Synopsis: Entrepreneurship: Capital:

Their relational capital is crucial in explaining their success as innovators. Devan Chemicals, Quilts of Denmark,

The benefits and cost of relational capital. Relational capital plays a central role in developing an open

innovation based business model. The competitive strength of the SMES is no longer (only) related to its internal competencies,

and value conversion of tangible and intangible assets, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 9, 1, 5-24

H200808 2-7-2008 Entrepreneurial Career Capital, Innovation and New Venture Export Orientation H200807 24-6-2008 Twee decennia ondernemerschapsbeleid in beeld:

-tion may also include ï nance, human capital, legal advice administrative services, etc. Previous open innovation

social capital, including individuals and organizations. As such, it comprises both formal collaborative projects and

processes demands higher investments in capital and technologies. For services†due to their relatively intangi -ble, simultaneous and heterogeneous nature†the opposite

for external knowledge or human capital External participation Equity investments in new or established enterprises in

-ees for optimal use of human capital and for market considerations. However, employee involvement is also the

-tion may also include ï nance, human capital, legal advice administrative services, etc. Previous open innovation

social capital, including individuals and organizations. As such, it comprises both formal collaborative projects and

processes demands higher investments in capital and technologies. For services†due to their relatively intangi -ble, simultaneous and heterogeneous nature†the opposite

for external knowledge or human capital External participation Equity investments in new or established enterprises in

-ees for optimal use of human capital and for market considerations. However, employee involvement is also the

Their relational capital is crucial in explaining their success as innovators. Devan Chemicals, Quilts of Denmark,

The benefits and cost of relational capital. Relational capital plays a central role in developing an open

innovation based business model. The competitive strength of the SMES is no longer (only) related to its internal competencies,

and value conversion of tangible and intangible assets, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 9, 1, 5-24

the deepening of ICT capital and the increase in total factor productivity originated from the production of ICT goods. O†Mahony and Vecchi

capital on output growth: A heterogeneous dynamic panel ap -proach. Economica, 72 (No 288), 615†633

The critical resources for innovative and growth-oriented companies are knowledge and capital ï Knowledge.

issues of human capital, access to specialised technology and business consulting, R&d clustering technology scouting to identify R&d projects with commercial potential, technology transfer, and an

ï Capital: Finance and real estate is fundamental for innovation. High-growth finance includes primar -ily the availability of venture capital through business angels, specialised private companies, other

or allow the firm to react more quickly to market trends, the social capital of the entre

and will need necessarily to have access to human capital and further levels of professional advice consistent with the growth needs of the enterpriseâ€. 81 A special means of

â€oeventure capital injects economic dynamism: An increase in VC invest -ments of 1‰of GDP is associated statistically with an increase in real GDP growth of 0. 30 pp.

provided capital for continuous R&d from 2004 until 2008, enabling the firm to occupy market

Budget Capital Flows ($ Source: Singapore Ministry of Trade and Industry Singapore†s activities in support of high-growth SMES

for companies by seeding a range of funds over ten years, with contributions of up to half the capital

There is currently a critical shortage of capital for technology based firms. The VC market in Canada col

have less than 300 employees or capital below JPY 300 million. The majority of schemes target

Unlocking Access to Capital Connecting Mentors, Reducing Barriers, Accelerating Innovation, Unleashing Market Opportunities. Second leaders in the private sector have launched the Startup America Partnership, an independent alliance of entre

special funds and increasing capital accessibility. †(Source: Cunningham (2008), p. 24 http://eng. hangzhou. g

The critical resources for innovative and growth-oriented companies are knowledge and capital ï Knowledge.

issues of human capital, access to specialised technology and business consulting, R&d clustering technology scouting to identify R&d projects with commercial potential, technology transfer, and an

ï Capital: Finance and real estate is fundamental for innovation. High-growth finance includes primar -ily the availability of venture capital through business angels, specialised private companies, other

or allow the firm to react more quickly to market trends, the social capital of the entre

and will need necessarily to have access to human capital and further levels of professional advice consistent with the growth needs of the enterpriseâ€. 81 A special means of

â€oeventure capital injects economic dynamism: An increase in VC invest -ments of 1‰of GDP is associated statistically with an increase in real GDP growth of 0. 30 pp.

provided capital for continuous R&d from 2004 until 2008, enabling the firm to occupy market

Budget Capital Flows ($ Source: Singapore Ministry of Trade and Industry Singapore†s activities in support of high-growth SMES

for companies by seeding a range of funds over ten years, with contributions of up to half the capital

