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| Mainframe computer (8) | |
| Personal computer (287) | |
| Portable personal computers (221) | |
| Supercomputer (17) | |
| Tablet computer (125) | |
| Workstation (7) | |
| Computer (982) | |
| Desktop computer (31) | |
| Home computer (3) | |
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| Personal computer (287) | |
| Portable personal computers (221) | |
| Supercomputer (17) | |
| Tablet computer (125) | |
| Workstation (7) | |
The invention of the computer and the quick development of computer science has had a very significant impact on our lives. 1. 2. Computer science, the Internet and mass media Computers
Computers in all forms are everywhere and it is often difficult to imagine life without them.
The smartphones have became powerful computers in our pocket/hands. The Internet has opened the highway to the world of information
a French computer company founded in 1931, applies CSR and sustainable development principles and makes efforts for innovating in computer
and software design and reducing the environmental impact of data centers. 12 The Innovation Biosphere The main challenge for IT companies is eco-efficient IT with economical use of raw materials, low energy consumption and an emphasis on recyclability.
The continuous improvement of electronic equipment, such as computers, mobile phones, TV, in-car electronics, cameras and game consoles, led to reduce the power consumption
and plays a leading role in reusing of components such as computers or telephone equipment that are not yet at the end of their lifecycle. 5 http://www. cancer. gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/cellphones.
Computer access control by logins and passwords will be replaced by biometric recognition system. Three-dimensional (3d printers, invented in the 1980s, are able to print a 3d object of almost any shape from a 3d model or other electronic data source primarily through an additive process in
which successive layers of material are laid down under computer control. 3d printers, which may be considered as industrial robots,
If Douglas Engelbart, the inventor of the computer mouse could be paid per clicks, he would have been immensely rich3.
and computers may play in the whole process, and especially in evaluation of five-dimensional (5d) impacts and preservation of innovation biosphere.
computers and robots and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, ecosphere and sociosphere;
In this frame of mind, Allen Newell NEW 82 has proposed a new way of modeling knowledge to make it â€oecomprehensible†by computers:
Elements of knowledge are found in electronic and paper documents, on the Web, in different computers and other mobile devices, in Clouds, in design, decision and diagnostics support systems as well.
intelligently assisted by computers in all its forms MER 11. Suitable organization and management of knowledge flow generated by innovation activities remains a sine qua non condition of the success. The efficiency of the innovation process depends on how all this knowledge
Endowed with the right technology, such a flow has the potential to create collaborative human†computer alliances using the best capacity of both.
Computers, which are programmed to use the â€oeknowledge approach†can play various roles in the innovation process:
computers can â€oethinkâ€, solve problems, become experts and accumulate a collective experience, under the condition that we transfer to them the relative knowledge and the necessary reasoning and learning techniques.
cheaper workers finder Practitioner of the e-co-innovation culture Financial Estimation of ROI (return on investment) Measuring the capacity to innovate and the of tangible and intangible benefits and values Computer user Planning,
Washing machines, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, computers, smartphones and many others were accepted immediately. While three-dimensional (3d printer is extremely useful for prototyping, quickly providing spare parts,
According to Ford, computers and machines are increasingly taking on intellectual tasks and, in the long run, all high-end,
TOK 10 The way of thinking, methodology and working environment established at Sony CSL optimizes the efficient and effective use of computers by scientists in their efforts to understand the past,
Computer vision, medical imaging and machine learning deal with high-dimensional, noisy and heterogeneous datasets that are inherently non-Euclidean.
Human†computer integration teams explore the technology able to expand the capacities of mankind that leads to â€oehuman augmentationâ€.
and improve human†computer interaction and gaming. Such systems are resilient to noise perceptual deviation, ambiguity and unorthodox language use.
