3. Improved matching between work demand and supply 4. Increase in jobs and work (number and duration
reduces the demand for labour in existing sectors and companies because of increased productivity, innovation in processes, organisational restructuring,
also used to survey the demand for their service. In addition, the case uses ICT as a medium of
3. Improved matching between work demand and supply x Surfen zum Job: Of the 300 unemployed youth prepared for work in 30 German cities many
Council coped with peaks in service demand for street cleaning, data entry and stewarding with flexible labour supply
other demands on their time x Skillendar: focuses on †people helping people†philosophy on a family, community and
increasing demand from unemployed students which is driving the success of the case Lessons learned and success factors
ICT is seen both in a supporting role improving the matching of the supply and demand and of
former role, ICT can make labour much more flexible by precisely linking to the demand side so
that supply and demand can better align to each other, for example by enabling workers or volunteers to fit their activities around other demands on their time.
ICT as an enabler creates a new marketplace and business model on a modularised platform giving end-to-end access to a
and deploying labour to meet real-time and quick-time operational demand in any sector. This model enables much greater control over the strategic disposition of personnel
responsiveness of local authorities in meeting variable demand (such as in Leeds, UK, in the Slivers of Time case.
between the demand and supply sides of labour, thereby cutting out no longer productive links in the supply chain.
efficiently as possible, both the demand and supply sides need their rights and interests protected
and matching the supply and demand for labour are developed which enable flexible, rapid control and deployment of labour resources
and demand sides of labour so as not to lead to exploitation. The creating and doing work cases strategically use ICT
labour supply and demand is a relatively standalone and coherent function. In these three cases ICT is the only medium needed by the basic service
-ICT web/mobile for matching supply & demand, managing system social fora, awareness raising; local currency to exchange work and
specifically to match the supply and demand for the exchange of local goods, services and tasks
matches the supply and demand of local goods, services and tasks ensuring that as many as possible otherwise idle assets in the community are put to good use
The greatest driver is, of course, the constantly rising demand for elder-and other care which both keeps costs as low as possible as well as maximises quality and support to
but also stimulating demand by developing good quality content and involving local citizens in generating that content.
demand towards home care and the use of a personal budgets has decentralised much decision -making about how care budgets are used to local authorities and the individual users.
cases (such as Eastserve and TEM), policies may be needed to help stimulate demand and 58 activity, as well as provide infrastructures,
Need to stimulate demand as well as provide infrastructures & skills training, & base digital & other services on the social
demands to meet local social needs -Vision of local champions & local solidarity -Crisis as a
and demand side, there is huge waste resulting from the widespread practice of exclusive asset ownership.
with new forms of demand, not otherwise possible, thereby enabling these outputs to be realised The sharing economy is starting to supplement exclusive ownership with new forms of common
but also create new forms of demand and thus new market value around these existing assets? Airbnb claims that over 70%of their lets are not in the centre of cities where most
Whatever the balance of cannibalising existing demand and creating new demand, there is no doubt that radically new business models based on new
forms of value creation, and new ways for people to interact around economic and social goods/services are being created.
for the first time, on-demand needs fulfilment, and this is also impacting many commercial, public and voluntary services (Botsman and Rogers 2010.
and diverse demand and supply factors. These semi-fixed valuations, coupled with the huge logistical difficulty of quickly
company has built a business that aggregates the demand for those skills into jobs, and because
-ICT web/mobile free platform for matching supply & demand managing system, social fora, traditional media, awareness
identifies and matches the supply and demand of time and talent to undertake tasks for others
identifies and matches the supply and demand for homemade meals and food especially unused leftover food, activates unused cooking talent,
identifies and matches the supply and demand of time and talent to undertake tasks for other
identifies and matches the supply and demand for homemade meals and food especially unused leftover food, bringing people and communities into closer and often
This led in turn to rising demands to meet local social needs. The Athens Time Bank case
establishing and nurturing a demand-side ecosystem of users which, although this is growing, is not
efficiencies through real-time and quick-time matching directly between the demand and supply of talent and labour, thereby cutting out no longer productive links in the supply chain.
between the demand and supply of goods and services, thereby cutting out no longer productive links in the supply chain.
directly between the demand and supply of all types of assets, thereby cutting out no longer productive links in the supply chain.
