Wireless communication

Bluetooth (13)
Cellular network (263)
Long-term evolution (101)
Radio-frequency identification (140)
Wimax (57)
Wireless access point (3)
Wireless application protocol (8)
Wireless communication (265)

Synopsis: Ict: Communication systems: Wireless communication:

Product Service System RFID: Radio frequency identification Abbreviations and Acronyms xxiii RITA: Rà seau d†Innovation et de Transfert Agricole (Network for Innovation and Agriculture Transfer (CIRAD) SMS:

Short Message Service STI: Science, Technology and Industry UAV: Unmanned aerial vehicle 1 Innovation Landscape and Fields 1. 1. From intensive industrialization to intensive innovation:

Smart carpets control cleaning robots via radio frequency identification (RFID)( Vorwerk transform harmful substances into harmless steam and carbon dioxide (duraair.

Their offer relies on CDMA6 mobile phone voice and data communication, primarily via Verizon Wireless in the United states and Bell Mobility in Canada,

Thanks to the development within sensor technology and infrastructure for wireless communication, new premium programs have appeared,

or be tagged using Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID), Near Field Communication (NFC), etc. •The Internet of Locations (Iol):

•Central location accessible via public transport. •Unlimited and reliable wifi. •Open plan, brightly lit, hot-desking/collaborative space with specially designed break out space, meeting rooms,

Sean O†Sullivan Managing director and founder of SOSVENTURES and Carma Joe Cunningham Founder, Aldiscon, APION, Aepona, Accuris, Ammeon, ex CTO, Logica Mobile networks, Aldiscon

With technologies such as WIFI Zigbee, and home area network (HAN) communication systems, smart meters can now act as interfaces for energy management entities, customers,

COMPARISON OF SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES AND PROGRESSES IN EUROPE AND THE U s. 1159 Fig. 5. Characteristics of some wireless communication technologies:

Zigbee and WIFI, which are used already for HAN applications; Wimax, a â€oesuper WIFI, †with a much higher range;

and 3g, LTE/4g, and other mobile telephone communication protocols. V. COMPARATIVE METRICS FOR THE U s. VERSUS EUROPE Making the grid smarter requires considering all aspects of smart grids as part of the decision-making process.

This section compares the practices in the U s. and the EU on several topics for the development of smart grid technologies.

Box 3. The LTE patent pool A good example of a complex patent pool is the LTE (Long-term evolution) pool

LTE has been standardised by 3gpp, and more than 350 companies have participated in the working groups. LTE IPR declarations on the ETSI database are 1, 860 as of January 11th, 2010.

The following graph exemplifies the number of IPR declarations on the LTE project. Figure 16.

Number of IPR declarations in the LTE consortium, as of January 2010 Source: Sisvel, presentation at the 4th meeting of the CEPS Task force, 14 january 2010.

A NEW APPROACH TO INNOVATION POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 75 One important issue for the LTE patent pooling is setting the appropriate Royalty Rate.

Different methods for doing this are the following: •Some players*stated that the maximum royalty acceptable from the market is a single digit%(e g. â¤10%.

using the LTE case as an example. Figure 17. LTE royalty level †different scenarios No patent pool 2 patent pools and outside patent owners 76 STANDARDS AND STANDARDISATION POLICY IN EUROPE 1 patent

pool and outside patent owners Ideal Scenario Source: Sisvel, presentation at the 4th meeting of the CEPS Task force, 14 january 2010.5.2 European standardisation In terms of standardisation policy,

KET Key Enabling Technology KIC Knowledge and Innovation Community LDC Less Developed Country LTE Long-term evolution standard MNC Multinational Corporation NPL Non-Patent

6. 57 million Wireless Subscribers added in May 2007, Telecom Regulatory authority of India, Press release no. 61/2007.

