transport and the urban environment provided that it is based on solid empirical grounding and behavioral rules consistent with
detrimental to urban and global environments. The technologies intended to decrease the need for travel or to increase the efficiency of travel that does take place,
The Impacts of â€oevirtual Mobility†on Transport, the Environment, and Land Use. STELLA Focus Group 2 meeting, Newcastle, UK, 8-10 may 2003.
resources, and a more satisfying work environment for the staff. Such a system should ICT€ s Role in Healthcare Transformation
stakeholders in the healthcare environment, patients, professionals and funders. Several of these are outlined in the sections that follow.
in highly integrated environment can often be found embedded in systems such as Patient Portals, Self service Applications and Personal Health Records
clinical care environment, the hospital†s clinicians are making more informed decisions about patient care, creating better,
other for quick questions or opinions in a secure real-time environment. For more -ICT€ s Role in Healthcare Transformation
and will create an environment where willingness to adapt will bring demonstrable benefit to those involved
and may also provide a better environment to help tackle community programmes relating to lifestyle and behavioural illness
environment, Ireland has a tremendous opportunity to exploit multiple opportunities in these international markets. Our enhanced reputation will
and adapt to a changing global environment. Although the economy as a whole may have faced difficulty integrating and exploiting new technologies to
changing external environment; upgrading the quality and composition of their export mix 4wto/UNCTAD relative unit-value data is available at:
the dynamic environment of healthcare and the potential exceptions that are raised in case of emergency.
resources, and the business environment in which they operate (Burrone and Jaiya 2005 Particularly innovation in the manufacturing sector is a very complex process
but are influenced also strongly by the overall environment Hoffman et al. 1998) based on a survey of studies pertaining to UK,
would otherwise be provided in an incentive-neutral environment. This means that they do not provide the appropriate incentive environment for
physicians to engage in complex cases, co-ordination of care or in services outside of the traditional office visit, such as phone consultations or using
provided in a hospital outpatient environment is salaried mostly In a salary-based system, a physician is paid a fixed amount of money
environment affects the uptake of health ICTS. Sharing sensitive patient data in a large and heterogeneous environment through the use of web-based
applications raises a series of privacy and security issues. For treatment purposes, an individual†s health information will need to be accessed by a
Each vendor sets up a test environment that replicates the live environment of its EHR system,
electronic health environment. Through a combination of funding, information technology services and change management services, POSP has helped nearly half of Alberta†s
These questions address the state of â€oereadiness†of the environment 116 †CHAPTER 5. USING BENCHMARKING TO SUPPORT CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT
different questions, wording or explanations may be necessary in different environments To be useful in all contexts,
modules to ensure flexibility and adaptability to a rapidly changing environment. While the use of core modules allows measurement on an internationally comparable basis, additional
changing environment. While the use of core modules allows the measurement on an internationally comparable basis, additional modules and new indicators
Experience with â€oehome-grown systems†and a supportive environment contributed to acceptance and successful implementation of EMRS.
ensure smooth transition to the digital environment •Developed community-level HIES custom built and organised
Early adopters within an innovation-friendly environment Swedish pharmacists had been experimenting with e-prescription since 1981, based on
A lower cost, business friendly environment...27 Ambition 2: A more skilled labour force...45 Ambition 3:
1. a lower cost, business friendly environment with less regulation, lower taxes and more competitive markets
Government has an important role in fostering the right economic environment, so that businesses can create
environment that allows businesses to create the jobs and prosperity needed for strong, secure communities and to maintain high living standards in Australia.
•a lower cost, business friendly environment with less regulation, lower taxes and more competitive markets
business environment TPO00007 An action plan for a stronger Australia Industry Innovation and C om
A Lower Cost, business Friendly environment The Government will make it easier and cheaper to do business by
competitive and uncertain international environment. While the opportunities are great, the changes taking place in the international economy also present further challenges to our living
environment & construction as having strong growth paths c) IBIS World (2013), Australia†s Top 5 New Exports.
property environment and educated workforce (ABS, 2013b. 7. tourism for the world†s growing middle classes
which has an important role to foster an economic environment where productive, self-reliant enterprises can flourish.
to adapt to the rapidly changing economic environment Reducing government overreach in these ways, while necessary, will not be easy.
1. a lower cost, business friendly environment with less regulation, lower taxes and more competitive markets
and improving the business operating environment, including by reducing red tape and increasing the quality and effectiveness of government engagement with small business
A Lower Cost, business Friendly environment The Government will make it easier and cheaper to do business, particularly for small business
Department of Environment, 2014. Fewer than 20 taxpayers contributed to the meagre revenue raised by the Minerals Resource Rent Tax,
Management Authority (NOPSEMA) and the Commonwealth Minister for the Environment under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.
