popaion 2000@yahoo. com Professor Ph d. Dobrin Cosmin Management Faculty Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest, Romania
cdobrin@yahoo. com Abstract†Romania, a New Member state of European Union, has undertaken a complex process to adapt to new
cnicolescu@yahoo. com Assistant Ph d. S. Ceptureanu Sebastian Management Faculty Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest, Romania
ceptureanu@yahoo. com Assistant Ph d. S. Ceptureanu Eduard Management Faculty Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest, Romania
eduard ceptureanu@yahoo. com that innovative efforts within SMES were especially focused on new products (34.87%),new technologies
ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT Â 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 370
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Innovation Portal website at www. transport-research. info ISBN: 978-92-79-25925-8 doi:
The site presents information on fundamental research, applied research and demonstration projects, as well as innovative solutions adopted by individual towns and cities.
addition, the website provides news and tools for policy makers and transport experts www. eltis. org
A dedicated website has been set up to provide information and guidelines on how to develop
The website also provides information on events related to SUMPS that are organised with EU support. These events
Website: www. ebsf. eu Buses to strengthen sustainable urban mobility INNOVATION IN URBAN MOBILITY-POLICY MAKING
planning services both face-to-face and via the web While reliable information is often available for
to provide a unique internet portal to facilitate multimodal trip-planning in and between major urban
Website: www. access-to-all. eu Reference: FP7-218684 Status: Completed Total cost: EUR 1 097 797
Website: www. mediate-project. eu, www. aptie. eu/site BACKGROUND One in ten people in Europe is over the age of
60, and according to the United nations, 10 %of the population has some type of disability To make transport accessible and user
eu/site) has become the one-stop shop for initiatives, case studies, policy and standards research and training on accessibility in Europe
Website: www. smartfreight. info INNOVATION IN URBAN MOBILITY-POLICY MAKING AND PLANNING 21 SU CC
EU FP7 project, Accessible Public transport in Europe, http://www. aptie. eu/site â Bypad (2008:
this connection of a seamless web 1. Schwarz and Thompson speak of a technology culture. In their view, innovations are not things that are forced upon us from outside, but
and make little or no use of external knowledge (Wikipedia, n d Innovation has been studied in several forms in the entrepreneurship literature.
Comments from websites, annual reports, marketing material and observations were added to the field notes. This comprehensive process provided in depth insight into innovation processes
acquiescence bias and social desirability bias (www. wikipedia. org, 12-2-2013. To overcome these risks
41 22) 839 31 31 Web: www. wbcsd. org Switzerland Innovation technology sustainability & society
Web: http://www. earthprint. com /Graphic design: Michael Martin Text: Ross Stevens, Michael Rulon, Dawn Rittenhouse and Patricia Solaro
41 22) 839 31 31 Web: www. wbcsd. org Switzerland Innovation technology sustainability & society
6 See †Best practices†section of WIPO€ s website www. wipo. int/sme/en/best practices
from A to B †typically on the web †can save people time and money,
website is to be set up giving an overview of and links to existing multimodal journey planners.
in the form of a new web-based decision-support toolkit that will make it easier to find relevant and up-to-date
of publications issued by the European commission (see website: http://www. ec. europa. eu /information society/activities/esafety/index en. htm). However, the specific purpose of this
Website www. cvisproject. org/download/roadsense. pdf Safety was aâ major focus of automotive research in the latter
Website http://www. transport-research. info/web/projects /Otherwise collectively described as Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), these typically employ
Website http://www. transport-research. info/web/projects /As coordinator Luisa Andreone (CRF †Fiat Research Centre
Website http://intro. fehrl. org MISS Monitor Integrated Safety Systems The objective of MISS was to enhance the safety and
Website http://www. transport-research. info/web/projects /REACT Realizing enhanced safety and efficiency in European road transport
Website https://www. eurtd. org/quickplace/project-react IN T E L L IG E
Website www. safetrip. eu SARTRE Road awareness for driving via a strategy that evaluates numerous systems
Website www. sartre-project. eu EU (for which aâ deployment roadmap has been set out under the DG Mobility and Transport project EASYWAY