G#2v 7199 Wireless communication G#3v 7200 Bluetooth 0#4#bluetooth Bluetooth G#3v 7201 Cellular network

0#4#cellular network Cellular network 0#4#mobile network Cellular network G#3v 7202 Long-term evolution 0#4#4g long term evolution Long-term evolution

0#4#4g lte Long-term evolution 0#4#long-term evolution Long-term evolution 0#4#lte Long-term evolution G#3v 7203 Radio-frequency identification

0#4#radio frequency identification Radio-frequency identification 0#4#rfid Radio-frequency identification G#3v 7204 Wimax

0#4#wimax Wimax G#3v 7205 Wireless access point 0#4#wireless access point Wireless access point G#3v 7206 Wireless application protocol

0#4#wap Wireless application protocol 0#4#wireless application protocol Wireless application protocol G#3v 7207 Wireless communication 0#4#wifi Wireless communication

0#4#wi-fi Wireless communication 0#4#wireless Wireless communication 0#4#wireless communication Wireless communication 0#4#wireless spectrum Wireless communication

G#1v 7208 Computational linguistics G#2v 7209 Computational linguistics 0#3#computational linguistics Computational linguistics G#2v 7210 Machine translation

0#3#machine translation Machine translation G#1v 7211 Computer G#2v 7212 Computer accessories G#3v 7213 Computer accessory

0#4#computer accessory Computer accessory G#3v 7214 Cooler pad 0#4#cooler pad Cooler pad G#2v 7215 Computer circuit

0#3#computer circuit Computer circuit G#2v 7216 Computer components G#3v 7217 Computer case G#4v 7218 Computer case

0#5#computer case Computer case G#4v 7219 Hard drive 0#5#disk drive Hard drive 0#5#hard disk Hard drive

0#5#hard drive Hard drive G#4v 7220 Mother board 0#5#mother board Mother board 0#5#motherboard Mother board

G#4v 7221 Random-access memory 0#5#ram Random-access memory 0#5#random access memory Random-access memory G#4v 7222 Sound card

0#5#audio card Sound card 0#5#sound card Sound card G#4v 7223 Video card 0#5#catalysts Video card

0#5#graphics card Video card 0#5#video card Video card G#3v 7224 Hardware 0#4#hardware Hardware

G#3v 7225 Input devices G#4v 7226 Image scanner 0#5#image scanner Image scanner G#4v 7227 Input device

0#5#input device Input device 0#5#peripheral Input device G#4v 7228 Keyboard 0#5#keyboard Keyboard

G#4v 7229 Pointing devices G#5v 7230 Graphics tablet 0#6#graphics tablet Graphics tablet G#5v 7231 Joystick

0#6#joystick Joystick G#5v 7232 Light pen 0#6#light pen Light pen G#5v 7233 Mouse

0#6#mouse Mouse G#5v 7234 Pointing device 0#6#pointing device Pointing device G#5v 7235 Pointing stick

0#6#pointing stick Pointing stick G#5v 7236 Touchpad 0#6#touchpad Touchpad G#5v 7237 Touchscreen

0#6#touchscreen Touchscreen G#5v 7238 Trackball 0#6#trackball Trackball G#4v 7239 Refreshable braille display

0#5#braille display Refreshable braille display 0#5#braille reader Refreshable braille display 0#5#braille terminal Refreshable braille display 0#5#refreshable braille display Refreshable braille display

G#4v 7240 Webcam 0#5#webcam Webcam G#3v 7241 Output devices G#4v 7242 Computer speaker

0#5#computer speaker Computer speaker 0#5#multimedia speaker Computer speaker G#4v 7243 Monitor 0#5#computer screen Monitor

RFID readers, both handheld and batch, and automatic laundry sorting devices, washing machines, dryers, laundry folders, etc.

RFID barcodes or transponders on all laundry items and equipment which digitally inter -communicate and are controlled both by automatic programs and the operators.

people alive today for whom Wi-fi access smartphones and tablets are simply a fact of

Wi-fi which will require both investment and effort to install 18 •Organisation-many projects will involve

presence and use of computers and computer networks (wired and wireless) as well as the presence and type of connection to the Internet

mobile networks. In addition, more powerful networks are required to cope with increasing communication between computers and an increasingly automated exchange of data

federated identity, bottom-up wireless and sensor networks, open hardware and distributed social networks can potentially serve collective action

diverse, and combine successfully different wireless and wired (optical) link technolo -gies, fixed and ad hoc routing schemes and management schemes.

network services, open Wifi bottom-up-broadband, distribut ed social networks, p2p infrastructures OPEN NETWORKS 40 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe

video cameras, RFID-tagged objects and other devices that see, hear, move, coordinate and †reason†with each other

The board also contains a Wifi antenna that enables the direct upload of data from the sensors in real time.

