need to spread, focusing on both demand and supply side factors WP8: Using online networks to
To look at the demand side of social innovation †procurement and commissioning †as well as how
to encourage and stimulate private demand, we need to further explore the nature of social innovation
goods, as this profoundly influences how demand is perceived and satisfied Executive Summary 7 The role of the public sector in promoting
some cases, placed additional demands on already pressed local services; a rapidly ageing population has increased dramatically demands on health and
care services as well as public and personal budgets and new lifestyles have brought with them problems of obesity and an increase in chronic disease such
demands might arise, leading to fresh calls for social innovation •Unintended consequences Despite good intentions, social innovations might
demand of citizens, innovation in the public sector is more difficult to define and identify and manage
innovations need to spread, focusing on both demand and supply side factors (see Figure 2). We hope that
still needs to be done to foster demand for social innovation through initiatives like socially responsible
 Supporting private demand through tax incentives/subsidies/personalised budgets measuring impact and outcomes  Strengthening system wide capabilities
innovations need to spread, focusing on both demand and supply side factors (see Figure 2). We hope that
still needs to be done to foster demand for social innovation through initiatives like socially responsible
 Supporting private demand through tax incentives/subsidies/personalised budgets measuring impact and outcomes  Strengthening system wide capabilities
can satisfy innovators†capital demands. Instead of new instruments we need more effective use of
area for future research is to look at the demand side-procurement and commissioning as well as how to encourage
and stimulate private demand through, for example, personalised budgets, tax incentives etc. In this respect again, it is worth
profoundly influences how demand is perceived and satisfied The role of the public sector in promoting social innovation
new demands for change may occur and possibly call for further social innovations. †87 •Satisfaction of
demand for ï rm†s products, ï nancing issues, state support business environment, organizational issues, and availabil
from simple text characters to audio and video and also the demand for very im
approaches trying to cope with the continuously growing traffic demands. The analy -sis of these areas guides the readers from the basics of flat mobile Internet architec
All these applications create new demands and requirements, which to a certain ex -tent can be addressed by means of â€oeover-dimensioning†combined with the enhance
activated on-demand. This approach has the following advantages •Service deployment takes place automatically
new services to be offered on demand •It offers new, flexible ways to configure network entities that are not based on
enabled again on-demand, in case they are needed •It eases the deployment of network-wide protocol stacks and management services
Software Architecture Definition for On-demand Cloud Provisioning ACM HPDC, 21-25, Chicago hpdc2010. eecs. northwestern. edu (June 2010
the continuously growing traffic demands. The discussion of the above areas will guide the readers from the basics of flat mobile Internet architectures to the
1†4. In order to accommodate the future Internet to the anticipated traffic demands technologies applied in the radio access
-tions require network architectures able to deliver all kind of traffic demands seam -lessly assuring high end-to-end quality of service.
the novel traffic demands. Aiming to solve the burning problems of scalability from an architectural point of view, flat and fully distributed mobile architectures are gain
network nodes and proprietary elements with peculiar functions, but also demand certain, distinctive mobility management schemes sufficiently adapted to the distrib
-flect cost reduction and increase systems flexibility to react to user demands, by re -placing a plethora of proprietary hardware and software platforms with generic solu
interoperability as result of more service-oriented demands exist. Reliable services and network performance act as technology requirements for more secure and reliable
Demands on data models integration are requirements to be considered during the design and im -plementation phases of any ICT system
-tion on demand of control and network domains; interrelation and unification of the communication, storage, content and computation substrata
cross-domain interactions demand certain level of abstraction to deal with mapping requirements from different information and data domains.
and the diversity on service demand and network operating conditions, it is very difficult avoid conflicts 14 20 28
generates more demand on management systems to be implemented satisfying diver -sity, capacity and service demand.
