geographical information systems (GIS), wireless sensor networks, data mediation software, and short message service (SMS). At the same time, the expansion of telecommunication networks into rural areas
software. BPO is a diverse category that contains activities related to the management of enterprise resources (ERM
Many young computer programmers are finding jobs working directly for software development firms. In addition there are opportunities for developers with entrepreneurial ambitions to start their own apps
This includes a need for people with skills to develop accessible software and websites for people with disabilities
•Media and software companies that engage in app development for consumer use under their
technical skills who can develop accessible software, websites, and other ICTS. Currently, however, there is a vast shortage of people with these skills.
writing software or developing and manufacturing environmentally efficient semiconductors and other products for instance. Other green
and software components. †116 Basic computer skills include (sample •turning a computer on and off
•installing software and hardware Advanced computer skills (sample •programming •using advanced features of productivity programmes
Skills examples Is able to use the collaborative features of software packages and web-based collaborative services (e g. track changes, comments on
•software updates •data security and management 6. 2 Mentoring and networking ICT entrepreneurs identify their greatest needs as start-up capital and opportunities to network with
major software companies, many in conjunction with development agencies. Some of these resources are available entirely online,
6 000 stipends to post-secondary developers for writing code for open source software projects. This event is held annually in various parts of the world.
mentor/s and given exposure to real-world software development scenarios and the opportunity for employment
lack of software and technical support; absence of reliable electrical supply inadequate student-computer ratios; ICT learning restricted to studying basic computer literacy and not
Coding Writing instructions for a computer program Connectivism A network-based pedagogy that informs the work of MOOCS, OCW and other
and produce software projects, apps, and other solutions Hacker/maker space Community-operated workspace where people with common interests meet and
A methodology for the socioeconomic impact assessment of Software-as-a -Service and Internet of Services research projects, Research Evaluation, 2014 23: 133-149
FLOSS Manuals creates free documentation about free software. It is an online community of some 4-5 thousand volunteers creating manuals in over 30 languages
example of such reflections has been Free and Open source Software, which has been in -vestigated from many theoretical viewpoints, from transaction costs (the theory that explains
larger groups of people with a high-level of knowledge of specific topics, e g. software development capabilities, social innovation concepts, etc.
Crabgrass https://we. riseup. net Crabgrass is a software libre web application designed for group
software, powering internet platforms for proposition development and decision making 27. Loomio https://www. loomio. org/?
software for anyone, anywhere, to participate in decisions 28. Mailpile https://www. mailpile. is Free and open-source web mail client with user
runs, the Slashdot-Like Automated Storytelling Homepage software 43. Status. Net http://status. net Free and open-source social software
44. Succeed Together http://www. succeedtogether. eu/en A company that is creating a semantic engine
platform leveraging from the free software implementations of Bitcoin and Bittorrent protocols 47. Ushahidi http://ushahidi. com Nonprofit tech company that specialises in
developing free and open-source software for information collection, visualisation and interactive mapping 48. Utopia http://www. utopia. de German community platform to discuss sustainable
wiki=Accueil Yeswiki is a software application made for creating and managing your website, in a collaborative way
Yeswiki is written Free Software in PHP language under the GPL licence, used for creating and managing an internet or intranet website
Currie, M.,Kelty, C. & Murillo, L. F. R (2013)' Free Software trajectories: From Organized
The Cultural Significance of Free Software. Duke university Press Kirk, D.,Douglas, A.,Brennan, C. & Ingram, A. 2002)' Combining Cognitive Maps and Soft
open hardware, open source software open knowledge, data storage and ana -lytics and are producing valuable data
patents, open standards and free software together with the multi-stakeholder governance model Avoiding anti-competitive dynamics and lock in
-trol †machines), free CAD/CAM software, like Blender, 123d or Sketchup, and open source designs are now giving innovators better access to the enabling
open source software and open data. Projects and areas of work like Safecast or open source Geiger, the Smart Citizen Kit and open wearables are showing interesting
/CAM software and open source designs are now giving innovators better access to tools, products skills and capabilities they need to
-base, create visualisations using the Openspending software and to use the Openspending API. Although the Openspending
source software for the collection, visualisation and interactive mapping of information. The primary purpose of Crisisnet is
open data, free and open software and open hardware Github, the collaborative service for open software developers, is revolutionising
software foundation Wayra Unltd The Accelerator Healthbox London Clearlyso Angels Bethnal Green Ventures Tor Open
-sor which can be programmed with open-source software tools by the user. The idea is that anyone should be able to turn
software foundation Wayra Unltd Bethnal Green Ventures Tor Guifi. net Confine Smart Santander Makerfaire The different methods by which these organisations are supporting DSI
software patents Banning software patents and defending Network Neutrality will keep bottom-up innovation feasible and affordable
Software packages that are patented can be expensive and less accessible to potential individual innovators. Also the
Internet needs to continue to be a neutral space where creativity can continue to flourish
They combine investments in new hardware and software with experi -ments to discover better ways of delivering healthcare or reducing carbon emissions
open source software) can be obtained at a lower cost with a better quality from reliable suppliers, and that open standards and interoperability are implemented.