5) Now Networked Enterprise and RFID Unit, Directorate General information Society and Media 6) Inspired by work of Thomas Kurz, Salzburg University of Applied sciences

open Wifi, bottom-up-broadband, distribut -ed social networks, p2p infrastructures Tor Confine Guifi. net Smart Santander

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed wireless sensors to monitor physical conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants,

diverse, and combine successfully different wireless and wired (optical) link technologies, fixed and ad hoc routing schemes,

An unlocked Android phone with touch screen, Wifi and GPS that sold for $300 four years ago now costs $30,

a vast universe of network aware sensors, actuators, video cameras, RFID-tagged objects and other devices

networks, sensors integrated in Wi-fi networks and other technologies based on fibre optics to the home (FTTH.

†Super Wifi, Sensor integration into wifi net -works and fibre deployment as commons (both new techniques such as

Wifi, Sensor integration into wifi networks and fibre deployment as commons†(which includes new techniques such as aerial as well as fibre

accessible wireless IEEE 802.11 a b/n technology, using equipment from various manufacturers, with diverse dynamic routing protocols running

Australia, Melbourne Wireless is a quickly growing community network Braem et al. 2013 94 95 Desis Network

measurements in real time by using a Bluetooth and Airprobe app on their smartphone, and also makes it possible for users to access the

-paign to create a mobile wifi connection unit for social movements and public spaces. In addition to raising well beyond its minimum funding

cellular networks. Capacity and spectrum limitations can impact the user experience in very important †and very negative †ways.

3g or 4g and Wi-fi: It enables seam -less handoffs and simultaneous use of multiple networks, providing the

Multi-Hop Wi-fi Offloading of Their Network: Its multi-hop Wi-fi offloading solution crowd sources bandwidth via existing residential

and business Wi-fi connections. Open Garden creates an overlay mesh network using Bluetooth and Wi-fi connections across a range of mobile

devices, from smartphones to tablets to laptops and desktops. Operators can boost their offerings even as they offload traffic from their networks

particularly in urban areas where cellular coverage can be inconsistent What is the social impact it is

Bonding, Bluetooth and Wi-fi Direct, Open Garden†s technology pro -vides an opportunity for carriers to address the shortcomings of cellular

reducing power consumption, enabling Wi-fi offloading, channel bonding and multi-hop connectivity 160 What helps to reach goals and

and connect to a shared Wi-fi to access Coder through Chrome. The whole process, according to the developers, should take just 10 minutes

and a Wi-fi dongle, allowing for the MP4 lectures that make up the core of Khan Academy†s material

and a Wifi antenna that enables the direct upload data from the sensors in real time to the online platform

open Wifi, bottom-up-broadband, distribut -ed social networks, p2p infrastructures Tor Confine Guifi. net Smart Santander

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed wireless sensors to monitor physical conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants,

diverse, and combine successfully different wireless and wired (optical) link technologies, fixed and ad hoc routing schemes,

An unlocked Android phone with touch screen, Wifi and GPS that sold for $300 four years ago now costs $30,

a vast universe of network aware sensors, actuators, video cameras, RFID-tagged objects and other devices

networks, sensors integrated in Wi-fi networks and other technologies based on fibre optics to the home (FTTH.

†Super Wifi, Sensor integration into wifi net -works and fibre deployment as commons (both new techniques such as

Wifi, Sensor integration into wifi networks and fibre deployment as commons†(which includes new techniques such as aerial as well as fibre

accessible wireless IEEE 802.11 a b/n technology, using equipment from various manufacturers, with diverse dynamic routing protocols running

Australia, Melbourne Wireless is a quickly growing community network Braem et al. 2013 94 95 Desis Network

measurements in real time by using a Bluetooth and Airprobe app on their smartphone, and also makes it possible for users to access the

-paign to create a mobile wifi connection unit for social movements and public spaces. In addition to raising well beyond its minimum funding

cellular networks. Capacity and spectrum limitations can impact the user experience in very important †and very negative †ways.