-Demand side eco -system often weak -Vision of enthusiasts -Open data as income source -Social trends
austerity and from rising demand driven by demographic change, particularly ageing. Across Europe there is a growing
of the networks infrastructure does in turn depend on the demands imposed by the constant communication between the involved parties the positive effects of the project must be taken into account
and can therefore quickly adapt to the demands of the job market 109 Source: http://www. envisioning. io/education
societal as well as individual need and demand for (lifelong) education. Until now the ability to meet the need for
and demands might arise, leading to fresh calls for social innovation x Despite good intentions, social innovations might prove to:
or prototype and only fully flesh out the demand in terms of needs much later. Often, implementation, action and practice precipitate new ideas, which in turn
professional mediation, information and guidance so as to adjust supply to demand in the labour market. Policies promoting a culture of mobility with regard to employment
demands of the knowledge society. In order to improve their contribution to individuals and to society as a whole, the universities should adapt to the needs of production
capacity to respond to growing social demands. More than ever, social challenges require social innovation. The creation of new business initiatives in the social economy
in order to increase demand for innovation services amongst companies and to provide incentives for companies to launch high
and growing social demands the social economy is vital for fostering the integration of groups most at risk of social
demands a judicious approach to requirement analysis of each particular health system organisation and governance model
increased demand for museums to act as social agents encouraging social cohesion while also contributing to a growing economy-has
What demands can be made of museums in shaping such a society Within the 2013 European Year of Citizens
demands from a society in change, one that is ageing, facing financial crises, communicating differently and wanting to increasingly
created corresponding demands and great opportunities, heritage organisations have been slow in engaging in digitisation.
towards personalised, on-demand experiences Successful museums in the modern world Nick Poole 14 Science, the environment and business will
but also demands more inclusive and expansive ways of working and thinking Museums have educated highly personnel, so
balancing demands from different and often opposed constituencies. Building the case for culture is essential in order to foster new
toâ balanceâ theâ finiteâ availabilityâ ofâ naturalâ resourcesâ againstâ escalatingâ humanâ demand. Â Solutionsâ thatâ aimâ atâ theâ gradualâ uncouplingâ ofâ economicâ growthâ fromâ resourceâ
budgetsâ aroundâ theâ worldâ continueâ toâ increase, Â drivenâ byâ escalatingâ demand, Â newâ clinicalâ
in and across Member States, by equally stimulating the demand and supply of digital technologies and creating economies of scale
stimulate demand and supply of digital technologies and creating opportunities for scale VISION Policy background
real challenges in meeting the demand for new products and services in the age of digitisation
In this respect, cooperation between the demand and supply side is crucial to accelerate the transformation of Europe into a competitive place for doing business through the smart use of
and demand, pre-sales and customer feedback as well as word-of-mouth marketing and a stable committed shareholding structure
and in terms of demand and smart use of these technologies by a o. launching the Digital Agenda and the Industrial policy flagship initiatives.
management, error-free communication and demand-driven production, but also in better services to customers, new market opportunities and better time to market.
Design Leadership/Designing Demand Programme Norway: Design-Driven Innovation Programme Wales: Service Design Programme Ireland:
Design Leadership/Designing Demand Programme Country: UK Funded by: Department for Business, Innovation and Skills
Demand National Evaluation 2007-2012 Background The need to strengthen innovation is high on the political agenda
kick-starting a demand for design-led service innovation Programme The Service Design Programme was developed
demand by creating demand among Welsh manufacturers and expertise in service design among Welsh designers. The programme
need for patient-centred shared care, demands the effective use of ICT. The ability to share
shared cared, demands the effective use of ICT or ehealth (as it is referred to in Europe).
and creating demand for modern IT solutions, making use of the latest digital administration services and insisting
Demand for rapid Internet access is rising sharply: this is as a result of increasing volumes of video communication and transfer
development of demand for labour in the digital working world and the possible consequences of this for the social
4. 3. 1 App demand in developing countries...22 4. 3. 2 Tech hubs for app development...