There is currently a critical shortage of capital for technology based firms. The VC market in Canada col

have less than 300 employees or capital below JPY 300 million. The majority of schemes target

Unlocking Access to Capital Connecting Mentors, Reducing Barriers, Accelerating Innovation, Unleashing Market Opportunities. Second leaders in the private sector have launched the Startup America Partnership, an independent alliance of entre

special funds and increasing capital accessibility. †(Source: Cunningham (2008), p. 24 http://eng. hangzhou. g

Biodiversity, natural capital and the benefits that we derive from nature, now commonly referred to as Ecosystem

capabilities for innovation †defi ned in such terms as human capital, investment, quality of ideas and stance to the

better at allocating capital to innovation than a properly regulated and incentivised private sector. â€oe European

support, investments in human capital and training, promoting the update of green and energy effi cient technologies, and support

•Limited spending on R&d, mainly in universities, both on economic and human capital •Innovation indicators in companies below the national average

•Reinforcement of the capital and guarantee structure of the Reciprocal Guarantee Companies to supply funding for the

ï Capital instruments for the consolidation of technological SMES. â M 5 o Aim: promoting private network investors and investment forums in technology

what can be described as social capital to create knowledge based growth. Nevertheless local interaction can also be negative

capital out of the region (in a process labelled'brain-drain '•Integration of policies at regional level:

For example, increasing human capital through a programme to enhance skills should match the needs of emerging industries

Human capital for S&t Science Parks Technology Transfer Offices and schemes Technology brokers Mobility schemes, talent

upgrading and retaining human capital, creating critical masses and increasing quality of connectivity Primary sector

of physical, human and intellectual capital should be inspected: the mobility of resources from declining lines of business firms and sectors to expanding ones should be facilitated

services and tailored counselling, technology or qualified human capital, to face up to the new forms of competition that are developing in the global economy.

capacity-building, should help to concentrate regional human capital (e g. training and attracting international researchers and technicians) and thus stimulate turning science and innovation into

strong networking effects and high levels of social capital. They also provide visibility and hence

Innovation is succeed essential to in decoupling growth from natural capital utilisation and is therefore the key to enabling sustainable and smart growth to go hand in hand

providing enterprise support for R&d, investing in human capital, physical infrastructure and the commercialisation of research.

human capital 3. Ireland has built or is building (objectively measured) strengths in research disciplines relevant to the priority area

capital in strategic areas, relevant to the competitiveness of Irish based enterprise. SFI programmes support academic researchers and research teams;

policy, research for knowledge creation, the human capital and education objectives associated with national R&d investment and the internationalisation of Irish research

providing enterprise support for R&d, investing in human capital, physical infrastructure and the commercialisation of research.

human capital 3. Ireland has built or is building (objectively measured) strengths in research disciplines relevant to the priority area

capital in strategic areas, relevant to the competitiveness of Irish based enterprise. SFI programmes support academic researchers and research teams;

policy, research for knowledge creation, the human capital and education objectives associated with national R&d investment and the internationalisation of Irish research

terms of human, physical and natural capital, knowledge, institutions and networks), the design of the

1. Improving human capital through higher employment, and better social inclusion and education policies, 2. Developing modern infrastructure

was fuelled by unrestrained access to EU capital and product markets, which allowed Romanian firms to

behind the capital on this measure, and well behind European averages. Among the population of 20-24

through human capital (i e. through workers), through supply relationships, and through competition and demonstration effects (via market competition and joint activities.

benefits from the spillovers through human capital †Romanians account for the vast majority of the

Infrastructure connections to the capital (and the rest of the country) remain poor, and virtually every settlement in the West Region is closer to either Budapest

European capitals. It may also be important to support the growth and diversification of the region†s

Human capital with skill sets that are suitable for the sector†s needs has been expanding in the region

total capital, so it often works in partnership with other funding entities such as banks, venture capitalists, local

where is located the capital of the region, Palma de Mallorca), Menorca, Ibiza, Formentera and Cabrera, but only the first 4 are inhabited.

and the percentage of private capital should be increased Strengths of Cantabria ï¿High experience in its traditional industry

Participaciã n en Capital, dirigido a PYMES que acometan una nueva inversiã n, inicien una nueva actividad o

Participaciã n en Capital, dirigido a PYMES que acometan una nueva inversiã n, inicien una nueva actividad o