-strations are advanced already well at project sites in Heathrow Airport (PRT), London, Rome†s new exhibition
Website www. citymobil-project. eu Following eventual take-up on aâ sufficient scale, traffic management systems will for the first time have the ability to
between city centres and airports or peripheral parking sites †ready for pick-up by customers
Website www. i-travelproject. com Trip advisors Another important direction for ITS research is the promotion
Website www. access-to-all. eu WISETRIP Wide scale network of e-systems for multimodal journey planning
Website www. wisetrip-eu. org IN T E L L IG E N T T
Website www. conduits. eu IN T E L L IG E N T T R
Website www. city-log. eu Intelligent freight distribution Optimisation of the movement of freight, both within the EU
Website http://heavyroute. fehrl. org Damage limitation The high weight of long range trucks poses some threats to
Website www. simbaproject. org Research cooperation with countries beyond the EU itself † inâ ITS,  as in many other fields †is aâ central element of
Website www. viajeo. eu STADIUM Smart transport applications designed for large events with impacts on urban mobility
Website www. stadium-project. eu/site IN T E L L IG E N T
on-line booking and payment facilities will be combined with location-based Web 2. 0 applications to facilitate ride-sharing,
mushrooming social networking websites C H A p T E R 8 Conclusions and the way forward
from the success of portable navigation systems and Web 2. 0 social networks •enhanced geo-localisation and guidance, also able to function in indoor/underground areas
info@forfas. ie or through the website August 2013 Forfã¡s Wilton Park House Wilton Place
reducing the revenue for websites that rely on ad-based business models. 106 This appears to be one reason the EU lags behind the
the effectiveness of IT investment include the new law requiring websites to obtain â€oeexplicit consent†before placing web cookies,
and the requirement that companies provide external human involvement as needed in any automatic, IT-enabled process that produces
particularly to smaller websites, while the latter is likely to delay progress in the emerging area of big data analytics
companies such as Google and Facebook. 125 Higher taxes on ICT-producing companies may raise the price of ICT goods and services for everyone else.
With the great success of some of the world ICT leaders, such as Apple, Google, Intel, and
available revenue for websites and can cripple the growth of useful services Another example is the â€oeright to be forgotten†rule implemented by the European
http://www. persee. fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/tiers 0040-7356 1988 num 29 115 3718 49. OECD Statextracts, Country Statistical Profile 2012 (Contributions to GDP growth:
97. â€oenetworked Readiness Index 2014, †on the World Economic Forum website, accessed May 7, 2014
https://www. uschamber. com/sites/default/files/legacy/reports/020508 economicimportance final revi sed lr. pdf 109. L. Christensen et al.
February 2013, http://www. isg-one. com/web/research-insights/talking-points/archive/1302. asp 116.
Greg Sterling, â€oefrance Wants To Tax Facebook, Google †Personal data Collection, ††Marketing Land
January 21, 2013, http://marketingland. com/france-wants-to-tax-facebook-google-personal data -collection-31196; Jacob Albert, â€oefrance Wants to Tax Data mining,
See for example the sectoral focus on this European commission website: European commission Enterprise and Industry â€oeict for Competitiveness & Innovation, †(accessed May 16, 2014
or Uber, or Google, or...†Bloombergview February 12, 2014, http://www. bloombergview. com/articles/2014-02-12/france-loves-tech-but-not
-amazon-or-uber-or-google-or -152. Miller and Atkinson, â€oeare Robots Taking Our Jobs, or Making Them?
Commission website, last modified January 16, 2012, accessed April 18, 2014 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/newsroom/cf/itemdetail. cfm?
-ilibrary. org/sites/entrepreneur aag-2013-en/02/02/index. html 177. Ibid 178. Danny Leung, CÃ saire Meh,
â€oewill Not Let Norwegian Enterprises use Google Apps, †Datatilsynet, January 25, 2012 http://www. datatilsynet. no/English/Publications/cloud-computing/Will not-let-Norwegian-enterprises
-of-Google-Apps /184. â€oemerkel Proposes Secure European Web, †BBC News, February 15, 2014 http://www. bbc. com/news/world-europe-26210053
185. For example, Catherine Tucker has found that the EU privacy directive lowered online advertising effectiveness by 65 percent relative to the rest of the world.
http://www. ftc. gov/sites/default/files/documents/public events/fifth-annual-microeconomics -conference/tucker. pdf
David Streitfeld, â€oeeuropean Court Lets Users Erase Records on Web, †New york times, May 13, 2014 sec.