source software should be easy to acquire from government at all levels Open source procurement As an example, in 2004, the UK government launched
funding and all public-funded software should use open standards. For a definition of open standards, see Openstand Principles48
and Makerspaces with free software and open hardware training, or by the Open Data Institute (ODI) and Open Knowledge
analytics software to test demand Fi na n -ci al V al ue There has to be a market for
In the Social Innovation Camp, an inter disciplinary group brings together software designers and experts in social issues.
y proposing new promising models of participatory innovation based on open software and open hardware y achieving a better understanding of the techno-social issues related to key aspects
in terms of software but also hardware, such as Arduino or Raspberry Pi innovations considered to be low-cost state-of-the-art platform technology components.
For example, bringing together diagnostic computer programmes, call centres and nurses to provide new kinds of healthcare;
including software, gaming and music. Other landmark projects that gave people a licence to be creative in other fields include:
vendor relationship-management software tools to put citizens in control of the personal data held by big firms and public agencies.
82) Fast prototyping emerged first in the software field, the idea being that faster implementation would speed up learning.
specification, and trains suppliers in the use of the software of the bidding process. The auction takes from two hours to a few days, with
and open-source software such as the Linux operating system, the Mozilla Firefox browser, and the Apache web server.
and improve the software. Peer-to-peer platforms can be characterised by decentralisation, self-selected participation self-allocated tasks, community based moderation, and diversity of
business assets, such as Salesforce†s provision of software to nonprofit organisations, or TNT€ s distribution of food to disaster areas
translation software on its Meedan website of Arabic blogs, or Dialogue Cafã and the Social Innovation Exchange (SIX) using Telepresence
of open-source software, or web-based social networking around specific issues (there are reportedly 18 million cancer related websites, the great
-source software, they are also creating new terms and conditions for the use of information and products.
1) the open hardware and free software communities,(2) the community of developers,(3) innovation
the open hardware and free software communities,(2) the community of developers,(3) innovation labs,(4
The open hardware and free software communities The open source community is a broad-reaching community of individuals who share an open source
Although in the beginning of the movement, a difference between hardware and software did not exist nowadays, we distinguish between the open source software community and the open source hardware
community. The individuals who participate in the former support the use of open source licenses that
make software available for anybody to use or modify as its source code is made available. The open source
software community is formed by programmers who support the open source philosophy and that contribute to the community by voluntary writing and exchanging programming code for software development.
There are several examples of software that have been developed under an open source philosophy. Some of them
are Mozilla, Apache, Openoffice. org, or PHP The open source hardware community is formed by individuals that design hardware (that is, tangible
platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software, which is intended for artists, designers hobbyists and anyone interested in creating interacting objects or environments
-ware and software Open source activ -ists Firms supporting open source activists Communities Open source plat -forms Peer governance High entry barriers (technological
The open source hardware and software communities Within this wider community, two movements can be identified: the open source software community and
the open source hardware community. In both cases, the focal actors are the activists: either they support the
use of open source licenses that make software available for anybody to use or modify as its source code is
made available (open source software activists) or they support the open source philosophy and contribute to the community by voluntary writing and exchanging programming code for software development (the open
source hardware activists Firms, organisations, and not-for-profit communities supporting open source activists are considered enablers
Among some of its guiding ideas, the P2p Foundation supports the principles developed by the free software
Github44 a web-based hosting service for software development projects that use Git, an open source version
although the author particularly refers to open source software communities. The shared ownership of open source projects allows anyone to fork a project at any time.