wherein there is stronger demand for workers with a college education than those with secondary education
needed in the region to meet this demand. As a result, young people with a university degree are more
The demand for them cuts across sectors†from agriculture and construction to education and service industries. 61
secondary effects like the demand for education useful to work in this sector. Therefore, besides creating
Great potential for employment growth derives from a demand for services enabled by mobile phones. 81 Young people can now find
but the demand for it occurs in peaks and the work needs to be completed quickly
4. 3. 1 App demand in developing countries While most attention to date has been on the potential for youth in developing countries to develop apps
markets, but from the demand for localized apps in the developing world. 96 Developers in North america
see relatively small demand from other regions, with Europe being their top export region (22 per cent of
share of developers (44 and 38 per cent respectively) that do not see high local demand-developers there
mostly export apps to North america and Europe, where demand for apps, and paid apps in particular, is
local demand in these markets will reach the levels of local demand in Europe and North america,
as smartphone penetration rises and people in these regions become more engaged 95 Mandel and Scherer, â€oethe Geography of the App Economy, †15
In response to demand by local mobile entrepreneurs, a number of incubators, or â€oelabs, †focused on mobile entrepreneurs have
preparing students to meet the demands of a changing job market. 177 The report emphasizes that formal
to answer to the demands of the information and knowledge-based society. †188 This programme aims to
4. 3. 1 App demand in developing countries 4. 3. 2 Tech hubs for app development
not only to create demand for its products but also to provide critical public assets and a supportive environment.
while missing the most important demand of All too many companies have lost sight of that most basic of questions:
In advanced economies, demand for products and services that meet societal needs is rapidly growing.
The demand for water-saving technology has allowed India†s Jain Irrigation, a leading global manufacturer of complete drip
Poverty limits the demand for products and leads to environmental degradation, unhealthy workers, and high security costs.
demand for ancillary services rises. A company†s efforts to improve framework conditions for the cluster spill over to other
configurations will create demand for equipment and technology that save energy, conserve resources, and support
and demand creation to the study of deeper human needs and how to serve nontraditional
crisis, climate change, and the demand for quality healthcare, seem to require digitally-extended collective intelligence
to prevent excessive demands and frustrations. In Europe, interesting crowdsourcing projects for cities are emerging from the Open Cities project and Commons4eu
Recent global developments have revealed increasing demands of citizens for their governments and administrations to become more participatory, trans
and demand for the approach including the specific user problems the product or service would solve
analytics software to test demand Fi na n -ci al V al ue There has to be a market for
local needs and demand In countries where DSI is advanced relatively, such as The netherlands and the UK,
represents new responses to pressing social demands, which affect the process of social interactions It is aimed at improving human well-being.
ï Social demand innovations which respond to social demands that are traditionally not addressed by the market or existing institutions and are directed towards vulnerable
ï Demand-led rather than supply-driven ï Tailored rather than mass-produced, as most solutions have to be adapted to local
21st century society increasingly demands digital literacy, and while physical access to ICT has never
meet interpretation demands, STEP started a social enterprise and now offers 250 part-time interpreters across a wide range of languages.
innovation (CPR Article 101 (3) h)).This provision demands Member States complement the 2017 and 2019 annual implementation reports of their operational programmes with specific information
innovation and public service applications, demand stimulation, networking, clusters and open innovation through smart specialisation "This shows that social innovation is part of the wider concept of innovation,
and more on real demands or needs is indeed an attractive premise for reconsidering production and redistribution systems
which radically change the competition and supply and demand equations of traditional business models. On this issue, a study conducted by a consortium of partners15 is cur
public support systems for social business is still in its infancy but in great demand In itself, this study is a resource for policymakers, social entrepreneurs and stakeholders
In the wake of demands from stakeholders, the issue of social innovation and its econom
However, in view of increasing demand from policymakers and practitioners alike for social innovations and the emerging possibili
responding to social demands societal challenges or engaging systemic change. Going systematically through the bar
working population and social welfare systems, health services and pensions in terms of demand and expenditure Regarding immigration patterns
labour demand and job creation through promoting and supporting self employment social enterprises and business start-ups The Single Market Act I, adopted in April 2011,
e g. by way of demand response) and from emerging technologies (such as home auto -mation), and reduce the costs of the operation and maintenance of energy distribution
-ed services will ensure that innovative services (such as effective support of demand response) will be available to consumers,
-gy efficiency criteria and do not hamper demand response In Horizon 2020 the smart grids research project and projects addressing non-techni
-ciently to pressing social demands, to address societal concerns, and to engage systemic change †feature in mainstream policy documents
are tailored to the increasing needs and demands of individuals. New information and communication technologies are one way to help to achieve this;
and demand side to facilitate the entire innovation pro -cess from research to market and large-scale deployment.
as well as demand-side interventions e g. standards, public procurement, regulatory measures. For this reason, the EIP brings
is still a growing demand for JASMINE€ s technical assistance. One of the important con -tributions within the JASMINE initiative has been to develop a set of standards or code
demands can be financed better through these initiatives 178 ICF CHK, Evaluation of the JASMINE Technical assistance Pilot Phase, Final Report, 14 november 2013
†an innovation that addresses a social demand e g. care of the elderly) contributes to addressing a societal challenge (ageing society
-advantaged, and placing greatest demand on public service resources, and the health and social sector in particular.
how market demand, or demand from commissioners and policymakers is mobilised to spread a successful new model.