3g or 4g and Wi-fi: It enables seam -less handoffs and simultaneous use of multiple networks, providing the

Multi-Hop Wi-fi Offloading of Their Network: Its multi-hop Wi-fi offloading solution crowd sources bandwidth via existing residential

and business Wi-fi connections. Open Garden creates an overlay mesh network using Bluetooth and Wi-fi connections across a range of mobile

devices, from smartphones to tablets to laptops and desktops. Operators can boost their offerings even as they offload traffic from their networks

particularly in urban areas where cellular coverage can be inconsistent What is the social impact it is

Bonding, Bluetooth and Wi-fi Direct, Open Garden†s technology pro -vides an opportunity for carriers to address the shortcomings of cellular

reducing power consumption, enabling Wi-fi offloading, channel bonding and multi-hop connectivity 160 What helps to reach goals and

and connect to a shared Wi-fi to access Coder through Chrome. The whole process, according to the developers, should take just 10 minutes

and a Wi-fi dongle, allowing for the MP4 lectures that make up the core of Khan Academy†s material

and a Wifi antenna that enables the direct upload data from the sensors in real time to the online platform

Wide area monitoring and protection (WAM & WAP) systems will be applied to manage the congestions in the transmission systems in a way that improves the

restrictions on mobile networks. Additionally more than 36%of users are experiencing restrictions regarding P2p on mobile networks.

Such restrictions affect access to several legal services that use P2p technology and often seem to be

The RSPP aims at a target of 1200 MHZ available spectrum for wireless broadband by 2015 and imposes the obligation on Member States to make available the 800

MHZ band for wireless broadband by 1 january 2013. The 800 MHZ band is crucial for the economic roll out of nationwide wireless broadband services.

The Commission services are closely monitoring the deadlines for making this spectrum available and administrative procedures will be launched where appropriate

Programme, in particular in the area of wireless broadband, the European Commission is developing and pursuing a targeted action plan accelerating the

-out and usage of high speed wireless communication networks and services 4. CONCLUSION Many actions included in the action plan have been completed already, and the

the leading regional company AT4 Wireless In addition to Marco Marchese and Jonathan Potter of the OECD LEED Secretariat, the review

as shown by AT4-Wireless and other innovative firms. Curiously, for a region which has an extensive range of policies and tools to support entrepreneurship,

 Facilitation of wireless broadband in Bagenalstown, Tullow and rural Carlow  Provision of care centres at Tullow, Bagenalstown and Carlow

was ubiquitous high-speed, broadband wireless, such as Wi-fi, and the miniaturized devices courtesy of Moore†s Law to utilize it (Wikipedia, 2013c.

Greek e-toll systems use Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID sensors and tags, in order to automatically detect passages from gateways.

federated identity, bottom-up wireless and sensor networks, open hardware and distributed social networks can potentially serve collective action

diverse, and combine successfully different wireless and wired (optical) link technolo -gies, fixed and ad hoc routing schemes and management schemes.

network services, open Wifi bottom-up-broadband, distribut ed social networks, p2p infrastructures OPEN NETWORKS 40 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe

video cameras, RFID-tagged objects and other devices that see, hear, move, coordinate and †reason†with each other

The board also contains a Wifi antenna that enables the direct upload of data from the sensors in real time.

Wifi for pilots Under the leadership of the German Aerospace Centre (DLR), thirty partners have come together to develop a new

estimates that over 80 percent of new subscribers added to global mobile networks will be in Africa, the Middle

and incidentally highly profitable, mobile network. 28 Recognizing the volatility and uncertainty of income flows among low-income individuals and micro

business investment and innovation †Intel†s low-cost devices and Wimax technology for rural connectivity

Mobile networks. An infodev Report. WASHINGTON DC: The International Bank for reconstruction and development/The World bank 33. Ibid ï¿End Notes

Mobile networks. An infodev Report. WASHINGTON DC: The International Bank for reconstruction and development/The World bank World bank. 2007. Doing Business 2008:

3. 3. 4 Deployment and implications of RFID technology...58 3. 4 Internal Process Integration...