Sony Corporation, Sony Computer Entertainment and other Sony group companies as well as some external companies) and commercialized.
and computer sides converge for codesigning e-services with ICT on a Creativity Platform and therefore enhance the sharing of live subjective interpretations with Semiotic Web,
181 business model, 107 innovation, 62,126, 155 intelligence, 64,72, 113 watch, 79 computer science, 7†11,21, 26,69, 132 computers, 7, 13,15, 16,52
and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
Journal of Computer Information systems, 53 (3), 1†13. vom Brocke, J, . & Rosemann, M. Eds.).
In the past, the concept was referred to as Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) and even though the original idea was innovative,
Computers in Industry, 53 (3), 321†343. doi: 10.1016/j. compind. 2003.10.007. Haeckel, S. H. 2013.
or a traditional computer, allow anyone to participate from anywhere: employees from home or remote corporate offices,
Since cloud applications typically do not require licensing and installation on the user†s computer or mobile device,
computers, mobile phones, vehicles, industrial equipment, sensors, security systems, building automation systems, and even social networks such as Twitter.
Pentagon blocks 13 web sites from military computers. New york times. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2007/05/15/washington/15block. html Ghidini, C.,Rospocher, M,
Journal of Computer Information systems, 54 (2), 35†43. Moore, C. 1999. Best practices: Eureka! Xerox discovers way to grow community knowledge.
J. Ohlsson(*)•S. Han Department of Computer and Systems sciences, Stockholm University, Borgarfjordsgatan 12,16407 Kista, Sweden e-mail:
when computers became abundantly available, we now see the birth of data science as a new discipline driven by the torrents of data available in our increasingly digitalized world. 1 The demand for data scientists is rapidly increasing.
IEEE Computer Society WASHINGTON DC, USA. Adriansyah, A.,Dongen, B, . & Aalst, W. van der (2011b). Towards robust conformance checking.
IEEE Computer Society WASHINGTON DC, USA. Agrawal, R.,Gunopulos, D, . & Leymann, F. 1998). Mining process models from workflow logs.
Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering, 10 (2), 151†162. Werf, J.,Dongen, B. van, Hurkens, C,
Computers in Industry, 63 (2), 148†167. Becker, J, . & Meise, V. 2011). Strategy and organizational Frame in J. Becker, M. Kugeler,
Computer and intractability: A guide to the theory of NP-completeness. San francisco, CA: Freeman. Gottschalk, F.,van der Aalst, W. M. P,
which could be anything that can be stored as a file on a computer (MS OFFICE documents, pictures, videos, BPMN diagrams, etc.).
Computers in Industry, 63 (2), 91†97. Fellbaum, C. 1998. Wordnet: An electronic lexical database. Cambridge, MA:
Computers in Industry, 62 (5), 467†486. Weidlich, M.,Dijkman, R, . & Mendling, J. 2010).
Understanding computers and cognition: A new foundation for design. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. (Air) port Innovations as Ecosystem Innovations 213 Leveraging Innovation Based on Effective Process Map Design:
but that can also be interpreted by a computer to extract useful information from it. To clearly express the elements that make up a strategy
Similarly, the computer company Dell has a community for crowdsourcing ideas called Ideastorm (http://www. ideastorm. 262 A. Van Looy com/).
and the third maintains flight computers. In this example, each workshop would run a product-specific process instance of the process
Dr. Lima is a member of the ACM and the Brazilian Computer Society. Mikael Lind Viktoria Swedish ICT and Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden Associate professor Mikael Lind is with the Viktoria Swedish ICT and Chalmers University of Technology.
Jens Ohlsson Stockholm University, Sweden Jens Ohlsson received the MSC in Computer and Systems sciences, Stockholm University, 1999.
Since 2011, he also holds a position at the Department of Computer and System Sciences
and Figure 4. The most frequently used form of IT mentioned by Romanian SMES is the utilisation of the computer,
/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011 Computers 81.90%82.08%82.51%82.25%83.26%81.55%77.09%Internet 64.16%70.14%66.64%72.93%81.44%78.59
lack of top management vision, lack of computer expertise, poor planning, inability to identify the strategic benefit of using IT, etc.