Participaciã n en Capital, dirigido a PYMES que acometan una nueva inversiã n, inicien una nueva actividad o

Ade Capital Sodical S. C. R.,S. A.;Iberaval, S g. R.;Madrigal Participaciones, S. A

2. 3 Support talent and human capital PROGRAMME 3. INTERNATIONALIZATION Programme 3 promotes internationalization as a crucial smart specialisation component

innovation as the base of human capital in a smart specialisation scenario 4. 1 Facilitate technological collaboration between companies and open innovation

driver of growth in output per unit of labour and capital invested, and an important basis

growth of entrepreneurial human capital â The importance of social enterprises and social innovation and the need for an

â€oepackage†of policy instruments (seed capital, patenting support, credit guarantees coaching of entrepreneurs, angel investment) promoting more and better technology

3. Strengthening entrepreneurial human capital 4. Improving the environment for social entrepreneurship and social innovation

intellectual capital protection, sources of finance, competitive markets, human capital and so on, entrepreneurs and small firms need access to knowledge to innovate.

capital and labour stocks. It is therefore critical for policy to stimulate knowledge creation and exploitation in firms

mobile capital, resulted in a pulling back of the welfare state at the same time as greater turbulence and labour market flexibility increased the strain upon it

i e. driven by social capital networks or networks stemming from location in clusters It is particularly important for new and small firms that they draw on networks

and human capital to absorb knowledge SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010 37 1. INTRODUCTION

Audretsch, D. and M. Keilbach (2005), â€oeentrepreneurship Capital and Regional Growthâ€, The Annals of Regional Science, Vol. 39, pp. 457-469

An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest and the Business cycle, Harvard university Press, Cambridge MA Shane, S. 2004), Academic entrepreneurship.

The Seedfinancing programme fosters the creation of small innovative firms via mezzanine capital paid to those firms in the form of a loan of up to EUR 1 million.

the Flemish Innovation Fund, capital of EUR 50 million) or existing SMES (ARKIMEDES: approximately EUR 36 million per annum.

capital provided by the fund†s investors totalled EUR 272 million. The fund invests venture capital in

Funding recipients should have less than 300 employees or capital below JPY 300 million. The majority of schemes target venture companies and SMES

EUR 2. 5 million in paid-in capital, 50%contributed by the SNCI, with five commercial Luxembourg-based

The services provided by the Seed Capital Company include the provision of share capital, follow-up financing, guaranteed and non-guaranteed

To the year 2006, the Seed Capital Company had received requests from SMES totalling SKK 9. 1 billion

provision of seed capital, support to business incubators and spin-off projects, technology promotion organisations and development of professional training centres.

economic dynamics in the context of territorial identities, social capital and competitive environments The programme favours training in innovation in the context of regional development plans, provides

enterprises†own capital accounted for the majority of project funding, i e. 74.5 %The programme†s other main activities are to coordinate

and enterprises†own capital accounted for 7 %3%,28%and 62%,respectively, of the capital raised by these enterprises.

The firms achieved fast growth in terms of employment, sales revenues and export after being funded

return on capital employed; return on total assets, etc While economic performance and profitability indicators can be calculated from the

capital) and evaluation (degree of monitoring and assessment of entrepreneurship activities). ) The work found that on average,

account, are likely to have a positive impact on local development in terms of social capital sustainable employment, provision of services of general interest and so on.

this fund will enable capital to be provided to social enterprises during their creation, operation and development phases

pools of capital to address social issues Social Finance provides access to new sources of capital to tackle those issues.

In some areas, government spending is tied up in meeting the high costs of the consequences of deep

asked Congress to allocate USD 50 million in seed capital for the Social Innovation Fund, to

and then provide the capital needed to replicate their success in communities around the country that are facing similar challenges.

â A social capital marketplace should be fostered. Policy measures should include offering fiscal incentives to attract investors;

3. Strengthen entrepreneurial human capital â Build up entrepreneurship education in universities and higher education institutions by smartly scali

one can deduce relational capital as a key resource. All those responsible have that quality,

we found that most of the capital used for its operations derives from civil society

but depending on the relational capital of its entrepreneurs the space-network is noted also, either by using the internet,

of a relational capital to be employed not for its own benefit, stripped of vanities, used with

In organizational studies, social innovation may refer to social capital as a resource for creativity, learning

property, social capital, etc. that endure and can be utilized by other sectors and forms of

the European Capital of Culture scheme served as a stepping stone toward post-industrial Innovation: The European Journal of Social science Research 441