Commission website, accessed May 15, 2014, http://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/en/our-goals/pillar-i
Enterprise and Industry, European commission website, accessed May 15, 2014 http://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/en/our-goals/pillar-vii-ict-enabled-benefits-eu-society
Web/Data Internet Video 29%CAGR 2011-2016 Petabytes per Month 22 %23 %54 %18 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE
per home and Ethernet switches concentrating the customer traffic at the central MPOP (ODF) sites.
but GPON splitters and OLT at the central MPOP sites, and (4) FTTB P2p DSL is Point-to-Point fibre access network with single fibre per building
60 Examples are DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), games, web, e-mail (SMTP, Simple Mail Transfer
portals, websites blogs and wikis; promotional literature; video clips; and slideshow presentations In parallel, a number of consultation rounds with key educational stakeholders (policy-and decision
part in a webinar was organized by the etwinning Creative Classrooms Group. 7 Findings from the
7 http://groups. etwinning. net/web/creative-classroom/welcome 10 and implementation strategies of effective ICT-ELI with significant scale and/or impact at system
10 http://groups. etwinning. net/web/creative-classroom/welcome 13 European Civil Society Platform on Lifelong learning;
website. 17 Survey analytics showed that most of participants entered the survey through a direct link from the
-based e-portfolios that follow a web 2. 0/social media model. 142 62.7 Relevance according to four groups of participants
networking with other organisations and stakeholders across sites and also within the same organisation, in order to encourage the emergence and scaling up of learning innovations.
http://www. innovationunit. org/sites/default/files/Only%20connect%20 -%20a%20new%20paradigm%20for%20learning%20innovation%20in%20the%2021st%2
-based e-portfolios that follow a web 2. 0/social media model Encouraging a shift of ownership of assessment from teachers to learners by giving
that follow a web 2. 0/social media model 1. 4 3. 5 3. 5 6. 3 22.5 31.0 31.7 62.7
that follow a web 2. 0/social media model 5. 58 1. 49) 66 5. 83
to install patient information systems at some sites, these require significant investments for their successful implementation.
sites for analysis. In order for this to work, there must be standards for representing the data and for
overlooked, with the result that many sites are unable to share data thus limiting the flow of information
and community health sites and primary health care centres. These are the first points of care
and retrieve clinical data across care boundaries and sites, and consists of over a million medical concepts.
Data Collector, Datacol, is based a web tool that simplifies online form creation for data collection and
12 Web-based tool for online creation of forms in surveys developed by WHO 13 http://www. triplehelixinstitute. org
b) to list the most important websites that are relevant to micro and small businesses
website at http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/sme/files/sme definition/sme user guide en. pdf 2. 2 Why is this relevant
as well as the links to the relevant websites and points of contact The European union has three key funding instruments to support SMES
which are published once a year by the European commission on FP7 website Certain topics are dedicated to SMES
and to apply for grants you can visit the website of the European Research Council
website http://cordis. europa. eu/fp7/dc/index. cfm In order to provide help and advices to the participants of FP7,
states on the website of the FP7 programme. The network is based on existing national and regional
The following web link will give you information on transnational cooperation and eligible regions http://ec. europa. eu/regional policy/images/map/cooperat2007/transnational/transnat mosaic. pdf
website at the beginning of each year http://ec. europa. eu/transport/marcopolo/about/index en. htm 4. 4. 3 European Lifelong learning Programme
http://ec. europa. eu/solvit/site/index en. htm SOLVIT is designed to solve problems encountered by both citizens and businesses in case an EU Mem
On this website you can find booklets issued by the Commission answering questions you may have
The website provides you with a guide with thematic and sectorial access to locally relevant energy
National contact points can be found through the web link European Documentation Centres http://europa. eu/europedirect/meet us/directory/index en. htm
Each national representation†s website provides the address of regional representations as well http://europa. eu/whoiswho/public/index. cfm?
The following website helps you to find the representations of the EU institutions in your country
9 http://www. wheel. ie/sites/default/files/Consultation%20process%20on%20partnership%20agreement%202014%20
1. 16 Growth in daily Google searches, 2007-2013.16 1. 17 Growth in Facebook monthly active users, 2004-2013 (millions of users...