New technologies such as computer-numerically-controlled production tools have made it possible for small firms in many industries to produce small batches as efficiently as large firms once produced large batches.
healthcare, computers, software, communications, banking, insurance and consumer packaged goods. Although it is circumstantial evidence, the †buzz†surrounding open innovation also provides an indication of its increasing importance.
and computer engineers called Bellkor's Pragmatic Chaos. The group developed software that is at least 10%more accurate than Netflix's current software (Cinematch) at predicting which movies customers will like based on their past preferences.
In contrast, the creation of a new drug, a new kind of airplane or a faster computer chip would
If its managers install a new computer-aided manufacturing system and raise the plant†s produc-tivity (the growth effect),
especially given that most schools have significant numbers of (often under-used) internet-connected computers already in place.
Every week, roughly 5, 000 kids develop their computer skills in 100 Coderdojos throughout Ireland. Ideally we would hope to increase this by at least a factor of 10 in the coming years.
and then decided to upskill by taking on a degree course in computer networking. Having finished this,
and an international reputation for excellence in a number of sectors, including media, computer gaming, food, education and design.
Space science Engineering Clinical Med Physics Ag Science Computer Sci Ag Science Computer Sci Chemistry Geoscience Pharmacology Mat'ls Science Physics
Top 5 U s. Firms Sources of Innovation License Technologies from Others In-house Development Industrial Collaborations Computer-based Virtual Design/Development Academic Collaborations
spanning semiconductors, telecommunications, productivity or security software, computers, tablets and gaming. Across all these applications the integration of smaller, faster, mobile,
Computer-based Virtual Design/Development Academic Collaborations ICT sector All Industry Respondents 40%20%The U s. leadership in ICT R&d remains strong
B attelle/R & D M agazine survey Sources of Innovation License Technologies from Others In-house Development Industrial Collaborations Computer-based Virtual Design
B attelle/R & D M agazine survey Sources of Innovation License Technologies from Others In-house Development Industrial Collaborations Computer-based Virtual Design
but rather computers, laboratory instrumentation, scientists, and engineers. This conservative analysis is based on the application of certain economic impact multipliers to the 2014 forecast total R&d spending figure of $464. 5 billion.
=126.0 Warehousing Computer services Legal and Accounting Services 2011=100 2011=100 2011=100 Q3 2014=89.4 Q3 2014=106.3 Q3
which is a smallscale workshop equipped with an array of flexible computer controlled tools that help to transform ideas into real products through digital fabrication.
and computer-oriented monitoring than in the contemporary grid, where grid operations are rather reactive,
at a time (1989†94) when computer and communication technology was sophisticated much less than today. Many of the same barriers mentioned above were encountered by Maccabi as it made key decisions in the process of developing its system.
†the insertion of the magnetic membership card into the physician†s computer automatically populated the screen with the patient†s demographic information,
electronic referrals for diagnostic tests ensure that the results are transmitted automatically back to the doctor†s computer, etc. •Physician support:
we needed doctors who had a knack for computers to help the IT people build †doctor-friendly†systems.
G#1v 7211 Computer G#2v 7212 Computer accessories G#3v 7213 Computer accessory 0#4#computer accessory Computer accessory
G#2v 7216 Computer components G#3v 7217 Computer case G#4v 7218 Computer case 0#5#computer case Computer case
G#3v 7357 Computer companies G#4v 7358 3dfx 0#5#3dfx 3dfx G#4v 7359 6fusion
G#2v 7662 Computers G#3v 7663 Computer 0#4#computer Computer G#3v 7664 Desktop computer
0#4#desktop Desktop computer 0#4#desktop computer Desktop computer G#3v 7665 Home computer 0#4#home computer Home computer
G#3v 7666 Mainframe computer 0#4#mainframe computer Mainframe computer G#3v 7667 Personal computer 0#4#pc Personal computer
mechanical services, business administration, computers, education, entertainment, event organisation, food, gardening, health and healing, household services, legal, transportation
Another barrier is lack of computer skills and Internet literacy which can preclude people from participating on the online platform
the Repair Cafã s case is lack of computer skills and Internet literacy which can preclude people
-Computer-based advisory service for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes -Patients use a glucose measuring device for home use, where the values
which combine telemedical support and computer based advice will need to be expanded further with the latest technological breakthroughs.