However, individuals†financial and personal capacity, their ability to access social capital and their willingness to take risks will influence opportunities for innovation

value of social capital for building sustainable and resilient societies that have the capacity to act in an environment of permanent change

social capitals or resources (Garton, et al. 1997), and enabling knowledge transfer (Argote & Ingram, 2000

capital including financial resources, goods or services (Garton et al. 1997), and exploring and initiating knowledge

2004), and exchanging social capital (e g financial resources, goods or services)( Garton et al. 1997). ) However, access to sources of resources through

to build human and social capital. The key characteristics of delivering Social Innovation include the co-ordination and mediation between the

The creation of a Technological University of the Southeast is a key requirement for the economic development and enhancement of the human capital capacity of the Southeast.

5. Will members commit capital and business volume and are resources available The biggest impediment to establishing a co-op is people†s lack of knowledge and fear of the steps involved.

Another example is Clonmel, the administrative capital of South Tipperary, where a number of major pharmaceutical companies are located,

through the 1880's was accounted for by the increasing capital-labor input ratio, leaving residual rates of total

were biased strongly in the direction of tangible-capital using, involving the substitution of new forms of

and the substitution of increasing volumes of the services of reproducible tangible capital for those of other inputs, dispensing increasingly with the sweat and the old craft skills of workers in the fields and

the rise of computer capital, and OCAM (office, computing and accounting machinery) capital more generally

has been contributing to economic growth in the closing quarter of the twentieth century, except for the fact that

of reproducible capital. Indeed, Daniel Sichel (1997) recently proposed a â€oeresolution†of the productivity paradox is just such terms,

accounted for by the increasing capital-labor input ratio, leaving residual rates of total factor productivity growth that were

capital of other kinds. 22 But there also is some indirect support from the relationship between the reproduction

rate prevents the stock from growing rapidly in relationship to the overall stock of producer capital in the economy.

this added capital to an already highly-capital-using industrial power technology, without instigating any reorganization of factory layout and routines for materials handling.

that the major capital-saving contributions to multi-factor productivity growth from thoroughgoing factory redesign could be realized

as well as the capital, surplus time, organisational capacity, and the models and individual actors†ambitions to turn ideas into social

effective capital market instruments and financial supports; suitable regulatory and policy frameworks for ensuring scale and impact;

building trust in public institutions, social capital and social cohesion in local communities, greater legitimacy in public decision making processes

 Patient capital  Risk capital  Crowdfunding  Loans  Social impact bonds  Venture phil

 Patient capital  Risk capital  Crowdfunding  Loans  Social impact bonds  Venture phil

social value †but generating capital flows for them obviously is less so much of a problem

of low-cost capital are needed, and there are two principle paths to follow here: Either the capital

comes directly at low or no cost in the form of a recoverable grant or a low-or zero-interest loan;

the capital comes at regular market costs and (part of) these costs are covered by a third party within

soft loans, patient capital, etc. needed by innovators Each of these combinations comes with a specific

nurture social capital both virtually and physically like in the case of Streetbank Scaling and dissemination

public agencies providing capital at low or no costs In particular, the provision of non-repayable forms

sector which often generates ideas, lacks the capital surplus time, organisational capacity but also the models and individual actors†ambitions to turn

2005) show that human capital is one of the crucial factors in innovative activities, and that absence of necessary skills

use of human capital and other resources available to the ï rm, the ï rm has to have a suitable organizational

human capital. In this study, we look at the mixture of internal and external obstacles, seeking to identify the most

Small ï rms, social capital and the enhancement of business performance through innovation pro -grammes.

Research has shown that increased investment in human capital can determine competitive advantage and indeed success in the development of Least Developed Countries (LDCS.

influence future investment decisions based on capital, security, compute power and energy efficiency In order to enable realistic and effective reasoning at provisioning

†smart†â€oewhen investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a

capital of cities, collaborative learning and innovation, people-driven innovation Smart cities, from smart phones, mobile devices, sensors, embedded systems, smart envi

products or increase the productivity of labor and capital, but also bring The Impact of Innovation in Romanian Small and Medium-Sized

prone to be risk-averse than non-family firms, due to capital constraints and the close

-portunities enable firms to attract other human capital, financial investment, or technological capabilities (Zahra et al. 2007.

the moderating role of social capital. International Journal of Management 24 (3), 549†572 Leonard, D,

