| 3g (93) |  |
| 3gpp (29) | |
| 4g (34) | |
| Gsm (44) | |
| Mobile telecommunications technology (4) | |
| Umts (30) | |
LTE has been standardised by 3gpp, and more than 350 companies have participated in the working groups. LTE IPR declarations on the ETSI database are 1, 860 as of January 11th, 2010.
G#4v 7094 3gpp 0#5#3gpp 3gpp 0#5#3rd generation partnership project 3gpp G#4v 7095 4g
0#5#4g 4g G#4v 7096 GSM G#5v 7097 Gsm 0#6#global system for mobile communications Gsm
0#6#gsm Gsm G#5v 7098 Gsm edge 0#6#gsm edge Gsm edge G#4v 7099 Mobile telecommunications technology
the IETF or by the collaboration of 3gpp) prevents cost effective system scaling for the novel traffic demands.
, 3gpp, 3gpp2, Wimax Fo -rum) follow a centralized approach which cannot scale well to the changing traffic
points (GGSN in 3gpp UMTS, PDN GW in SAE, and CSN for Wimax networks Each anchor point maintains special units of information called contexts,
and Charging Control architecture by 3gpp) to achieve interaction between the two levels during session establishment, modification and release routines.
3. 1 Evolution of the Architecture of 3gpp Mobile networks Fixed networks were firstly subject to similar scalability problems.
The 3gpp network architecture specifications having the numbers 03.02 8 and 23.002 9 show the evolution of the 3gpp network from GSM Phase 1 published in
1995 until the Evolved Packet System (EPS) specified in Release 8 in 2010. The core
Fig. 1. The evolution of the packet-switched domain of the 3gpp architecture, including the
functions became the main driving force in the evolution of 3gpp network architec -tures. Release 7 (also called Internet HSPA, 2008) supports the integration of the
The above evolutionary steps resulted in that radio access networks of 3gpp be -came flattened to one single serving node (i e.,
linked to the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) in the 3gpp system evolution, and in EPC
residual centralization and further extend 3gpp 3. 2 Ultra Flat Architecture One of the most important schemes aiming to further extend 3gpp standards is the
Ultra Flat Architecture (UFA) 16†20. Authors present and evaluate an almost green field approach which is a flat and distributed convergent architecture, with the excep
, the EPC in 3gpp. The ob -jective of UFA design is to distribute core functions into single nodes at the edge of
9. 3gpp TS 23.002: Network architecture, V10. 1. 1, Release 10.jan 2011 10. 3gpp TR 23.919: Direct Tunnel Deployment Guideline, Release 7, V1. 0. 0 (May 2007
11. 3gpp TS 23.401: General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Uni -versal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access, Rel. 8, V8. 12.dec 2010
12. 3gpp TS 29.275, Proxy Mobile IPV6 (PMIPV6) based Mobility and Tunneling protocols Stage 3, Release 10, V10. 0. 0 (Dec. 2010
13. 3gpp TS 24.303, Mobility management based on Dual-Stack Mobile IPV6, Stage 3, Re -lease 10, V10. 1. 0 Dec (2010
14. Femtoforum: Femtocells †Natural Solution for Offload †a Femto Forum brief (June 2010
15. 3gpp TR 23.829: Local IP Access and Selected IP Traffic Offload, Release 10, V1. 3 (2010
33. 3gpp TS 23.402, Architecture enhancements for non-3gpp accesses, Rel. 10, V10. 2 (2011
decades by various standardization bodies and forums, like IETF, 3gpp, DMTF, ITU all trying to specify interfaces,
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