-ment Systems (ITMS) or RFID technology is more widely used in the US. On the other hand in some other areas, European companies

RFID (Radio frequency Identification Device) 7 2 Data Exchange mostly electronically 13 13 WMS (Warehouse Management

7 RFID adoption and implications (several sectors --8 Intellectual property rights for ICT-producing SMES 30.01+02,32. 1-3, 33.2+3

One such technology is radio frequency identification (RFID) which is a growing market but requires further research

In transport and logistics, RFID is expected to contribute to improved efficiency and security, and provide new quality services for

mobility of people and goods. For instance, the railroads, have fortified RFID with even more advanced technologies, including GPS, real-time engine-health monitoring and

RFID-enabled supply chains are beneficial in the following ways reduce inventory levels due to increased confidence in on-hand, in-transit, and

firms may appeal to bar-coding or to RFID. The bar-coding and RFID are identification

technologies that facilitate logistics information collection and exchange As regards data communications technologies, firms may appeal to the electronic data

frequency identification (RFID), transportation management systems, pick-to-light technology, and voice-activated receiving and packaging

However, the deployment of the Wireless LAN technology only reach 22%of the sector companies, although it is used already by about a half of the large-sized firms, and even

based on Global Navigation Satellite systems and Cellular networks (GNSS/CN"."The standard will provide the main technical requirement for the achievement of

3. 3. 4 Deployment and implications of RFID technology Factors determining the use of RFID in the TLS industry

The current business environment requires that companies cut inventory and operational costs, and optimise supply chain management (SCM.

the use of RFID. In transport and logistics, RFID is expected to contribute to improved efficiency and security,

and provide new quality services for mobility of people and goods Using RFID, companies can track

and monitor goods without scanning them using bar code scanners. Thus, RFID Technology and Systems RFID can be viewed as a

competitor to the barcode, or a more advanced technology than the barcode. This technology streamlines warehouse management systems,

As the use of RFID touches a wide range of policy issues, including spectrum policy

possible concerns raised by the deployment of RFID technology and its applications. 91 In practice, although the technology is not new,

It is an enormous step to move from the present market to one where RFID is

RFID deployment could strengthen the role of ICT in driving innovation and promoting economic growth. In the transport industry, RFID systems have the inherent capacity to

assist in vehicle identification, tracking and tracing and thereby enhance both economic efficiency and security.

RFID systems are playing a role in increasing load factors and hence reducing empty running.

In logistics applications, RFID enables service providers and forwarders to better track and trace consignments on the different legs of transport processes.

transport units and vehicles with RFID technology, the asset management of these transport operators can be improved

Using RFID technologies for ticketing in public transport will not only lower transaction handling costs and reduce fare dodging,

2004) RFID Logistics Case studies-Thirty detailed RFID logistics case studies E-business in the transport & logistics industry

trends and forecasts indicate that the RFID market will grow fast in the next 10 years

Although RFID technology was tested proven and in the past 3 years under a huge variety of operational conditions, environments and applications, enterprises that commit

to the RFID journey are and will still be facing some challenges that need to be overcome

Results from the present Sebw survey show a very limited use of RFID technologies yet

the freight transport companies said they used RFID. The highest percent of those firms 77%)said that they use RFID technologies to manage goods, products and services in

-house. Only large firms show the higher adoption of RFID technologies (24 %Exhibit 3. 3-5:%

%of companies using RFID †by sub-sector 12 12 14 13 0 10 20 30 40 50

T&l-total (EU-7 Passenger trans Freight transport Logistics Data are weighted by employment (read:""firms

RFID application areas(%of RFID users applying it for a given purpose 82 36 29

77 0 20 40 60 80 10 0 to support the order of goods to manage products

In%of firms (out of those using RFID Base: companies using RFID Source: Sectoral E-business Watch (Survey 2007

Nevertheless, if the typical innovation life-cycle applies to RFID technology, a possible scenario for the TLS industry is that the technology will be adopted by medium-sized and

smaller companies once it has proven successful in larger firms, and when the technology has matured

93 Towards an RFIC Policy for Europe (2007), RFID in Transport and Logistics, RFID Consultation

potentially RFID to efficiently monitor the flow of products. Once data has been collected there is either batch synchronisation with,

or a real-time wireless transmission to a central database. The database can then provide useful reports about the status of goods in the