1. 18 Wikipedia articles †total and English language, 2003-2013 (thousands of articles...17 1. 19 Fixed-broadband access in enterprises using the Internet, selected countries, 2005-2012.19
Twitter, Youtube, Whatsapp With more and more applications now available through mobile platforms (mobile apps), and the strong growth in mobile Internet uptake, an
and website use is a challenging task on account of the sheer volume of information available
Over the past decade, the number of websites has been growing at exponential rates and according to estimates by Netcraft, there were
185 million active sites at the beginning of 2014 Google remains the leading search engine in most countries, and accounts for around 90
per cent of the search market. 16 The number of daily Google searches reached almost 6 billion
by end 2013 (Chart 1. 16) and the total number of searches made through Google in 2013
exceeded 2 trillion Social media sites have become the most accessed websites by users in both developed
Chart 1. 16: Growth in daily Google searches 2007-2013 Source: Partnership (2014), based on http://www. statisticbrain. com/google-searches
/0 2'000 4'000 6'000 8'000 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008
2007 Millions of searches 17 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 and developing countries. Since its creation in
on Youtube, the leading international video -filesharing site with services in 61 countries. As of
early 2014, Youtube boasted more than 1â billion unique visitors monthly Other top popular websites include Amazon
Wikipedia and Linkedin as well as various news and online e-market sites at the national level
see below on e-business. Wikipedia, the largest and most widely used online encyclopaedia featured more than 30 million articles by end
2013 (Chartâ 1. 18. Articles are now available in 287 languages across 30 million pages of
content. By February 2014, Wikipedia registered more than 20 billion page views per month by Internet users.
At the same time, the proportion of articles in English has decreased significantly †from 46 per cent in 2003 to 15 per cent in 2013
†while those in other languages have increased accordingly, although pages viewed are still predominantly in English and the proportion of
Wikipedia articles †total and English language, 2003-2013 (thousands of articles Source: Wikipedia statistics at
http://stats. wikimedia. org/EN/Tablesarticlestotal. htm 0 5'000 10 000 '15 000 '20 000
businesses with websites was lower, accounting on average for 71 per cent and ranging from 36
websites (e g. Youtube) and blogs (e g. Twitter In the developing world, data on ICTS in
enterprises are scarce and only collected by few countries. The proportion of businesses with Internet access varies between 48 per cent in
have established central websites and that more than 50 per cent of countries provide links to
sites (UNDESA, 2014. Efforts are needed still to connect lower-tier administrations in countries When it comes to the provision of e-services
and services on government website portals increased threefold, with 70 per cent of countries providing a one-stop shop portal in 2012, as
had a government web presence, and almost all countries in Europe †and the majority of
https://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/sites/digital-agenda/files/DAE%20scoreboard%202013%20-%20
9 https://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/sites/digital-agenda/files/DK%20%20-%20broadband%20markets. pdf
12 https://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/sites/digital-agenda/files/DAE%20scoreboard%202013%20-%202-BROADBAND%20
14 https://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/sites/digital-agenda/files/DAE%20scoreboard%202013%20-%203-INTERNET%20
16 http://web. nso. go. th/en/survey/data survey/560619 2012 information. -pdf 17 http://www. digitimes. com/news/a20131227pd215. html and http://www. eurobiz. com. cn/chinas-broadband-strategy
website of the dominant operator or prices were provided to ITU through the ICT Price Basket Questionnaire. 25
8. Co-location/site sharing mandated 7. Infrastructure sharing mandated 6. Infrastructure sharing for mobile operators allowed
16 The most visited websites in Tunisia by December 2011 were predominantly in English. Initiatives to promote Arab digital
TEAMS€ website (http://www. teams. co. ke) and EASSY€ s website (http://www. eassy. org
23 For more information on Rogers†â€oeshare Everything†plans, see http://www. rogers. com/web/content/share-everything?
24 The details of the different †4g†plans offered by Tigo can be found on the following websites
World Bank†s website on measuring poverty: http://go. worldbank. org/W3hl5gd710 35 Differences in the equivalence scales of the source data used in this chapter are corrected roughly using ITU estimates on
providers such as Google, Twitter, Facebook Whatsapp, Netflix, Amazon and many others captures a wide array of behavioural data
Google for example, is running about a thousand experiments at any given point in time (Varian 2013a). ) Telecom network operators make
providers such as Google, Facebook, Twitter etc. Big data from the ICT services industry are already helping to produce large-scale
development purposes is Google Flu Trends GFT). ) Following its launch in 2008, GFT was remarkably accurate in tracking the spread of
categorize interests based on sites visited (as opposed to content accessed Sophisticated clickstream analyses from DPI data17 can also generate more finely
Google or other, local (financial, social etc services to provide additional insights. This could be done by using probabilistic analyses to match
websites could be classified individually in terms of the information they provide, then Internet -user activities, including their frequency and
Internet companies such as Google or Facebook By linking data collected from different sources and combining subscription data and usage
Twitter, Facebook or Google. For example ITU estimates suggest that 40 per cent of the world†s population uses the Internet.