anyone can be part of an open source hardware or an open source software community but in order to be engaged actively,
tech (software/Internet), biotech, clean tech, natural foods, and lifestyles of health and sustainability. Feld (2012) states that these clusters can be considered as networks for their members do not
and software Government contracts and procurement Creating fast growing plat -forms (companies Reducing costs (companies
The open source hardware and software communities In terms of instruments, usually, open source products are free. However, related-services might not be
For example, open source software and its supporting code are generally free of cost to download, use and
While R offers no cost access to its software and source code Revolution R Enterprise92, a proprietary spin-off, markets a faster version of R. The company can process very
source software. In January 2011, the Australian Government released an open source software policy and guidance documentation for Australian government agencies to inform their use, modification and
development of open source software. In April 2012, the United kingdom released the second version of the
document â€oeopen source software options for governmentâ€. In December 2013, the Italian government issued final rules implementing a change to procurement law that now requires all public administrations in the
country to first consider reused or free software before committing to proprietary licenses Open source hardware is not that popular among governments although there a few interesting examples.
We have referred already to the Flok Society in Ecuador93. Working with an academic partner, the Government of
distributed 3, 000 open hardware kits (the Civic Information Starter Kits), open hardware and software packages
on open source to limit the power of large companies, particularly software companies, and because individuals think software
and hardware should not be proprietary goods), community identification (for open source development communities are not communities only in a technical sense of the word but also in terms
Avenali et al (2010), in their study on open software and hardware innovation platforms, point to economic incentives (that may result in a increase of profit),
In the field of software, public services, organisations and territorial administrations collectively represent a major software user with great impact on the software market:
when an agency adopts open software, it also forces its contractors to adopt the government†s platform of choice so
they are eligible to work for them The community of developers The community of developers (mainly apps developers) and entrepreneurs have several instruments that are
digital social innovation is enabled often by open data, free software, and open hardware platforms. In many
Net Neutrality and banning software patents Banning software patents and continue to campaign for the internet to remain a neutral space
Keep bottom-up innovation feasible and affor -dable. Software packages that are patented can be expensive making them less accessible and
not affordable to potential individual innovators Also the internet needs to continue to be a neutral
innovators are innovating with cheap open hardware, open source software, open knowledge, open data and analytics faster,
when developers take a copy ofâ source codeâ from oneâ software packageâ and start independent development on it, creating a distinct piece of software (Wikipedia
47. http://www. barcelonastartupfestival. com /48. http://startupfestival. com/home /67 49. http://inspiration. entrepreneur. com
diagnostic software; magazines sold by homeless people; the linkage of gay rights to marriage; applying the idea of rights to animals;
in sectors such as microchips, software, cars, and retailing. Yet in most social fields, monopolistic governments sit alongside small units that are usually too
software Help car owners earn extra money by renting their unused cars out to strangers Capture new
-sized enterprises (SMES) in several regions of Europe in the adoption of state-of-the-art business modelling, software
software industry and socioeconomic stakeholders, we hope this simpliï ed map will help the readers keep their
the technical infrastructure, based on a P2p distributed software technology that transports ï nds, and connects services
and processed (by computer software and/or humans), e g. software applications, services, knowledge, taxonomies folksonomies, ontologies, descriptions of skills, reputation and trust relationships, training modules, contractual
model between biological behaviour and the behaviour of the software, based on theoretical computer science implications and leading to an evolutionary, self-organising,
descriptions, digital contracts, software services, ontologies, dynamic semantic networks and taxonomies, folksonomies, tag clouds Evolutionary Environment
order to understand how we could succeed in developing practical software technologies that reï ect the social and
combining an open source shared middleware infrastructure with software services, models and information that compete on the revenue models
become better able to see ourselves through the eyes of others, reaching surprising conclusions such as, †Software
by computer software and/or humans; potentially any description of the economic and social actors, their capacities, skills and the
the (references to the) formalised knowledge and the software services where there is a greater probability of their use
the business models and interactions and of their formalisation into software services on their socioeconomic and
infrastructure and middleware, the software services and applications, all the attendant web technologies, and all the software development, requirements capture,
and business modelling tools up to the boundary with natural language. Clearly, the closer one approaches natural language, the easier it is to see the relevance of an
automating the generation of the software to interface to the underlying mediating technology through appropriate transformations
programmers will want to work on software projects that will attract a large number of other programmersâ€. Lerner, 2006
26) The third reason is simply the very large amount of empirical data on open source communities and software production, which