Given the fact that in urban areas (shopping cen -tres, apartment buildings, offices) generates more demand in deploying wireless
802.11-based mesh networks this expansion will be a patchwork of mesh networks challenges arise relating to how services can be delivered efficiently over these over
Architectures must consider high demands of information interoperability to satisfy service composition requirements being controlled by diverse, heterogeneous systems
The Internet of today has diï culties to support the increasing demand for re -sources and one of the reasons is restricted related to the evolution of the TCP IP
A Future Internet full of services requirements demands networks where the necessary resources to service delivery are orchestrated
For example, one user, that demands resources, is one communication entity in the Title Model. Also, applications
consideration, since detailed and specific security demands, electronic identities, or Quality-of-Experience (Qoe) will outline societal requirements to be met by techno
with higher capacity demand. Performance is improved always since no policy is employed; in each case, higher improvement is observed for the peers of the swarm
leechers and their bandwidth demand, thus, making it important to take this additional metric into account
in a peer-assisted video-on-demand scenario as described in 12 The main assumption of the HAP ETM mechanism is that by promoting locality
and the demands of gov -ernment bodies to be able to monitor the networks for illegal or unwanted activities
networks through on-demand service coalitions, built upon service offerings of differ -ent provenance and ownership.
The need for assurance in the future Internet demands a set of novel engi -neering methodologies to guarantee secure system behavior and provide credible
Engineering secure Future Internet services demands for at least two traversal issues, security assurance and risk and cost management during SDLC
Service-oriented architectures demand for assurance indicators that can explicitly indicate the quality of protection of a service,
and consumed at run-time in a demand-driven, ï ex -ible way. In the Ios, services are business functionalities that are designed and
Today, demand for cloud security has increased but the oï €ered security is still limited. We expect this to change
generators on demand 3 Technical Environment, Testbed Implementation and Deployment From the requirements of the use case, it is evident that it would benefit from a test
demand increases Acknowledgments. The work presented in this paper has been performed during PII a Seventh Framework Program (FP7) project funded by EU
-verse demands, are likely to stay or even increase in the Internet of the future.
that the growing demands will push towards a much better measurement instrumentation of the future Internet.
-ing a new service on-demand, network functionality, or protocol (i e. addressing the ossification bottleneck
Demands become more and more spo -radic and variable, making dynamic provisioning highly needed As a huge energy consumer, the Internet also needs to have energy-saving func
addressing, reachability, new demands on quality of service (Qos), ser -vice/application provisioning, etc..The next generation network architecture will be
use these tools to guarantee Qos service in a period of exploding demand and rising
Demands become more and more sporadic and variable, making dynamic provisioning highly needed. As a huge energy consumer, the Internet also needs to be energy
-sources to meet bursty demands. If the Internet†s architecture is redesigned not not only mission-critical or business applications in the Cloud will suï €er, but
sporadic, seasonal or unpredictable demands 4. Make the network energy-aware: It is reported in the literature 10
-mental approach to enable the on-demand infrastructure services provision -ing with guaranteed performance and Qos, including manageable security
on-demand ï exible bandwidth allocation, hence addressing challenge#1. IT re -sources comprise another important category of future Internet shared resources
-ing on-demand network services bundled with IT resources to meet challenge#2 New business relationships can be developed between Virtual IT Infrastructure
-ness model where on-demand services are eï ciently oï €ered through the seamless provisioning of network and IT virtual resources
-sioning Services (NIPS) through the on-demand and seamless provisioning of op -tical and IT resources.
demands which need to be satisï ed by suitable IT resources (in a data center Note that we assume anycast routing,
random demand vectors for each demand size going from 5-up to 100 connections Bringing Optical Networks to the Cloud 319
software on-demand, from a shared pool, with minimal interaction or knowledge by users. Cloud services can be divided into three target audiences:
Managing on-demand busi -ness applications with hierarchical service level agreements. In: Berre, A j.,GÃ mez-PÃ rez
application due to users'growing demand of multimedia content and extraordinary growth of network technologies. A broad assortment of such applications can be
specific needs and demands regarding domains such as healthcare, media, energy and the environment, safety, and public services.
the demands of their citizens. In this context, cities and urban areas represent a critical mass when it comes to shaping the demand for advanced Internet-based services.
The â€oeliving labs†approach which comprises open and user driven innovation in large-scale real-life settings opens up a promising opportunity to enrich the experimentally-driven
-all energy consumption will eventually increase due to the growing demand from new services and users, resulting in an increase in GHG emissions.
-cused on microprocessor design, computer design, power-on-demand architectures and virtual machine consolidation techniques. However, a micro-level energy effi
social demands as well as the needs implied in urban development, while also encom -passing peripheral and less developed cities.
