Mobile telecommunications technology
| 3g (93) |  |
| 3gpp (29) | |
| 4g (34) | |
| Gsm (44) | |
| Mobile telecommunications technology (4) | |
| Umts (30) | |
Mobile telecommunications technology
| 3g (93) | |
| 3gpp (29) | |
| 4g (34) | |
| Gsm (44) | |
| Mobile telecommunications technology (4) | |
| Umts (30) | |
and its context that may influence a solution. 3g (generation) organization of innovation may be more successful than 1g only.
The emergence of digital mobile systems (GSM) and open systems in computing and communications created an environment where even small companies could make an impact in world markets such as banking
and 3g, LTE/4g, and other mobile telephone communication protocols. V. COMPARATIVE METRICS FOR THE U s. VERSUS EUROPE Making the grid smarter requires considering all aspects of smart grids as part of the decision-making process.
LTE has been standardised by 3gpp, and more than 350 companies have participated in the working groups. LTE IPR declarations on the ETSI database are 1, 860 as of January 11th, 2010.
ñ§ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿöç hþ 3g ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿe á f; ÿÿÿÿs ä ÿÿÿÿ ý ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ! ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ¤!¤ù s ÿÿÿÿúà ì!
G#3v 7092 Mobile telecommunications technology G#4v 7093 3g 0#5#3g 3g G#4v 7094 3gpp
0#5#3gpp 3gpp 0#5#3rd generation partnership project 3gpp G#4v 7095 4g 0#5#4g 4g
G#4v 7096 GSM G#5v 7097 Gsm 0#6#global system for mobile communications Gsm 0#6#gsm Gsm
G#5v 7098 Gsm edge 0#6#gsm edge Gsm edge G#4v 7099 Mobile telecommunications technology 0#5#mobile telecommunications technology Mobile telecommunications technology
G#4v 7100 UMTS G#5v 7101 Umts 0#6#umts Umts 0#6#universal mobile telecommunications system Umts
G#5v 7102 Umts hspa 0#6#umts hspa Umts hspa G#3v 7103 Offline 0#4#offline Offline
G#3v 7104 Online 0#4#online Online G#3v 7105 Telecommunication 0#4#telecom Telecommunication
0#4#telecommunication Telecommunication G#3v 7106 Telecommunications companies G#4v 7107 Aoptix technologies 0#5#aoptix Aoptix technologies
0#5#aoptix technologies Aoptix technologies G#4v 7108 Huawei technologies 0#5#huawei Huawei technologies 0#5#huawei technologies Huawei technologies
G#4v 7109 Onair 0#5#on air Onair 0#5#onair Onair G#3v 7110 Teleconference
0#4#teleconference Teleconference G#3v 7111 Telephone G#4v 7112 Mobile phone 0#5#cellphone Mobile phone
0#5#cellular phone Mobile phone 0#5#mobile Mobile phone 0#5#mobile phone Mobile phone G#4v 7113 Smartphones
G#5v 7114 iphone G#6v 7115 Iphone 0#7#iphone Iphone G#6v 7116 Iphone app
0#7#iphone app Iphone app G#5v 7117 Samsung galaxy 0#6#samsung galaxy Samsung galaxy G#5v 7118 Smartphone
0#6#smartphone Smartphone G#4v 7119 Telephone 0#5#phone Telephone 0#5#telephone Telephone
0#5#telephone dial Telephone 0#5#telephone number Telephone G#3v 7120 Telephone companies G#4v 7121 3com
0#5#3com 3com G#4v 7122 Abertis 0#5#abertis telecom Abertis G#4v 7123 Alcatel-lucent
0#5#alcatel-lucent Alcatel-lucent G#4v 7124 Amer mobile 0#5#amer mobile Amer mobile G#4v 7125 Amer tower
0#5#amer tower Amer tower G#4v 7126 AT&T 0#5#at&t AT&T G#4v 7127 Atlantic telecom
0#5#atlantic telecom Atlantic telecom G#4v 7128 Baby bell 0#5#baby bell Baby bell G#4v 7129 Banyan
0#5#banyan Banyan G#4v 7130 Bay network 0#5#bay network Bay network G#4v 7131 BCE INC
0#5#bce inc BCE INC G#4v 7132 Belgacom 0#5#belgacom Belgacom G#4v 7133 Bell atlantic
The advent of the Global system for mobile communications (GSM standard launched in 1990 opened up a worldwide market for mobile phones whose impact
is an approach that was crucial in the emergence of the internet, GSM 5 88 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION
3g or 4g and Wi-fi: It enables seam -less handoffs and simultaneous use of multiple networks, providing the