latest software and web technologies, with social systems and social processes, and with the construction of a shared
29) â€oethose who have been waiting for a new and economically viable freestanding business model for free and open source software
Software Technology Model Community Language Organisational Structure P2p Open Source Mediationpower Open Governance & Institutional Innovation
â€oeopen Source Software: Free Provision of Complex Public Goodsâ€, SSRN-id588763. http://citeseer ist. psu. edu/bessen02open. html, last accessed ï oe/7/07
and Open-source Software Mode of Productionâ€, in How Open is the Future? M Wynants and J Cornelis Eds
Towards a Critique of the Political economy of Free/Open source Software and Peer-to-peer File sharing Networksâ€, Cornell University
â€oeepistemic Communities, Situated Learning and Open source Software Developmentâ€, Working Paper, Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, Technical University of Denmark
infrastructure for the open Internet constituted by open standards, open data, free and open software, and
open source software Crowd-Mapping DSI organisations and their activities: The types of organisations working on DSI in Eu
knowledge, contents, software, and data, such as enhancing public domain and making digital contents and information more accessible and reusable by all citizens
-ing tools (3d printers, CNC machines), free CAD/CAM software like Blender, 123d or Sketchup and open
are emerging at the intersection between open hardware, DIY culture, open source software and open data
software, and open hardware. Finally, Github †the collaborative service for open software developers †is
collaborative service for open software writers Academia and research institutions Universities and other research-driven organisations such as think thanks,
microprocessor, which can be programmed with simple, open-source software tools by the user. The idea is
Activity is embedded then in software and interpreted by algorithms through highly normative processes This smart infrastructure is also increasingly â€oegetting to know people†by aggregating personal and social
-grammed with simple, open-source software tools by the user. The idea is that anyone should be able to turn an Arduino into a simple electronic
The software consists of a standard pro -gramming language compiler and a boot loader that executes on the
-no†s hard and software. This is very likely the result of Arduino†s clear organisational focus on collaboration and sharing amongst its communi
or they can communicate with software running on a computer (e g Flash, Processing, Maxmsp 59
software can be downloaded for free. The hardware reference designs CAD files) are available under an open-source license,
Arduino software is also open-source. The source code for the Java environment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ micro
-alded a paradigm shift from open-source software alone to open-source hardware. Correspondingly, Arduino†s low economic threshold has
and software for the Arduino board. Arduino design plans can thus be downloaded and man -ufactured by anyone;
Open source Software †Not only the Arduino hardware is open; the Ar -duino software is also open-source.
The source code for the Java environ -ment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ micro controller libraries
Type of Organisation The Your Priorities software is open source and the product of the Icelan
software that powers Your Priorities. As well as being made available on Github so that like-minded civic hackers can contribute to and improve
development and maintenance of the Your Priority software Social Enterprise services: Cities, countries and groups can also pay to
has been simplified in every generation of the software to enable more people to participate more easily
For each of those domains, an open software API is developed in one of the participating cities or regions,
Open source Software, which enables the uptake and extension of the software by the development community forgoing stifling discussions on
IP and closed development silos Open Data, as it builds software to publish Linked Open Data in stand
-ardised formats that enables app developers to make royalty-free appli -cations that scale Open API€ s, that provide a nonproprietary way for data-owners to pub
Agile Software Development, by way of SCRUM tools and methodologies Next to these, standards are used like GTFS (General Transit Feed Speci
aspect of software coding, the culture of developers who simply favour building applications from scratch sometimes persists
the Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network (CKAN) 23 software This central catalog points to open data available from the different
platform is to develop an integrated hard and software platform which enables citizens to effortlessly capture information related to their
The free or low cost access to open source hard and software means that Fablab communities both benefit from and contribute to the value
plans for the phone itself and the software, although there is some way to go on this
for open source software writers in various locations to rapidly create new and better versions of their work collaboratively.
websites and software solutions. As a project is developed Github stores and manages revisions to projects.
platform for free as a place to build open-source software, or if they opt not to host their code in this way†favouring instead more proprietary
developed for software code, any types of files can be part of a Github repository, and any text-based files (including plain text, Markdown
system of record for software, it is natural that the rest of the software development ecosystem (bug trackers, project management, continu
better quality software Github has remodelled how programmers engage with Source code Management (SCM) †a fundamental tool for programmers, that
software code, this same logic can be applied to any types of files that make up the Github repository,
what was closed in the past a, asocial aspect of software coding. By mak -ing its coding repository far more transparent, potential contributors are
usable software before they too can get involved, etc What were the main barriers to innovate?