Demand for e-services in the domains outlined in Fig. 1 is increasing, but not at a
accessible and adaptable to specific demands of any research and innovation projects The second layer concerns collaboration at the territorial level,
demand for services and availability of advanced end-users (see Fig. 3). Additionally the value creation system in its conceptualisation by Michael Porter is affected by
One of the most urgent demands for sustainable urban ICT developments is to solve the inefficient use (i e. duplications) of existing
This increasing demand to move from network experimentation towards service provi -sioning requirements does not just apply to the Smart Cities field,
well as"on-demand"."This will enable city environments to become"smarter",as more adaptive and supportive environment, for people as well as organizations
product usage, dynamic demand models, forward-looking consumers, online con -tent, experiential products â¤Associate professor of Marketing at INSEAD
to the demand decline 3 The second stream of research includes quantitative methods that explore the relation between
with the study of consumer demand in the online computer gaming industry 3. 1 An Online Game
16we note that more challenging content that demands cooperation of multiple players can still be performed
and computational demands. Therefore, with two levels of observed innate ability and two unobserved consumer segments, we have four segments
that there are demand changes that occur over time and lead to either diï €erent participation rates
A Dynamic Structural Analysis of Demand in a Reward Program, †Quantitative Marketing and Economics, 2008, Vol. 6, Issue 2, pp. 109-137
Ishihara, M. and A. Ching (2012), â€oedynamic Demand for New and Used Durable goods without Physical Depreciation:
Pollak, R. A. 1970), â€oehabit formation and Dynamic Demand Functions, †The Journal of Political economy, 78, No. 4, pp. 745-763
on-demand professional services LEAN manufacturing consultancy: â€oe†Rent a manager†or †rent specialistâ€.
demands and regional priorities •universities have to find their place in the European/national innovation ecosystem †to provide the
population has increased dramatically demands on health and care services and; in some cases migration and hyper-diverse communities have put a
challenges facing the public sector †increasing demands from citizens for higher quality and more personalized public services, together with greater
•†Pull†in the form of effective demand, which comes from the acknowledgement of a need within society,
sector will be shaped by political priorities, budgetary demands and public opinion. l Diagram 5. Effective supply/effective demand
32 Many routes to growth There are also many routes to growth †from organisational growth, to
Growing an innovation depends on effective supply and effective demand effective demand refers to the growth of evidence to show that the innovation
really works. Effective demand refers to willingness to pay. Both are needed †but sometimes the first priority is to prove effectiveness while in other cases
the priority is to create demand, both by persuading people that there is a need to be met,
and then persuading people or organisations with the ability to pay that they should do so
stimulating demand for social applications of digital technology and connecting it to supply. In addition, the entire process is designed to create a
and the demand for them, does not link up automatically. In science, technology and business a vast array of institutions
very significant increase in political support for the use of public demand to stimulate the creation of new markets, spread and mainstream emerging
sufficient demand to establish entirely new markets for innovation and intervention can be particularly crucial in overcoming various
them, that is the demand for social innovation, coming from the acknowledgment of a need within society,
absence of intermediaries able to connect the demand and the supply side and to find the right organisational forms to put the innovation into practice
specifically to connect the existing demand (societal needs) and supply innovative ideas which will become concrete projects) sides of social
This enables the creation of a demanding demand which catalyses the entry into an early phase which aims to situate Basque companies in an
how market demand, or demand from commissioners and policymakers is mobilised to spread a successful new model.
This process is referred often to as †scalingâ€, and in some cases the word is appropriate,
that demand action on an issue, or that mobilise belief that action is possible 1) Crisis. Necessity is often the mother of invention,
both supply and demand driven This is one of Google†s test cars. This fleet of hybrid plug-in vehicles is
public procurement can create sufficient demand to establish entirely new markets for innovation. One example is the Internet,
consumer demand is being met successfully. The demands of a †Just in Time†system of production, for example, provide the structure and
discipline to front line staff formerly supplied by hierarchical managers The manager†s task in this case is to assess variances in performance and
commonly a tension between the demands of continuing operations and the venture†s ability to maintain innovation.
demands of innovation may put pressure on existing business. There are different management styles that may be appropriate for innovation
132) Socially-oriented demand chains. For some ventures providing intermediate goods or services the challenge is how to develop a demand
chain that processes or distributes the good or service. The community movement for recycling worked with local and regional governments to
different types of demand. Sometimes the chain may be linked closely Farmer†s co-ops in Italy for example, supply cooperative processing
demand chain reflecting the social mission of the venture 4 SUSTAINING 71 133) Shared backroom economies.