3g or 4g and Wi-fi: It enables seam -less handoffs and simultaneous use of multiple networks, providing the
new technologies such as 3g and 4g and a lack of new competitors (mobile virtual network
3. 1. Roll out of 4g and broadband-a single telecoms market-harmonise ICT standards 3. 2. Ensure people have the right e-skills to use the internet (social inclusion) and to
for Mobile Communications (GSM) standard, a breakthrough that enabled the growth of the region†s
development of the GSM standard, and the rewards that accrued to consumers and mobile industry firms
uniformity of standard on the GSM model will not be feasible, but a technology†s ability to connect
global infrastructures for positioning (GPS) and networking (GSM) the LOTUS system can be used more or less anywhere in the
or is happening now with GSM and CDMA. These are natural occurrences in environments of
and a GSM (Global System for Mobile communication card that sends the information to the Goal system managing the information sent to and
UHF, VHF, Wimax, GSM, etc •Computational technologies †the present trend is towards fewer and more costly
The in-vehicle technologies needed 3g telecom -munications for the accuracy and speed of delivery to make
Galileo and UMTS systems. Under the SAFETRIP project, low cost receivers installed in vehicles will provide aâ range of
The evolution of mobile communication networks to 4g and beyond will deliver continuous connectivity to vehicles and travellers, giving access to on-line services via mobile Internet links
GSM Global system for mobile communications HMI Human-machine interface I2v Infrastructure to vehicle ICPC International cooperation partner countries
UMTS Universal mobile telecommunications system V2i Vehicle to infrastructure V2v Vehicle to vehicle VHF Very high frequency VTMIS Vessel traffic management information system
a similar problem occurred with the European 3g rollout. Moreover, the United states was the first nation to take advantage of the â€oedigital
Similar considerations apply to 4g wireless systems. There are surely limitations on the ability of wireless solutions alone to meet DAE objectives in dense population centres
to be at least as broad in 2020 as that of 2g and 3g networks today
4g Fourth-generation mobile communication standard 11 1 INTRODUCTION Key Findings â The goals of the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE),
â Similar considerations apply to 4g wireless systems. There are surely limitations on the ability of wireless solutions alone to meet DAE objectives in dense population
•Similar considerations apply to 4g wireless systems. Key questions relate to the number of individual users (not households) who must be served by each tower
expected to be at least as broad in 2020 as that of 2g and 3g networks today
as great as that of 2g and 3g wireless today. 50 This seems to imply that most remote, low
Already today, in some places, 4g offers those speeds †if not higher. I also want at
1. 6 Rural population covered by at least a 3g mobile network, 2009-2012.8 1. 7 Fibre and microwave routes, share of route kilometres (left)
countries, 3g subscriptions overtook 2g subscriptions in 2010 and 3g growth is flattening In developing countries, the large majority of
subscriptions are still 2g, but 3g is growing rapidly and will overtake 2g subscriptions in a
few years. 4g4 services came onto the market only recently and 4g subscriptions still account
for only a small market share in both developed and developing countries The data on fixed-and mobile-broadband
Data on 3g population coverage are less available. According to ITU estimates, global 3g population coverage stood at around 50 per cent
by end 2012, and there were still sizeable rural -urban gaps. Rural population coverage ranged from 100 per cent in the Gulf countries of United
more and more countries are deploying 3g +technologies and services, and given the strong growth in mobile-broadband subscriptions.