The endowment of human capital and the share of high-tech employment contribute to increase the potential of the local industry to generate knowledge and innovate

financial and nonfinancial assistance (human capital and technology) the entrepreneurial climate is still not optimal

Simple capital replacement or Catering business: â€oewe have introduced on the 8 products and packaging cocktail base) that will

Finance, human capital, technical assistance, and the business environment in Romania. Economic Development and Cultural Change

The effect of intellectual capital on product innovativeness in SMES. International Journal of Technology Management, 53,1-18

new infrastructure in physical terms but also importantly in investment in human capital development and services to the region.

contribution to human capital and skills development; and •enhancing social equality: improving social equality through regeneration and cultural development

of human and physical capital will be crucial for the career development of young researchers in the future in addressing national and European innovation goals

of human capital. Challenges lie in developing common interest and trust-building across universities business and non-government agencies.

form of social capital and mutual commitment. Much of the business of government and the social sector rests on personal relationships that may

•There is a shortage of sources of capital for research, development and implementation of social innovations, because

community (social capital. They do so using institutional and organisational mechanisms that rely, inter alia, on the forceful and broader representation of

since its establishment, raised capital from more than 647,000 lenders (individuals from around the world investing

London boroughs and European capitals by 2011. Similar models are also planned to be developed in Ukraine (Lvov and Kijev) and Belarus, where

providing seed capital to social innovators (for example, the White house Office of Social Innovation and Civic Participation

Its operations are funded with endowment capital and returns from corporate funding operations. Its annual budget comes to about â 40 million.

Contractors would raise their own capital either through social investment sources or on the market

relate to capacity and capital, both financial and human. A key dimension of the problem lies in the area of finance,

to secure growth capital (also known as expansion capital) in general, and risk-taking growth capital in particular †which is critical to enabling them to

move from start-up to the next level of development. cxxv A transition away from grant dependence towards commercial finance is

the immediate capital to finance expansion directly. Essentially, the early stage testing and prototyping of a disruptive social innovation cannot be

and Grossman, A (1997), Virtuous Capital: what foundations can learn from venture capital, Harvard Business Review, Cambridge, MA

addressing the critical gaps in risk-taking capital for social enterprise, Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship Working Paper, Said Business school, University of Oxford

Addressing the critical gaps in risk-taking capital for social enterprise. Skoll Centre for Social

Addressing the critical gaps in risk-taking capital for social enterprise, Skoll Centre for Social

Civil society lacks the capital, skills and resources to take promising ideas to scale Rising costs

•Sources of finance, both start-up capital in the short term and income streams over the longer term

as new capital is brought in), and they cannot be tied indefinitely to a mission or a set of values.

the private market†s imperative for profit maximisation and capital growth. One example is Working Rite,

and governance reinforce relational capital, creating a source of resilience for when the enterprise goes through difficult times

significant source of engagement and capital. Most businesses see AGMS as an annoying necessity where small shareholders can vent their anger

Relational capital New ventures put much of their energy into securing financial capital †money

relational capital is just as important. This is both the knowledge and trust built up between a venture and its users and suppliers, and the relationships

takes little account of this intangible capital, yet in all social ventures it is the

We use the concept of relational capital to capture the quality of relationships within which economic exchanges take place.

capital may involve some compromise with the providers of capital, but the goal should always be to find ways for the core finance to come from those

This is how My Football Club raised enough capital to purchase Ebbsfleet United 149) Public share issues are most suitable at times of expansion, when the

director is given enough start-up capital and decides what he/she needs in terms of staff and equipment.

rough assessments of the relational capital they bring. Not surprisingly, these tools and approaches are rare â€

and social entrepreneurs with business skills, networks, and capital to stimulate innovation, and accelerate the creation and growth of successful

its own lacks the capital, surplus time, and organisational capacity to develop them Here, we look at some of the methods used within each sector to promote

-scale in terms of funds, commitment of people and political capital. But serious innovation is tied closely into strategy.

/return and different sources of capital (philanthropic, public, private such as Blueorchard (Switzerland) or Big Issue Invest in the UK

New Philanthropy Capital in the UK and Geneva Global in the US perform this role

New Philanthropy Capital in the UK Packages of support A network of support services for grant-based organisations has developed

New Philanthropy Capital 171; 175 New York†s Open Book 154 New zealand Police Act Wiki 42-43

Relational Capital 74-77 Report Empty Homes 18 Research & Mapping 17-20 Risk 54;

< Back - Next >

Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011