They place their operational focus more on supply than demand. But 4 SUSTAINING 75 to ensure that the venture remains generative rather than static, users
proof that a particular model works) and effective demand (mobilising sources of finance to pay for the idea or service
The supply of ideas and demand for them tend to co-evolve: there are relatively few fields where there are
an innovation depends on effective supply and effective demand: effective supply refers to the growth of evidence to show that the innovation really
Effective demand refers to the willingness to pay. Both are needed †but sometimes the priority is to prove effectiveness while in other cases the
priority is to create demand †both by persuading people that there is a need to be met,
To grow effective demand, there may then be need a for diffusion through advocacy, raising awareness, championing a cause, and campaigning for
Advocacy is the key to creating demand for services, particularly from public authorities †for example, making the case for public funding for drugs
Diffusing demand The promotion of social innovation has tended to focus on the supply side and how innovations can be diffused among service providers through experts
where demand can be expressed in the market (for fair trade or green goods for example), those where demand is expressed through the state (lobbying
for disability provisions or swimming pools, for example), and those involving intermediate demand (public commissioning on behalf of citizens
158) Information for consumers. Providing free or cheap information can also be a means of affecting consumer behaviour and demand.
This is the case with smoking for example, or food labelling, or cheap energy auditing 159) User groups and their campaigns.
User groups create a demand for services, particularly from public authorities by spreading information and lobbying.
kind of demand or activity. They encourage innovation in how to meet the target Scaling and diffusion in the public sector
166) Creating intermediate demand via the professions for innovative goods and services. This could include purchasing
with demand has been one of the current issues being tackled by the Fairtrade Labelling Organisation (FLO.
Demand Driven System Change with Agenda Alignment Between •Donor Community •National Governments Prove Success & Scale
to new demands on systems of provision, that often lead to service and process innovation
solutions which will reduce demand for services Public mediums of exchange and means of payment
The relentless pace of digital innovation is driven by large by economic models of growth and their demand for
changing market demands. Also, institutional boundaries are more permeable Etzkowitz, 2012) as the single institutional spheres of University, Industry and
advanced information demand analysis and improved information supply 7 Table 1. 1 Big data perspectives and related actions
similar to Grid but differs in the sense it aims to provide on demand access to a
1. On demand self-service. Defined as the process that enables the user to utilize computing capabilities, such as server using time and data storage, automati
and enables the cloud computing structure to comply with the user†s demands 6. Measured and controlled service.
demands 4. Professional and geographically dispersed service, which can be achieved by the vendor by providing the service 24/7 over the diverse geographical areas
and to comply with supply and business demand 1 See also Chap. 1 of this book for details on Mapreduce and Big data
from the industry as a result for the new demands for new applications and new
by acquiring and releasing the resources on-demand and as needed. This feature enables the service provider to allocate
demands. The automated service provisioning has been researched in the past and one of the solutions for this problem is to periodically predicting the
demand and to automatically allocate the resources that meet the requirements 2. Virtual machine migration. Virtualization can be important for cloud com
increased customer demands, which created a bottleneck that caused many sales orders to be lost or never received.
requests promptly via an automatic provisioning process based on on-demand operation. Fourth, the government will have a possibility of more efficient man
-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources such as networks, servers and software applications.
Indeed, they are basically an on-demand service dis -tribution, which kept applications on corporate servers with only core parts or a
However, the increasing importance and demand for technology support ser -vices combined with the decreasing budgets
-less, because of shrinking resources and increasing demand for services, the IT specialists who support that kind of technology experience constant pressure to do
•The previously high demands for specialists have been cut greatly by utilizing systems that can be supported by its regular users
-nance is proposed still the way to meet the previous demands. It is an important element in any organization and has a great effect on its efficiency and effec
-tions, to a demand-driven logic, where the commercial relationship is increasingly based on collaboration and interactivity criteria and the new competition dynamics
digital economy is driven fundamentally by customer demand. In the digital economy, the essential input of the value creation process is information itself, for
Business process orientation •Guided by offer •Guided by demand Economic focus •Cost minimizing •Value maximizing
the demand side, that is, from the point of view of consumers, it is possible to identify four key features of digitalized products 43
or stimulate future demand, even at the cost of decreasing actual revenues, is the offer of free copies or of promotional prices.