3g 4g %1g 2g 3g 4g %0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
90 100 Developing countries Chapter 1. Recent information society developments 8 Chart 1. 6: Rural population covered by at least a 3g mobile network, 2009-2012
Source: Partnership (2014) based on ITU data Percentage of rural population covered by at least a 3g mobile
network 2012 or 2011 Percentage of rural population covered by at least a 3g mobile network 2010
Percentage of rural population covered by at least a 3g mobile network 2009 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 11 31 32 32
34 36 38 41 42 42 46 50 50 50 55 55 58 60 61
63 65 68 69 69 77 77 77 78 81 84 86 87 88 88
4 4g refers to fourth-generation mobile network or service. It is a mobile-broadband standard offering both mobility and very
15 For instance, the average revenue per user per month for GSM services in India was less than USD 2 in March 2012, almost
Korea was the first country to offer 3g services commercially in 2002, and LTE was offered first
were covered by a 3g signal and 26 per cent of the population was covered by an LTE network. 12
were late adopters of 3g technology. For instance, mobile-broadband services were only commercialized in mid-2013 in Burkina faso, 21
Congo, 3g was launched in late 2011 by Airtel Congo, and the entry of a second operator (MTN
and by 2013 operator CVMOVEL had expanded 3g services to all the islands of the archipelago. 23
expanded its 3g services, which had been limited to the nation†s capital Thimphu, to 15 out of 20
launched its high-speed 4g services in Thimphu Chart 2. 3: Wireless-broadband penetration Bhutan, 2008-2013
The launch of 3g was much anticipated in Thailand, following the long delay in the auctioning of 3g licences.
In December 2012, licences were awarded finally to three Thai operators, 34 providing high-speed mobile Internet connectivity to users.
value following the introduction of 3g services in 2012/2013, there were still a few countries that
On the other hand, 3g mobile -cellular coverage was comparatively low for 0 1 2 3 4 5
23 http://www. cvmovel. cv/nacional-gsm-3g-edge-e-gprs 24 http://www. telecomasia. net/content/bhutan-telecom-expand-3g-network
25 http://www. tashigroup. bt/?/p=1058 and http://www. kuenselonline. com/tashicell-goes-3g/#.
/#U4rlg3ksx8e 26 http://www. kuenselonline. com/530-increase-in-mobile-broadband-users/#./#U4rsghksx8e 27 Purchased capacity
36 http://www. telegeography. com/products/commsupdate/articles/2013/05/09/true-4g-launch-trumps-rivals-ais-claims
While 3g networks are continuing to be built and expanded across the region numerous countries saw some important
Burkina faso, 3g was launched finally in 2013 reaching a penetration of 9 per cent by end
as 3g licences were awarded finally to three Algerian operators by end 2013.10 Penetration is also extremely low in Yemen (0. 3 per cent
In Thailand, where 3g was launched very late, wireless-broadband penetration went up from 11 per cent in 2012 to more than 50 per
household penetration of 50 per cent and a 3g penetration rate of 32.5 per cent by 2015.18
region to launch 3g services in 2007.21 Since then, operators have expanded their mobile -broadband networks beyond the main cities
operator launched its 3g services in early 2013 increasing competition in the market. 25 Operators
LTE licences or further extended 3g coverage in 2013, spurring growth in the mobile sector
3 http://www. cvmovel. cv/nacional-gsm-3g-edge-e-gprs 4 http://www. telegeography. com/products/commsupdate/articles/2014/04/24/mtn-reports-210-1m-subscribers
10 http://www. telecompaper. com/news/algeria-awards-3g-licences-to-all-three-bidders--972965
-into-3g-sector /26 Data reported by the country refer to 2012 27 http://www. verizonwireless. com/wcms/consumer/4g lte. html and http://www. telecompaper. com/news/verizon-wireless
This compares with a global 3g coverage of around 50 per cent by end 2012, highlighting
population are covered by a 3g network, and this figure will grow as more and more mobile -broadband networks are deployed, until