RFID. There†s a very limited use of RFID technologies yet. Only 2%of firms (23

from a total of 1097 surveyed firms) have declared that they do use this technology, mainly large-sized firms

Centralised information system, RFID 5. 1. 1 Background and objectives The goal of this case study is to demonstrate an example of the adoption and usage of e

This system consists of the implementation of RFID chips in the fuel tank area of the buses that to control the fuel consumption of the bus and opt to a professional

systems and Wifi implementation onboard the buses for data transfers in the garages However the main e-business priority is the accomplishment and finalisation of the

The Telemat system of RFID chip for fuel subsidy has very positive impacts in the cost

loaded automatically into the system onboard the vehicle via a Wifi system in the garage

Supra class coach) have implemented also free Wifi Internet connection service for the clients E-business in the transport & logistics industry

-ment in real-time, intelligent sensors the onboard vehicles, Wifi bus communication systems or digital tachographs) have a double positive impact for the company, as they

An RFID solution would not have been a possible choice for Hupac. For an RFID solution the infrastructure must be put in place at the terminals to read the codes.

Since Hupac only owns 40%of the terminals that it uses, the coverage of the solution would not

either through location positioning systems or through RFID technologies. Saima will investigate those solutions in the future

and an SMS and WAP travel planner service The objective of the real-time information project is to provide travellers with the accurate

dialogue-oriented user menu on a WAP-compatible mobile phone (Wireless Application Protocol Another important benefit results from the traffic signal priority system allowing to improve

There is still only a very limited use of RFID technologies in the TLS industry. Only 2

Radio frequency identification (RFID) in Europe: steps towards a policy framework; E-business Watch 2007 study on RFID adoption and

implications; EPCGLOBAL: industry-driven standards for the Electronic Product Code EPC) to support the use of RFID

E-business in the transport & logistics industry 189 e-Skills for Europe: Towards 2010 and Beyond (2004;

Towards an RFID Policy for Europe (2007), RFID in Transport and Logistics, RFID Consultation; COM (2007) 96 final:

Radio frequency identification (RFID) in Europe: steps towards a policy framework. Realising the potential of RFID technology, this report addressed a number of interrelated issues pertaining to

security and privacy, governance, radio spectrum and standards and called for an RFID Stakeholder Group to provide an open platform allowing a dialogue between

consumer organisations, market actors, and national and European authorities Those studies, reports and working groups, have developed a great number of policy

Radio frequency identification (RFID) in Europe: steps towards a policy framework Commonwealth of australia (2001. From Sheep†s Back to Cyberspace:

2004) RFID Logistics Case studies-Thirty detailed RFID logistics case studies IM@GINE IT. Web site: www. imagineit-eu. com

Towards an RFIC Policy for Europe (2007), RFID in Transport and Logistics, RFID Consultation Web site

Towards an RFIC Policy for Europe,(2007) From RFID to the Internet of things http://www. rfidconsultation. eu/workshops/from-rfid-to-the-internet-of-things-march-6-and

-7/introduction Trafikanten, http://www. trafikanten. no Trans Link Systems http://www. translink. nl /Transport Research Knowledge Centre website of the European commission

3 RFID adoption  Manufacturing sectors  Retail  Transport services  Hospitals 434 4 Intellectual Property rights in ICT SMES

4. 9 RFID and Bar-coding...15 4. 10 Business intelligence...15 5. Examples of Best Practice...

4. 9 RFID and Bar-coding Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that allows traceable chips, called

RFID tags, carrying a set of predetermined information to be embedded in objects. RFID readers can pick up radio signals

which provide particular information related to the carrier such as identification number, name, and medication requirements These technologies can be used in a number of ways in a medical setting.

For example Patients can be provided with identification wristbands carrying an RFID tag or a barcode that will be used throughout the patient†s stay in hospital.

The tag or barcode would allow caregivers to positively identify and match patients to their care †for

Bar-coding/RFID can also be used for inventory management and equipment tracking which allows for improved utilisation of

Reducing inpatient Mistaken Identity Medication Errors through RFID and Barcoding for Medication Administration Over 200 inpatient mistaken identity errors could be avoided in the UK and another 200

in The netherlands every year through the use of RFID and Barcoding for medication administration in hospitals.

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