The Government has already simplified this process by making NOPSEMA the sole designated assessor for these activities in
and creating a stable investment environment •putting downward pressure on electricity price rises, increasing competition and consumer
•reducing unnecessary regulation while protecting consumers and the environment Box B3: Australia†s energy resources and the cost of energy
environment and will remain the mainstays of efforts to lift competitiveness. However, we believe the Government also has a facilitation and
with the right enabling environment, can be world leaders. Backing our competitive strengths and building on the Entrepreneurs†Infrastructure Programme, the Government
•taking practical steps with governments to improve the regulatory environment •facilitating new commercial partnerships through supporting industry-led projects
The Competitiveness Agenda is designed to provide a competitive environment in which any business, whether big or small, can succeed on its intrinsic merits, and the
A lower cost, business friendly environment 1. Accepting trusted international standards and risk assessments The Parliamentary Secretary to
Department of Environment. 2014, July. Impacts on Households and Businesses Fact Sheet Retrieved July 18, 2014, from Department of Environment:
http://www. environment gov. au/system/files/pages/59388d77-a9b5-4e4c-87b7-d732baf7c45b/files/factsheet
-impacts-households-and-businesses 0. pdf Department of Foreign affairs and Trade. 2014). ) Trade in Services Australia, 2012-13.
while reducing the strain on the environment We must make a concerted effort. enterprises in the private and the public
enterprises and industrial environments throughout norway. our enterprises are themselves responsible for utilising the potential that exists in the market, and many
social responsibility and the environment to play a role throughout the work of the admi
on the environment   erik solheim, Minister of the environment and international development 18
research generates new ideas and solutions that can contribute to increased innovation it also contributes to converting innovative ideas into concrete solutions. the research
on the environment 19 to improve the quality of healthcare services will require that we deploy
ï Physical Work Environment The recent report for the European commission Innovation Management and the Knowledge-Driven
environment. Joined-up thinking has never been more important, and Innovation Policy Review will help in that process by keeping you up to date with major trends and developmentsâ€
The aim is to encourage a more innovation-friendly environment throughout the EU and to stimulate technological innovation and the setting up of innovative technology businesses.
External and Internal environment of the company and identifies the human resources relation to company†s performance
A scan of the internal and external environment is an important part of the strategic planning process
-lysis of the strategic environment is referred as a SWOT analysis The SWOT analysis provides information that is helpful in matching the firm†s resources and capabili
-ties to the competitive environment in which it operates 2. 2. 1. What is SWOT Analysis?..
-tunities and Threats from its external environment. Only when these four critical information elements are elaborated well and known,
3. Create a workshop environment If compiling and recording the SWOT lists takes place in meetings,
ï how does the management style stimulate the creative environment 4. 1. 3. 1. Adaptors/Innovators
-mand interaction with changing environments who deal with incertitude ï would rather produce ideas by introducing new
4. 1. 3. 4. Creative environment Creativity Barriers A mind functions only when there is an opening.
Creative environment: Managing styles and creativity The traditional classification of the managing styles is: authoritarian style, democratic style, permissive
environment and cultivates employees†self respect ï he/she encourages the em -ployees to seek solutions, to
in order to create a stimulating environment from the creativity†s point of view, it is recommended not to use authoritarian domination
Mini guide for creating a creative environment ï Ask for each employee†s opinion in order to produce a large number of ideas.
In conclusion, an organisational environment that promotes personal initiative and responsibility for the team†s/company†s goals, development of self confidence and in others, communication and alignment
ï Environment of the system Where to search for analogies Suitable analogies can be found in different fields of work
Environment Material Form Identification of analogical systems Discussion of the solutions found Modification Transfer Adaptation
In real business environments, the overall aim of a KM strategy is the business value creation.
but also to create the business environment, which will facilitate and support all the KM processes 4. 6. 1. Where Knowledge management applies?..
Knowledge in business environments exists in two main forms, the tacit knowledge and the explicit knowledge
In today†s very competitive work environment many employees don†t feel safe in their work position
In this environment, best practice working procedures are business-critical-information They must be defined clearly and accurately communicated to employees
that in an environment where rules have to be followed. Has any worker on the assembly line the au
ï Nurturing an environment that encourage the creativity of employees (blue sky thinking that use toys to stimulate creativity are to be considered-see links
they use, the environment they work in. Basically, the success of the quality circles is based on the
ï Market-like environments Good engines also allow broad enough perspectives to enter the innovation activity.
-of-proportion individual rewards may create a cutthroat environment for competition that over time is
ï Creating an Environment for Innovation http://www. strategyletter. com/CD0902/featured article. html ï Risk and challenges in thinking about innovation
Companies are generally operating in a competitive environment. Companies are often operating on a rather limited budget
The environment in which your organisa -tion operates may differ from the analysed organisation (s) and thus some of the improvements
adaptability to their own working procedures and environment. A list of actions was prepared, together with a list of steps necessary in order to implement these actions in CMLS
A review or â€oeaudit†of the existing environment is always a critical starting point for any product development process.
store environments can be tested, dog food can be tested, airline service can be tested, equipment prototypes can be tested, etc
ï Environmental Management Tools for SMES-A Handbook, European, Environment Agency ï Georgia Institute of technology, Systems Realization Laboratory
The competitive environment of the applied research in ICT sectors is highly dynamic and subject to a
environment). ) Public relations is included within Promotion by many marketing people though PR people tend to see it as a separate discipline
-ing the learning environment within the workplace is a key element in the facilitation and management
-ing environment creative thinking may emerge 9. 2. 3. Why Media Based Training Each approach to learning has advantages and disadvantages.
