better. Life itself is the great instructor, and each individual has his or her
TV, to travel in new ways and, above all whether it generates conversation, conversation during the visit itself, conversation with others
to the core of decision-making and public debate, it is now time for cultural operators
Continued digitisation of our everyday lives is undeniable and irreversible the young generation does not even talk
coordinates several projects concerning cultural heritage at the Internet and Society Collaboratory He moderated an expert group
Previously, Mr. Klimpel worked at the Museum of Film and Television as its Administrative Director and also as the Chief executive of the German Network of Multimedia
Resource Centres. Paul Klimpel studied law in Bonn and Munich as well as philosophy, psychology and social sciences at the Jesuit University of Philosophy in Munich.
Leadership (INTERCOM) and the Vice chairman and Board member of the Culture for All Association. In the past he has served on several other boards including the Finnish Museums
becoming Director, Ms. Pagella worked on the new display settings and restoration of Palazzo Madama that opened to the public in 2006.
Charlotte Sexton is the President of the Museum Computer network (MCN), responsible for the organisation's administration and strategic direction.
She has worked independently as an Interaction and Multimedia designer, was a director of a. com
Department at the University of Patras and a researcher in its Computer engineering and Informatics Department.
Mr. Tsolis has participated in various European and national projects regarding digital content ingestion processes and technologies for museums, long-term digital
and digitisation of cultural heritage. He has authored more than seventy research papers Jorge Wagensberg is the Scientific Director of the Foundation'la Caixa'and the former Director
as biophysics, entomology, mathematics, microbiology, palaeontology, philosophy of science scientific museology and thermodynamics Harry Verwayen is the Deputy Director of Europeana, responsible for the development of
American Art, USA (Archive display Page 21: Deutscher Museumsbund e. V. Verena MÃ ller Page 26:
-techweb/pdf/sme participaton in fp7 june 2013. pdf#view=fit&pagemode=none Horizon 2020 Expert Advisory Group â€oeinnovation in SMES€:
asâ augmentedâ realityâ (combiningâ realâ worldâ andâ digitalâ information), Â Bigâ Data, Â andâ serviceâ
. and Marco Annunziata. â€oeindustrial Internet: Pushing the Boundaries of Minds and Machines. †November 2012. http://files. gereports. com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ge-industrial-internet-vision-paper. pdf
Horizon 2020 Expert Advisory Group â€oeinnovation in SMES€: Consultation on Next EU Strategic Work Programme 2016-2017
processâ ofâ joiningâ materialsâ toâ makeâ objectsâ fromâ 3dâ modelâ data, Â usuallyâ layerâ uponâ layerâ (asâ inâ 3dâ
printing)  † isâ setâ toâ becomeâ aâ highâ growthâ areaâ ofâ manufacturing.  Â
where the open source software model has been pioneered and promoted by small software suppliers and independent developers.
The reasons for this appear to be rooted in the intangible nature of software and the
difficulties in protecting software innovations Horizon 2020 Expert Advisory Group â€oeinnovation in SMES€: Consultation on Next EU Strategic Work Programme 2016-2017
9â 3. Gaps and Bottlenecks in SME Management of Innovation Theâ strengthâ ofâ SMESÂ liesâ inâ theirâ agility, Â imaginationâ andâ customerâ interaction.
 Theâ classicalâ exampleâ isâ theâ DVORAK keyboard,  whichâ isâ consideredâ superiorâ toâ Horizon 2020 Expert Advisory Group â€oeinnovation in SMES€:
Muchâ moreâ analysisâ willâ beâ neededâ toâ drawâ anyâ programmaticâ conclusionsâ fromâ theâ data, Â butâ itâ isâ
7 E g. statistics from the IMPROVE benchmarking database with 1, 693 valid datasets of European SMES with 250 employees or
someâ ofâ theâ firstâ successfulâ applicants, Â andâ trumpetingâ theâ excellenceâ onâ display. Â Theseâ aspectsâ shouldâ alsoâ beâ reflectedâ inâ theâ basicâ communicationsâ literature.
11 http://fr. wikipedia. org/wiki/Jeune entreprise innovante 12 http://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/en/pre-commercial-procurement
13 The idea comes from the ICT world where sandboxes are used routinely to beta-test software, cybersecurity, etc in strictly
http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/files/design/design-for-growth-and-prosperity-report en. pdf
16 http://ec. europa. eu/environment/beyond gdp/index en. html 17 The Assembly of European Regions, www. aer. eu
overallâ withâ SMESÂ usuallyâ taggingâ alongâ asâ minorâ partnersâ inâ theâ wakeâ ofâ dominantâ RTOS, Â universitiesâ
May 2014. http://ec. europa. eu/research/sme-techweb/pdf/volume i smes in fp7-may2014. pdfâ Horizon 2020 Expert Advisory Group â€oeinnovation in SMES€:
http://ec. europa. eu/research/sme-techweb/pdf/volume i smes in fp7-may2014. pdf Horizon 2020 Expert Advisory Group â€oeinnovation in SMES€:
Index Terms†Blended learning, social media, smart phones informal education, obsolete education I. INTRODUCTION IBM predicts that in the next couple of years, information
will be doubled every 12 hours! Buckminster Fuller created the â€oeknowledge Doubling Curveâ€; he noticed that until 1900
It is very important to understand why data information, and knowledge are actually different things
Data is always correct because it deals with the â€oefacts of the world. †For instance, during the crisis in
Television) man talking into the camera and stating that he belongs to the Ukrainian paramilitary group
dispute that this footage was aired on RT (data. Now, the RT presented to us that these couple of hundred men armed with
) Information captures data at a single point, by the subjective informant. So, the information is not always
an accurate reflection of the data. In this case the public is informed by giving certain interpretation of the data (a single
man talking into the camera. Computers can store data and information, but cannot store knowledge.