open access for everyone with a computer with internet access -Coursera (Coursera. org) is currently the biggest MOOC platform with over 600
-Professor-Why combines computer generated images with real images and introduces users the world of science,
everything online and only digitally accessible from a computer. Quest to Learn uses technology in a pedagogical
computer with an internet connection. Whilst there have been based paper concepts for open universities/open education, ICT are considered widely as a game changer for education.
computer and Internet and digital literacy. Also, the rise of MOOCS potentially allow for a different value for money
education, and make the best education in any topic available to anyone with a computer and Internet connection
access to a computer and Internet and digital literacy. MONDEY specifically also highlight the importance of requires a good framework for data security
access to a computer and Internet and digital literacy Personalised education & new learning environment
promoting digital literacy and computer skills and increasing regular Internet use amongst the underprivileged 6. 1. 10.
She is a computer engineer and Phd candidate with an MA in Computer science at UNICAMP, Brazil.
Proceedings of the 1992 ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. pp. 107-114 Eden, C. 1999)' Using Cognitive Mapping for Strategic Options Development and
'Computer Supported Cooperative Work 21. pp. 417-448 73 Liu, K. 2000) Semiotics in Information systems Engineering.
include computer and web technologies, as well as the organisational and managerial competences and leadership necessary for the changes in working methods and job roles.
Ëoe Notwithstanding the fact that for the past 25 years the use of computers and telecommunications in
Computers can store data and information, but cannot store knowledge. Only human brains Manuscript received April 2, 2014;
computers, ipads, or cell phones. Practically all youngsters have access to the Internet (84%),usually high-speed, and
computer amounts to 1. 5 hours per day; out of which half is spent in social networking, playing games, or viewing videos
in computer music composition in 1991, studying with Dennis Kam. For several summers he studied with Michael Czajkowski at the Aspen Music
businesses differently. †Financial services & insuranceâ€, †computers & electronics†and †media & telecommunications†are leading the race to maximise the enabling and disruptive potential of
Computers & Electronics Financial services & Insurance Leading Midfield Lagging There is a substantial †and growing †gap in
Computers & Electronics Real estate, Rental & Leasing Trade & Retail Business & Administrative Services Utilities
Computers & Electronics Financial services & Insurance -15 -10 -10 -5 -6 -8 -2 0 3
Today most jobs already require some kind of computer related knowledge. Whilst ICT specialists8 accounted for around 3-4%of EU employment,
forecast by IDC that, by 2015,90%of jobs will need at least basic computer skills10. Acquiring those skills is
Computers & Electronics Media & Telecommunications Automotive Equipment & Machinery Trade & Retail Chemicals 55504540353025201510
presence and use of computers and computer networks (wired and wireless) as well as the presence and type of connection to the Internet
Computers & Electronics Media & Telecommunications Automotive Business & Administrative Services Transportation & Logistics Consumer goods
computers and an increasingly automated exchange of data To fully exploit this potential, we must ensure that network
of computers and data We will devote particular attention to ensuring undistorted competition between companies, further reducing barriers
and develop the computer, mobile phone and internet applications that are powering these changes. The needs span a wide range of skills, from
4. 6 Mobile phone repair and computer assembly...26 4. 7 Green jobs...26 4. 7. 1 Green jobs and ICTS...