eventually 3g coverage approaches mobile -cellular coverage (93 per cent. As 3g networks become ubiquitous and therefore accessible to
most of the population, affordability will be one of the most decisive factors for actual uptake of
This reflects the early launch of 3g services in Europe28 and the maturity achieved in the mobile
http://www. tigo. com. co/4g, http://www. tigo. com. gt/personas/internet-movil/internet-movil-tigo-4g and
-broadband plans, see http://www. orange. ci/menu-mobile-3g/pass-internet-3g. html 28 The UMTS auctions took place in 2000 and 2001 in Europe (Van damme, 2002 and OECD,
2001), preceded only by Japan and the Republic of korea, where 3g licences were awarded in 2000. In most developing countries, on the other hand, 3g
licences were granted not until much later. In large emerging countries such as China and India, for instance, 3g licences
were awarded in 2009 and 2010, respectively. See for instance Xia (2011) and India†s Department of Telecommunication press
release: http://www. dot. gov. in/as/Auction%20of%20spectrum%20for3g%20&%20bwa/Auction%20results/3g auction
network (2g, 3g, etc..These data are potentially also very useful for building a rich profile of
3g, LTE) employed. Mobile network operators can use the IMEI number to identify the specific mobile handset being used by a subscriber
Technology utilized (2g, 3g, DSL/ADSL, etc Billing address Passive positioning data e g. cell ID
Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) and GSM Association (GSMA) estimated that close to 2 billion
3g, LTE-Advanced, etc. but also on the types of service that subscribers are using, and the
•The technology used (2g, 3g, etc The most common use of such data is for basic
to 3g networks, the handset will always connect to an antenna that supports 3g, even if it is further away.
Despite these location errors or limitations that can occur in analyses using such passive location data, at an aggregate level (temporal
GSM-GPS and assisted GPS (A-GPS Both of these utilize the network (mainly via triangulation from multiple base stations) to augment the satellite
technology (e g. 2g, 3g, LTE), and it can be used for the collective categorization of handsets
Van damme, E. 2002), The European UMTS-auctions, European Economic Review, Volume 46, Issues 4-5 may 2002, pp. 846
Xia, J. 2011), The third-generation-mobile (3g) policy and deployment in China: Current status, challenges, and prospects
UMTS, HSDPA+/HSDPA, CDMA2000, and IEEE 802. 16e Prices applying to Wifi or hotspots should be excluded
undividable. 15) Decrease was due to registration of SIMS. 16) Figure obtained from all five mobile (GSM & CDMA) operators
13) Figure obtained from all four mobile (GSM & CDMA) operators currently providing service in the country. 14) Break in comparability.
or equal to, 512 Kbps. 15) Rightel (Tamin Telecom) has been given license to operate 3g services and started
The 4g mobile broadband coverage is as a 25%of total population Digital Division between urban and rural, Romania
3g mobile coverage (96%)and the most recent fast development of LTE coverage, driving fixed to mobile
Deployment of 4g networks requires significant investment and operators are prudent in coverage plans (Romania has
good 3g coverage but below average for 4g Page 136 of 170 further developments of the market
as per the case of GSM tech -nology. The KIC also supports entrepreneurs. It is
as first NMT network (1981), first GSM base sta -tion and GSM phone call (1991), as well as the first
contactless fare collection system in public trans -portation (1992. These innovations, and way of working together, have created the foundation for
global system for mobile communications (GSM standard. Thus market size may be considered a nat -ural advantage for US industry, one that cannot be
0, 92%a travã s de WIMAX, el 0, 78%a travã s de 3g y el 0, 41%restante puede acogerse
0, 92%a travã s de WIMAX, el 0, 78%a travã s de 3g y el 0, 41%restante puede acogerse
0, 92%a travã s de WIMAX, el 0, 78%a travã s de 3g y el 0, 41%restante puede acogerse
empresas con acceso a Internet el 34,3%es mediante telefonã a mã vil de Banda ancha (mã dem 3g.