Only human brains Manuscript received April 2, 2014; revised June 17, 2014 Mladen Milicevic is with the Loyola Marymount University, Los angeles
two sources to build this knowledge-information and data Speaking in semiological terms information and data are the
â€oesigns†and knowledge is the human interpretation of those signs. In the case of Ukrainian paramilitary group, different
regarding the data and information presented to them. I tend to believe that the entire interview was â€oestaged†in order to
There is certain amount of data in the world, and there is plenty more information than data
however the knowledge in the world in exponentially grater that both data and information When comes to education we must be cognizant that the
explosion of information is not equivalent to the explosion of knowledge. The major problem of today†s education is how
aside from Powerpoint presentations replacing most writing-on-a-blackboard styled ones. In the digital age the learning environment is
technology and social media is fundamentally reshaping our living and learning. The segment of society that usually first
web than ever before. Consequently, we are finding that students are learning much more in these informal
either traditional television or the â€oenew media†(including cell phones, ipads, and social media. The average 8-to
10-year-old devotes approximately 8 hours a day to a variety of different media contents,
sleeping. 1, 2 TV still remains the predominant medium of choice(>4 hours per day) but almost 1/3 of the TV
programming gets viewed on non-TV platforms such as computers, ipads, or cell phones. Practically all youngsters
have access to the Internet (84%),usually high-speed, and 1/3 have access in their own bedroom.
The time spent on a computer amounts to 1. 5 hours per day; out of which half is
spent in social networking, playing games, or viewing videos New digital technology has made a huge impact on the life of
youngsters: 75%of 12-to 17-year-olds now own cell phones up from 45%in 2004.
Nearly all teenagers (88%)use text messaging. They actually talk less on their phones than any
other age group except for senior citizens. 3, 4 Half of teenagers send 50 or more text messages per day, and
one-third send more than 100 per day. 3 Teenagers mostly access social media sites from cell phones. 4 They are also
avid multitaskers, often using several technologies simultaneously 1 With this constantly changing landscape education should
become less institutionalized and more personalized. Digital technologies and social media allow students to learn from
each other in informal settings anywhere and anytime making learning in and out of school"increasingly porous
go online, social networking sites, a video game, etc. you can be interacting with thousands of people (many of
is the nature of the Internet where Wikipedia and Encyclopedia Britannica stand next to each other as if they
Youtube is equally accessible as watching the educational videos on science, and it is not hard to guess which ones get
Internet and cyberspace did not exist It is easy to expect people to be more creative but the
main obstacle to incorporating more digital and social media tools into classrooms. Advocates of social media in the
classroom claim that social media tools can ignite students 'curiosity and ingenuity, exposed them to content experts and
real-world examples of classroom lessons, help them become civically engaged, and allow them to collaborate with peers
Digital and social media tools can also support students to develop technological skills; to be creative;
and evaluate multimedia text, as well as manage, analyze, and synthesize multiple streams of information All this is happening in a society that is changing at far too
what the core curriculum was and what the courses were but we remember the one teacher who affected us the most.
Teens, Smartphones and Texting WASHINGTON DC: Pew Internet and American Life Project. Online Available http://www. pewinternet. org//media/Files/Reports/2012/PIP TEENS S
martphones and texting. pdf 4 A. Lenhart, R. Ling, S. Campbell, and K. Purcell. January 2014 Teens and Mobile phones.
WASHINGTON DC: Pew Internet and American Life Project. Online Available: http://www. pewinternet. org//media//Files/Reports/2010/P
IP-Teens-and-Mobile-2010-with-topline. pdf 5 Survey conducted by Maguire Associates, Chronicle of Higher
Education. The Innovative University: What College Presidents Think about Change in American Higher education Online. Available
http://strategicplanning. fairfield. edu/sites/default/files/innovative uni versity 140516. pdf International Journal of Social science and Humanity, Vol. 5, No.
7 july 2015 658 Mladen Milicevic received A b. A. 1982 and an M. A 1986 in music composition and multimedia arts
studying with Josip Magdic at The Music Academy of Sarajevo, in his native Bosnia-herzegovina. In 1986
Mr. Milicevic came to the United states to study with Alvin Lucier at Wesleyan University in Connecticut
in computer music composition in 1991, studying with Dennis Kam. For several summers he studied with Michael Czajkowski at the Aspen Music
television, also receiving several prizes for this body of work. Since he moved to the United states in 1986, Mr. Milicevic has performed live
committees such as rank and tenure, core curriculum, academic technology university website, mission and identity, faculty senate with many
subcommittees, various faculty and administrative search committees, etc Mr. Milicevic is professor and chair of Recording Arts Department at Loyola
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