mobile phones (63 per cent), computers (39 per cent), or both. 69 Text messaging services do not appear to
sometimes lacking, explaining why some programmes prefer mobile phones over computers. Other barriers, like initial and ongoing costs,
including computer skills and English Website: www. samasource. org 4. 3 Apps development There is speculation regarding how the growing trend of apps development will generate new
4. 6 Mobile phone repair and computer assembly Mobile phone repair as well as computer maintenance and assembly continue to be important areas of
youth job training and employment in many regions around the world. In cities throughout the developing
educate orphans and vulnerable children in Rwanda in computer applications, maintenance repair, and use of technological tools to help them create jobs
livelihoods programme called AKAZI KANOZE, youth are trained in computer maintenance and repair, as well as photography and design.
for most jobs entailing use of computers. While this may still hold true in some cases, basic computer
literacy is not sufficient to pursue the majority of new opportunities described in earlier chapters.
This chapter begins with a look at the evolution from computer to digital literacy, the latter widely
Computer literacy â€oerefers to the ability to use computers and related technologies, from end-users to ICT
Basic computer skills include (sample •turning a computer on and off •using a mouse and keyboard
•understanding basic computer terminology and concepts •understanding operating system, programmes, and data •managing files
Intermediate computer skills (sample •performing basic functions of common productivity programmes (word processing spreadsheet, presentation
•using email and web browser •installing software and hardware Advanced computer skills (sample •programming
•using advanced features of productivity programmes •fixing simple computer problems Computer literacy at the intermediate level is becoming required for almost every job.
In the health sector discussed in Chapter 3 for example, hospital employees must be able to use medical records systems
and perform other routine tasks on a computer that used to be done on paper.
Even in many jobs that do not entail contact with a computer employers are screening for
basic computer skills as a minimum qualification for employment. 117 An increasing number of non-IT
required job applicants to have computer skills even though they would not use computers in their tasks
Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 30 5. 2 Digital literacy Most of today†s attention around ICT skills is focused on the concept of digital literacy.
cutters, CNC (computer numerical control) routers and CNC milling machines are often part of the equipment mix as well.
benefits of the computers for educational uses, though they also reported a desire for these places to
The most prominent example is the European Computer Driver Licence. 174 Despite its name, there are accredited test centres in most countries in the world
174 European Computer Driver Licence, www. ecdl. org Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment
The European Computer Driving Licence is an international computer skills certification programme. Outside of Europe it is known as the International Computer Driving Licence.
The certification programme operates in 41 languages, working through partnerships with national operators and test centres located in 148 countries.
of modules to build different levels of computer skills †from basic to advanced †that will
inadequate student-computer ratios; ICT learning restricted to studying basic computer literacy and not for learning other subjects;
basic computer skills and knowledge of productivity applications may still qualify a person for routine
community technology centres and other places that offer computer resources, internet connectivity, and space for group activity are positioned ideally to implement programmes that will provide youth with the
Hackathon Event where computer developers, graphic designers, and/or other experts come together to collaborate
collaborate around computers, technology, or digital art Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 70
Refers to the outsourcing of computer or internet related work, such as programming Knowledge process outsourcing (KPO
4. 6 Mobile phone repair and computer assembly 4. 7 Green jobs 4. 7. 1 Green jobs and ICTS
She is a computer engineer and Phd candidate with an MA in Computer science at UNICAMP, Brazil.
Proceedings of the 1992 ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. pp. 107-114 Eden, C. 1999)' Using Cognitive Mapping for Strategic Options Development and
'Computer Supported Cooperative Work 21. pp. 417-448 73 Liu, K. 2000) Semiotics in Information systems Engineering.