the readiness of the technology, of the company, of the market (both demand and offer side) and of the complementary infrastructure.
readiness of the demand, which signals a higher likeliness of a fast rate of diffusion
behind Macrosense and of the demand and offer side of the market, with many clients and competitors
facing a somewhat small demand yet to develop. The company is growing and the development of the platform is continuing.
and the demand is potentially very large 10.9.2 Applications With a growing number of senior citizens and an increasing impact of different
and the demand is very large 10.10.2 Applications Managing timely payments is a big issue for many industries, and especially for
of the technology readiness, the presence of a strong demand, the development stage of the competitors and of the target.
model for providing on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable resources such as networks, servers, and software applications.
The demand for support in the SME sector is evidenced high by the fact that WIT has completed more than 240 Enterprise Ireland supported Innovation Voucher projects with SME companies
inputs, transformation processes and customer demand necessary to found and develop a venture †Network access refers to the availability of supporting
Increased demand for collateral after the economic crisis restricts access to bank loans for entrepreneurs The European Small Business Finance Outlook 2013 and
greater demand for collateral by banks has made it more difficult to access credit. 43 In some countries,
well as relationships to new ideas to fulfil the demand for continued growth and productivity in European economies
private demand, seems to be waking up after two decades of stagnation. In Europe the picture is more
by protracted internal demand, high unemployment and financial fragmentation. Emerging economies are forecasted to grow more modestly than they did in the
services given their particular supply-and-demand conditions, as well as to ensure that these goods can
Market efficiency also depends on demand conditions such as customer orientation and buyer sophistication. For cultural or historical reasons
domestic demand in determining the size of the market for the firms of a country. 17 By including both domestic
B. Quality of demand conditions...33 %6. 15 Degree of customer orientation 6. 16 Buyer sophistication
resources, for which demand continues to climb. These developments signal that†despite growing awareness about the risks related to unsustainable resource and
data centers†that significantly reduce energy demand The relationship between environmental sustainability and competitiveness is multifaceted and
context of rising energy demand, improving energy efficiency through management changes, investing in technology improvement,
the elasticity of energy demand (fuel and electricity is relatively rigid in the short run.
relation between water supply availability and demand in each country; Wastewater treatment, which gauges what percentage of (mainly urban) wastewater is treated
a trend of low aggregate demand had begun in the United states 7 For examples, see Acemoclu and Robinson 2006 and Avent 2014
Aggregate Demand. †Discussion paper, mimeo. Available at http //www. boeckler. de/pdf/v 2013 10 24 carvalho rezai. pdf
of technology, the demand conditions for innovative products (as proxied by the development of government
board, while the country†s infrastructure (104th) demands sustained investments to support the ICT sector
able to handle industrial demands and the data flows that come with them In the oil and gas industry, for example, data are
demand and forecasts, and location data. In seismic exploration, the cost, size, and speed of data are all
concerns about privacy will strengthen demands for tighter regulatory control, potentially limiting companies†ability to exploit big data opportunities or exposing them
large-scale demand from organizations intent on using big data. In more developed countries, however, the government†s primary concerns should be ensuring
intrusion whether the public demands such measures or not. European governments provide an example with the
the point where supply equals demand Research sponsored by Microsoft and published last year by the International Institute of Communications
demand highly skilled workers with backgrounds in Box 2: Harvard Transparency Project The Transparency Policy Project at Harvard†s Kennedy
The demand for engineers who specialize in technologies such as machine learning and natural language processing will also increase, and a gap
between the supply and demand for these types of skills may hinder data-driven innovation†s full potential
clear demand for skilled workers is further evidence of data-driven innovation†s potential benefits for economies
innovation demands challenging the outdated paradigms established in a significantly less data-intensive world To achieve the maximum benefits from data-driven
Internet protocol network traffic demand, and Internet governance. Previously he was a manager in Cisco†s
New york. He leads the Demand Analytics group, the firm†s expert capability in consumer insight and marketing
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