This process is referred often to as †scalingâ€, and in some cases the word is appropriate,
that demand action on an issue, or that mobilise belief that action is possible 1) Crisis. Necessity is often the mother of invention,
both supply and demand driven This is one of Google†s test cars. This fleet of hybrid plug-in vehicles is
public procurement can create sufficient demand to establish entirely new markets for innovation. One example is the Internet,
consumer demand is being met successfully. The demands of a †Just in Time†system of production, for example, provide the structure and
discipline to front line staff formerly supplied by hierarchical managers The manager†s task in this case is to assess variances in performance and
commonly a tension between the demands of continuing operations and the venture†s ability to maintain innovation.
demands of innovation may put pressure on existing business. There are different management styles that may be appropriate for innovation
132) Socially-oriented demand chains. For some ventures providing intermediate goods or services the challenge is how to develop a demand
chain that processes or distributes the good or service. The community movement for recycling worked with local and regional governments to
different types of demand. Sometimes the chain may be linked closely Farmer†s co-ops in Italy for example, supply cooperative processing
demand chain reflecting the social mission of the venture 4 SUSTAINING 71 133) Shared backroom economies.
They place their operational focus more on supply than demand. But 4 SUSTAINING 75 to ensure that the venture remains generative rather than static, users
proof that a particular model works) and effective demand (mobilising sources of finance to pay for the idea or service
The supply of ideas and demand for them tend to co-evolve: there are relatively few fields where there are
an innovation depends on effective supply and effective demand: effective supply refers to the growth of evidence to show that the innovation really
Effective demand refers to the willingness to pay. Both are needed †but sometimes the priority is to prove effectiveness while in other cases the
priority is to create demand †both by persuading people that there is a need to be met,
To grow effective demand, there may then be need a for diffusion through advocacy, raising awareness, championing a cause, and campaigning for
Advocacy is the key to creating demand for services, particularly from public authorities †for example, making the case for public funding for drugs
Diffusing demand The promotion of social innovation has tended to focus on the supply side and how innovations can be diffused among service providers through experts
where demand can be expressed in the market (for fair trade or green goods for example), those where demand is expressed through the state (lobbying
for disability provisions or swimming pools, for example), and those involving intermediate demand (public commissioning on behalf of citizens
158) Information for consumers. Providing free or cheap information can also be a means of affecting consumer behaviour and demand.
This is the case with smoking for example, or food labelling, or cheap energy auditing 159) User groups and their campaigns.
User groups create a demand for services, particularly from public authorities by spreading information and lobbying.
kind of demand or activity. They encourage innovation in how to meet the target Scaling and diffusion in the public sector
166) Creating intermediate demand via the professions for innovative goods and services. This could include purchasing
with demand has been one of the current issues being tackled by the Fairtrade Labelling Organisation (FLO.
Demand Driven System Change with Agenda Alignment Between •Donor Community •National Governments Prove Success & Scale
to new demands on systems of provision, that often lead to service and process innovation
solutions which will reduce demand for services Public mediums of exchange and means of payment
in designing and putting in practice novel ways to tackle a social demand. Some projects that use
better meet the citizens†demands. Also, local governments can use their data to provide (real time) information
y The growing diversity of countries and cities, which demands innovative ways of organizing schooling, language training,
That in turn may demand formal methods to persuade potential backers, including investment appraisals impact assessments,
Car sharing and on-demand solutions are growing increasingly popular, especially with generation Y 10
Shift in customer demand toward commodity products Eroding margins Undercut business models depending on premium autos and large margin options
demand for finite resources used in the manufacturing of consumer electronics (e g. rare earth metals), and adverse social impacts associated with the extractions of these resources
-vealed increasing demands of citizens for their governments and administrations to become more partici -patory, transparent and accountable
prevent excessive demands and frustrations. In Europe, interesting crowdsourcing projects for Cities are emerging from the Open Cities project and Commons4eu.
it would make sure that services deployed answer to concrete unmet local needs and demand. This process
a scenario characterised by shrinking budgets, increasing demand of services from their citizens, and the
high quality data that is in high demand, e g..real-time traffic data Governments and civil servants demand results too quickly.