the world†s largest networks of computers and data centres for online-search results and can repurpose their technology in or
-cost home 3d manufacturing tools (3d printers, CNC †computer numeric con -trol †machines), free CAD/CAM software, like Blender, 123d or Sketchup, and
every four years, organised by the Chaos Computer Club (CCC) 11, an informal associa -tion of hackers from across Europe
The Chaos Computer Club (CCC), Europe†s largest network of hackers, is the most prominent example of grassroots commu
the club also fights for free access to computers and technological infrastructure for everybody. The latest gathering of the CCC in 2012 in Hamburg, Germany, brought together
The Chaos Computer Club (CCC) HACKERS NETWORKS 34 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe
computer-friendly formats for anyone to download, use, and analyse, as long as the privacy and data protection of all citizens is preserved
-computer-clubs-ccc/2872403-1-ger-DE /Teilnehmer-des-29. -Jahreskongresses -29c3-des-Chaos-Computer-Clubs-CCC
jpg Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 34 http://www. e-living. net/sites/default /files/field/image/internet-of-things-2. jpg
Examples include computers in classrooms, the use of assistive devices for the elderly, or implants to cut
work best (such as the discovery that giving computers to two children to share is more effective for education than giving them one each.
computer-controlled tools that cover several different length scales and various materials with the aim to make
and processed (by computer software and/or humans), e g. software applications, services, knowledge, taxonomies folksonomies, ontologies, descriptions of skills, reputation and trust relationships, training modules, contractual
from the single computer to the local area network (LAN) at ï rst, and eventually to the global Internet.
computers motivated the development of distributed architectures and shared resources, culminating in the peer-to
by computer software and/or humans; potentially any description of the economic and social actors, their capacities, skills and the
computer behaviours. The Web is engineered an space created through formally speciï ed languages and protocols
whether computer processes, humans, or a mixture thereof •••18 In the Web, due to the pressure of user needs, we see a continuous evolution of the protocols and artiï cial languages
â€oeunderstanding Computers and Cognition, A new foundation for Designâ€, Noorwood Newyersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation Magnibh feugait vercipismodvolobortin ulla conulla
Chaos Computer Club Table 5 29 The spread of organisation types across organisations on the map are represented in Table 6 and visualised
Chaos Computer Club (CCC), Europe†s largest network of Hackers, is the most prominent example of grass
the principles of the hacker ethic, the club also fights for free access to computers and technological infra
that takes place every four years, organized by the Chaos Computer Club (CCC)( GE), an informal associa
Theâ Chaos Computer Clubâ (CCC) hosts the annual Chaos Communication Congress, the largest hacker con
computer-friendly formats for anyone to download, use, and analyse as long as the privacy and data protection of all citizens is preserved
or they can communicate with software running on a computer (e g Flash, Processing, Maxmsp 59
of mobile and web-based devices such as smartphones, computers and sensors. The work on Everyaware is presently ongoing (the project runs
-phone, tablet or computer, and it also licenses its technology to carriers device manufacturers and Organisations
of Cambridge†s Computer Laboratory. The idea behind the Raspberrypi came about as a way to try
interacting with computers, as the team was concerned about the year -on-year decline in the numbers and skills levels of prospective under
the Raspberry Pi team sought to develop a tiny, cheap computer for kids which would encourage programming experimentation and encourage
to see only if you opened up your computer and looked at its internal boards). ) Although seemingly basic in design, it has all the components
computers can†t reach 187 It has very low power consumption, so can work more easily in electrical
Other than the fact that the demand for the Raspberry Pi computers have exceeded far the team†s original predicted figure of 10,000 (with
For this reason Raspberry Pi computers have already been used as as learning tools in the context of various developing countries such as
-form for teaching computer-based mathematics techniques to children of all ages Current Raspberry Pi users can also avail of this joint recent collabora
plug it into the tiny computer and connect to a shared Wi-fi to access Coder through Chrome.
-ployer†s computers to check or send mail, you can inadvertently reveal your national origin and professional affiliation to anyone observing the
-dated computers, browsers as well as Internet communication security policy as significant obstacles to accessing the UHP website and data
spare computer processing power to analyse data, known as volunteer computing, Zooniverse projects require the active participation of
data is in forms that computers still can†t process, but that human beings can This is where the uniting of †citizen scienceâ€
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