software program has specified a set of behavior), but senior develop -ers often assume the opposite.
hard and software standards developed by and for the open source community, such as creative commons to set the standard for how cam
open hard and software solutions to develop their products. The Nodo MÃ vil project campaign is built,
Short description Liquid feedback is free open source software which enables platforms for bottom-up political opinion formation and decision making
Developed by the Public Software Group based in Berlin, Germany, the platform combines aspects ofâ representativeâ and direct democracy en
Type of organisation The Public Software Group who developed the Liquid Feedback software is a not-for-profit organisation based in Berlin, Germany
History and mission The Liquid Feedback software was published first in October 2009 by Public Software Group.
The software was used first by Germany†sâ Pirate Party that same year, and has, amongst others,
since also been used by the Five Star Movementâ in Italy. However the developers are fully inde
-pendent from the users of the software. The Liquid Feedback software is published under an open MIT license
and free for anyone or any organi -sation to download and use 130 At the core of Liquid Feedback sit an ambition to create a platform that
The basic activity of Public Software is to make the Liquid Feedback soft -ware freely available to organisations interested in using the platform
it affects the software, which adds a reason to enhance and improve the overall performance of the software to take advantage of the new
feature Low cost access open hardware gives grassroots audience the ability to turn their ideas into products or services,
Providing consultancy, bespoke software development and software products to organisations keen to meet the expectations of digital na
Developing free and open source software for individuals and organisa -tions around the world who want to build copies of the sites mysociety
Some of the most prominent websites and software solutions developed by mysociety are listed below Fixmystreet-Fixmystreet Platform is built open-source software to
help people run websites for reporting common street problems, like potholes and broken street lights. It has been used in many countries
The software created for this purpose is called Pombola. It†s free, open source and available for use anywhere in the world.
-tal NGO is that presently software development is globally a relatively lucrative profession. This means that for organisations like mysociety, it
solicit commercial requests to do software development or consulting In order to keep this activity within the bounds of UK charities law
software company that can solve problems that more traditional web companies can†t. †mysociety Ltd.
-puter software technique of extracting information from websites. The site also has a Google Refine reconciliation function that matches legal
Web and Software Development: Through developing software OKF are trying to create tools that support a global open knowledge and open
data community One of the most prominent of these is the Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network (CKAN), one of the world†s leading free open source
In addition to building software tools for open data the OKFN also seeks to build the open data skills
The open source software is used by more than 70 organisations from Berlin to Nigeria globally to release their data in to
Through creating software that can be used to enhance the use of open knowledge, it supports organisations on furthering their work on, for
mostly web and software development related. Naturally most of its projects rely heavily on open data, open data and open source standards
had the effect of reducing the pipeline of potential computer program -mers 186 â€oethe Maker Movement is,
software programmes), meaning that from the point of startup users are encouraged to begin tinkering
-tion of young people to become more engaged with computer program -ming (and Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics education
network was the lack of good and open hard and software solutions for citizens to contribute to the mapping of radiation levels in Japan follow
open source community is providing the hard and software behind Safecast, the engine behind the success of the project is the large group
and developing open hardware and software Safecast describes itself as not being anti nuclear, or pro nuclear †but
on and with several open source hard and software solutions. Open hardware such as Arduino forms part of the actual build of the Geiger
relies on a range of open hard and software tools Open Hardware: The Smart Citizen Kit itself is built on the Arduino open
The software †the Tor browser bundle †can be downloaded and used to take advantage of that technol
It also enables software developers to create new communication tools with built-in privacy fea -tures.
The Tor software itself is open source and free for anyone to download and use Enhancing collaboration and
and open source software for the collection, visualisation and interactive mapping of information. Some of its product offerings such as Crowdm
work to software development. It has built also a strong team of volun -teer developers primarily in Africa,
software that can be used to distribute and collect information via text messages The case of the Ushahidi Project Haiti offers an interesting illustration of
Short description The Citizen Science Alliance is a collaboration of scientists, software developers and educators, who collectively develop,
The CSA is a collaboration of scientists, software developers and educators primarily coming from universities and public
led them to design our software in a particular wayâ€) †the decision to move to an entirely open source paradigm was made
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