City services and authorities have had growing demands placed on them by citizens at a time when they are concurrently facing significant budg
-works, such as VOIP, content distribution, on-demand and live media streaming, instant messaging, remote backups and updates, file storage
-works, such as on-demand and live media streaming, instant messaging remote backups and updates, file storage and file sharing.
Other than the fact that the demand for the Raspberry Pi computers have exceeded far the team†s original predicted figure of 10,000 (with
-vealed increasing demands of citizens for their governments and administrations to become more partici -patory, transparent and accountable
prevent excessive demands and frustrations. In Europe, interesting crowdsourcing projects for Cities are emerging from the Open Cities project and Commons4eu.
it would make sure that services deployed answer to concrete unmet local needs and demand. This process
a scenario characterised by shrinking budgets, increasing demand of services from their citizens, and the
high quality data that is in high demand, e g..real-time traffic data Governments and civil servants demand results too quickly.
City services and authorities have had growing demands placed on them by citizens at a time when they are concurrently facing significant budg
-works, such as VOIP, content distribution, on-demand and live media streaming, instant messaging, remote backups and updates, file storage
-works, such as on-demand and live media streaming, instant messaging remote backups and updates, file storage and file sharing.
Other than the fact that the demand for the Raspberry Pi computers have exceeded far the team†s original predicted figure of 10,000 (with
growing electricity demand, enable a trans-European electricity market and integrate more sustainable generation resources (including renewable sources
demand centres. The energy challenges that Europe is now facing are changing the electricity generation
the demand side, will enable customers to become much more interactive with the networks More customer-centric networks are the way ahead,
assuring and improving security and quality of supply, consistent with the demands of the digital age with resilience to hazards and uncertainties
value added services, flexible demand for energy, lower prices, microgeneration opportunities •Electricity networks renewal and innovation:
•Demand response and demand side management DSM): ) developing strategies for local demand modulation and load control by electronic metering
and automatic meter management systems •Politics and regulatory aspects: continuing development and harmonisation of policies and
changed demand of an ageing society with increased comfort and quality of life According to the International Energy Agency (IEA
demands placed on energy supply Smartgrids will use revolutionary new technologies, products and services to
services on demand and total connectivity. They will be asking for connection of in-house generation, the ability to sell surplus generation back to the grid, real time
Innovation will be needed in relation to networks, demand, and for generation, both distributed and centralised, as grid system operational characteristics change
and the demands. It will be important for the future to ensure the continuing close involvement of generation companies
They will have the opportunity to offer demand side response products and services to the grid.
supply, consistent with the demands of the digital age •Economic: Providing best value through innovation
The current climate demands change in the way electricity is supplied. As the internal market develops, European citizens will start to benefit from greater choice and lower costs.
as demand rises and traditional resources are depleted. Major players have been brought together to define a clear vision
demand response demand side management; and energy storage Additional standby capacity might be required, which could be called upon
whenever the intermittent RES ceases to generate power. It may be economically efficient to seek a European solution for balancing power rather than national ones
supply and demand Conceptually, a demand reduction is equivalent to a generation increase in the balancing process:
avoidance of usage or local generation enables each user node in the future network to behave as both sink and source.
definition of generation to commercial and industrial demand customers and individual households allows demand management to be treated as a form of
Demand management becomes an indirect source of generation and savings are rewarded. Secondly, the new system offers greater efficiency as links are
demand management capabilities. Enabled by smart metering, electronic control technologies, modern communications means and the increased awareness of
grid of the future and will have a critical consequence on power demand evolution. For this reason, electronic meters, automated meter management
demand side management and converging utilities; communication and billing services Regulatory bodies will develop harmonised rules to favour competition on a non
consumer demands, allowing both to decide how best to operate in real time. The level of control required to achieve this is much greater than in current distribution systems
the situations demand 32 E u R O P E A n T E C H N O L O G Y P L a T F
Demand and Metering Generation and Storage PLATFORM OPERATIONS New and ongoing projects and initiatives (EC+MS national, regional and local
DSM Demand Side Management ETP European Technology Platform EU European union FACTS Flexible AC Transmission Systems
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