empresas con acceso a Internet el 34,3%es mediante telefonã a mã vil de Banda ancha (mã dem 3g.
empresas con acceso a Internet el 34,3%es mediante telefonã a mã vil de Banda ancha (mã dem 3g.
infraestructuras de comunicaciones mã viles mediante sistemas UMTS u otros sistemas terrestres incluidos en el anexo de la Decisiã n de la Comisiã n Europea 2009/766/CE
infraestructuras de comunicaciones mã viles mediante sistemas UMTS u otros sistemas terrestres incluidos en el anexo de la Decisiã n de la Comisiã n Europea 2009/766/CE que utilicen la banda
infraestructuras de comunicaciones mã viles mediante sistemas UMTS u otros sistemas terrestres que utilicen la banda de 900
Such a strategy would also include an assessment of capacity for the sector, taking in broadband access and speeds, the readiness of the region for the rollout of 4g services,
solutions (90.4%)and 3g or 4g mobile phones (74.2 %Companies with an Internet connection by type of that connection
-By means of 3g or 4g modem 55.0 51.1 73.7 88.6 -By means of Mobile 3g or 4g 74.2 71.7 86.4 92.4
Other mobile connections (GPRS, EDGE, etc. 23.7 21.0 35.8 50.6 Website availability and use The main services offered by companies with 10
with easy-to-use 3g USB modems and attractive business models. Based on the cur -rent trends in telecommunications, vendors prognosticate that mobile networks will
the IETF or by the collaboration of 3gpp) prevents cost effective system scaling for the novel traffic demands.
, 3gpp, 3gpp2, Wimax Fo -rum) follow a centralized approach which cannot scale well to the changing traffic
points (GGSN in 3gpp UMTS, PDN GW in SAE, and CSN for Wimax networks Each anchor point maintains special units of information called contexts,
and Charging Control architecture by 3gpp) to achieve interaction between the two levels during session establishment, modification and release routines.
3. 1 Evolution of the Architecture of 3gpp Mobile networks Fixed networks were firstly subject to similar scalability problems.
The 3gpp network architecture specifications having the numbers 03.02 8 and 23.002 9 show the evolution of the 3gpp network from GSM Phase 1 published in
1995 until the Evolved Packet System (EPS) specified in Release 8 in 2010. The core
In Phase 1 (1995) the basic elements of the GSM architecture have been defined The reasons behind the hierarchization and centralization of the GSM architecture
were both technical and economical. Primarily it offloaded the switching equipments crossbar switch or MSC.
Fig. 1. The evolution of the packet-switched domain of the 3gpp architecture, including the
Release 1999 (2002) describes the well known UMTS architec -ture clearly separating the CS and PS domains.
Seeing that UMTS was designed to be the successor of GSM, it is not strange that the central anchors remained in place in
3g and beyond Progress of mobile and wireless communication systems introduced some funda -mental changes. The most drastic among them is that IP has become the unique access
protocol for data networks and the continuously increasing future wireless traffic is also based on packet data (i e.,
functions became the main driving force in the evolution of 3gpp network architec -tures. Release 7 (also called Internet HSPA, 2008) supports the integration of the
The above evolutionary steps resulted in that radio access networks of 3gpp be -came flattened to one single serving node (i e.,
linked to the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) in the 3gpp system evolution, and in EPC
residual centralization and further extend 3gpp 3. 2 Ultra Flat Architecture One of the most important schemes aiming to further extend 3gpp standards is the
Ultra Flat Architecture (UFA) 16†20. Authors present and evaluate an almost green field approach which is a flat and distributed convergent architecture, with the excep
, the EPC in 3gpp. The ob -jective of UFA design is to distribute core functions into single nodes at the edge of
In 3g UMTS architectures centralized and hierarchical mobility anchors are Flat Architectures: Towards Scalable Future Internet Mobility 43