the famous Google pagerank algorithm has spawned an entire industry of organizations that claim to enhance website page rankings, and
search-engine optimization (SEO) 38 is now an established part of website development Changes in behaviour could also partially explain
the declining veracity of Google Flu Trends GFT), researchers having found influenza-like illness rates as reflected by Google searches to
be no longer necessarily correlating with actual influenza virus infections (Ortiz et al. 2011 Recent research has shown that since 2009
when GFT failed to reflect the nonseasonal influenza outbreak), infrequent updates have not improved the results
actions of the population that turned to Google with its health queries, and which contributed
and more people turning to Google with their broader health questions, thereby introducing additional search terms (due to different
and producers of big data (Google, Facebook etc.)) †have an important role globally. More work is needed to understand fully the potential
applications and websites Service access detail records Whenever a user utilizes a telecommunication service, each access is recorded not only for
6 See https://www. google. org/denguetrends /7 A good example of this is the Conference Board Help Wanted Online (HWOL) data series that measures the number of new
smaller job sites in the United states. More information can be found at http://www. conference-board. org/data/helpwantedonline. cfm
http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Deep packet inspection 16 It should be noted that there is not a harmonized methodology for the allocation of revenues from bundled packages to
in order to understand which sites were accessed, in what order and how much time was spent at each Endnotes
19 For more information on Cignifi, see their website at http://www. cignifi. com /20 The full report can be accessed at http://unstats. un. org/unsd/statcom/doc14/2014-11-Bigdata-E. pdf
29 For more information regarding this project, see http://web. worldbank. org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS
whereby a website†s structure and content are optimized to make the site more visible to the webpage-indexing process of one or more search engines,
thereby ensuring that the website and/or webpage appears higher up in the results of a search query
http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Deep packet inspection 43 Based on interviews between LIRNEASIA and operators in South and Southeast asia
regulation on the Indian Department of Telecommunications website http://dot. gov. in/sites/default/files/Unified%20licence 0. pdf
Chapter 5. The role of big data for ICT monitoring and for development 212 45 Most network operators use multiple sectorized antennas on a single base station.
For more information, see http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sector antenna 46 A media access control (MAC) address is a unique identifier that is assigned to network interfaces mostly by a hardware
http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/MAC ADDRESS 47 An international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) number is a 15-digit number unique to the particular SIM in a subscriber†s
http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/International mobile subscriber identity 213 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 List of references
Askitas, N. and Zimmermann, K. F. 2009), Google econometrics and unemployment forecasting. Retrieved from http://ftp. iza. org/dp4201. pdf
http://static. googleusercontent. com/media/research. google. com/en//archive/papers/initialclaimsus. pdf Choi, H. and Varian, H. 2012), Predicting the present with Google trends.
Economic Record, 88, 2†9. doi: 10.1111/j. 1475 -4932.2012.00809. x Cisco (2013), Cisco Visual Networking Index:
http://www. ibmbigdatahub. com/sites/default/files/infographic file/4-Vs-of-big data. jpg ICT Qatar (2014), Qatar†s ICT landscape 2014 households and individuals.
The parable of Google Flu: traps in big data analysis. Science New york, N y.),343 (6176), 1203†5. doi:
a comparison of traditional surveillance systems with Google Flu Trends. Plos One, 6 (4), e18687. doi:
Web search query volume as a measure of pharmaceutical utilization and changes in prescribing patterns.
http://www. whitehouse. gov/sites/default/files/docs/big data privacy report 5. 1. 14 final print. pdf UN Global Pulse (2012), Taking the Global Pulse:
Journal of Web Librarianship, 6 (4), 305†320. doi: 10.1080/19322909.2012.730358 WEF (2013), Unlocking the Value of Personal data:
to obtain them, for example from NSO websites There are certain data limits to this indicator insofar as estimates have to be calculated for
to obtain them, for example from NSO websites There are certain data limits to this indicator insofar as estimates have to be calculated for
to obtain them, for example from NSO websites There are certain data limits to this indicator insofar as estimates have to be calculated for
websites and/or through direct correspondence Prices were collected from the operator with the largest market share,
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