Some of the above solutions are standardized already 12 13 33 for 3g and be -yond 3g architectures where the introduced architectural evolution is in progress:
E -UTRAN (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network) or LTE (Long term Evolution) base stations (enodebs) became distributed in a flatter scheme allowing
The concept of UMTS Base Station Router (BSR) 37 realizes such an access-level mobility management distribution
while a common UMTS network is built from a plethora of network nodes and is maintained in a hierarchical and centralized fashion,
1. UMTS Forum White paper: Recognising the Promise of Mobile Broadband (June 2010 2. Cisco VNI:
5. UMTS Forum, REPORT NO 37, Magic Mobile Future 2010-2020 (April 2005 6. International Telecommunication Union, Press release:
8. ETSI GTS GSM 03.02-v5. 1. 0: Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2 +-Network architecture (GSM 03.02)( 1996
9. 3gpp TS 23.002: Network architecture, V10. 1. 1, Release 10.jan 2011 10. 3gpp TR 23.919: Direct Tunnel Deployment Guideline, Release 7, V1. 0. 0 (May 2007
11. 3gpp TS 23.401: General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Uni -versal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access, Rel. 8, V8. 12.dec 2010
12. 3gpp TS 29.275, Proxy Mobile IPV6 (PMIPV6) based Mobility and Tunneling protocols Stage 3, Release 10, V10. 0. 0 (Dec. 2010
13. 3gpp TS 24.303, Mobility management based on Dual-Stack Mobile IPV6, Stage 3, Re -lease 10, V10. 1. 0 Dec (2010
14. Femtoforum: Femtocells †Natural Solution for Offload †a Femto Forum brief (June 2010
15. 3gpp TR 23.829: Local IP Access and Selected IP Traffic Offload, Release 10, V1. 3 (2010
16. Daoud, K.,Herbelin, P.,Crespi, N.:UFA: Ultra Flat Architecture for high bitrate services
33. 3gpp TS 23.402, Architecture enhancements for non-3gpp accesses, Rel. 10, V10. 2 (2011
-bility Approach for 3g SAE. In: Proc. of 19th PIMRC, ISBN: 978-1-4244-2643-0 (Sept
The UMTS base station router. Bell labs Tech. Journal, I. 11 (4), 93†111 (2007 38.
GSM but there are many more examples of protocols that are designed well techni -cally but where deployment has failed
-cesses content, via wireless LAN and 3g, from a provider that controls both end user devices and content servers 26 †for example, Nokia or Apple controls both the
key requirement for systems beyond 3g. In: VTC 2005-Spring, IEEE 61st Vehicular Technology Conference (2005
UMTS (Universal mobile telecommunications system) networks. Thus, responsibil -ity cannot be checked easily. Furthermore, this situation triggers a control tussle be
UMTS) on the technology used to communicate. Next generation networks, where a provider can control
decades by various standardization bodies and forums, like IETF, 3gpp, DMTF, ITU all trying to specify interfaces,
in heterogeneous environment to the devices mobility in 4g networks handovers using the DOHAND (Domain Ontology for Handover.
for the handover in 4g networks In another application example, the FINLAN ontology can be used by the
is an approach that was crucial in the emergence of the internet, GSM 5 88 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION
and digital cellular systems (IMT-2000, Third Generation, 3g) and 4g subscriptions, but excludes mobile broadband subscriptions
via data cards or USB modems. Subscriptions to public mobile data services, private trunked mobile radio, telepoint or radio
10 GSM Association 2012 11 Cukier and Mayer-Schoenburger 2013 12 More specifically, 340,282, 366,920, 938,463, 463,374, 607,431, 768
GSM Association. 2012. â€oegsma Announces New Global Research That Highlights Significant Growth Opportunity For The Mobile
of ICT services, including 3g telephony, retail Internet access services, international long distance calls, and international gateways.
-2000, Third Generation, 3g) and 4g subscriptions, but excludes mobile broadband subscriptions via data cards or USB modems
4g, mobile OTT, and frequency auctions. Mr Grijpink is a member of the core faculty of Mckinsey†s leadership
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