ï lets people apply what they know about the real world environment to the task of navigating
ï makes the learning environment more predictable ï contains objects and actions corresponding to real-world
-son structures can provide for a rich and effective learning environment that can be stimulating the generation of innovative ideas
ï Department for Environment Food and Rural affairs provides business advice for rural businesses, including a template for a TNA as well as a number of case studies
environment, focusing on Contractors, Specialist Subcontractors, Consultants, and Local Au -thorities, where the departments work as SMES.
This includes a work environment striving to meet the needs of all employees Why and where creating a company culture for continuous innovation is applied
its workforce, reflecting the multicultural social environments businesses are situated in Within a business environment, intercultural competencies are essential wherever two or more cul
-tures coexist, interact or where products or services produced or offered by a company or organisa
Innovations usually do not take place in a given, static environment. They are rather a result of a dynamic process in an organisation that involves interplay of several internal
thorough understanding of internal business processes and of business environment conditions in the country concerned
as a profound analysis of business environment conditions of the target offshore country are prerequisites of a successful global operation
elements in today†s globalized and competitive environment Companies focusing on innovation achieve not only competitiveness
accept change in their environment or industry Keeping in view the importance of innovation in SMES
this competitive global environment. Despite the government focus on SMES, researchers question the role of innovation in
perform in correspondence to environment. Innovation is seen as a most important part of an organizational life that emerges
heritage in a rapidly changing environment. In Docherty, P.,Kira, M. ans Shani (Rami) A b s
Environments. Organization Science. Vol 21, Nol 6 November-December. Pp. 1263-1273 20 Foss, N. J.,Husted, K. and Michailova, S. 2010
environment. Nankai Business Review International, 1 (3), 297-316 Mathematical Methods in Engineering and Economics
SMES) competing in the global business environment A case of Malaysia. International Business Research, 3 (1), P66
environment for SMES, including through the establishment and facilitation of a range of support services, with the aim of strengthening the innovation capacity of SMES
instruments to provide direct support and a favourable environment for growth of SMES. The major contributions from Horizon 2020 to SMES competitiveness are:
Climate action, environment, resource efficiency and raw materials SC5-20-2014/2015 Boosting the potential of small businesses for eco
ï Improve the business environment of the supported SMES by establishing open collaboration spaces that can involve innovation actors from different sectors and
these two methodologies as elements of a permanent peer learning environment and to give incentives to the agencies to engage more frequently in peer learning activities
stable environment with highly qualified staff The IMPÂ rove European Innovation Management Academy has the potential to assist the
First, by providing a capacity building environment for the innovation advisors (staff of Enterprise Europe Network) that work in regions with a weakly developed consulting base
environment in which they operate permits this to happen Some of the issues relate to policies that affect the whole
economy and hence the general business environment in which SMES must operate. Other issues relate to policies and
importance of ensuring that the business environment is conducive to rapid expansion of young, especially
environment conducive to entrepreneurship and enterprise creation Creating a business environment conducive to entrepreneurship and enterprise creation in which
innovative young firms have scope to expand rapidly once they have established themselves requires a broad range of
a basis for a stable macroeconomic environment. They also include structural policies that determine the overall
environment to address policy and market failures that dampen entrepreneurial activity and limit the scope for
entrepreneurial business environment. Policy design in areas such as competition, the regulatory framework, the tax system, labour markets, financial
activity and the entrepreneurial environment in each country  OECD 2004 PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY
environments that facilitate e-business and the use of more complex applications of information technology. Governments should target programmes to overcome market failures to the
policies that contribute to healthy business environments conducive to enterprise creation and growth; the ability of
Department for Environment, Food and Rural affairs grants, advice, in kind support) 3 120 Department of Transport, Local government and Regions and agencies 107
assimilate, and exploit knowledge from the environment. In other words, a minimum level of R&d activity is a necessary condition to benefit from
and the regulatory environment). Stepping outside 19 traditional economic analysis, factors such as having goals other than profit
attributes and environments vary considerably. Second, there is a wide range of innovation options that can serve different purposes at different times.
2005) suggest that the hostility of the environment influences innovativeness Firms operating in highly competitive (hostile) markets are likely to be more successful
than radical ones because of the cutthroat nature of the environment. In contrast, Khan and Mattapichetwattana (1989) found that environmental hostility lessened SME innovativeness
They need to scan their environment regularly to learn what their competitors are doing Woodcock et al.
environments (â€oewater is not just waterâ€), b) design new products, systems and services more effectively, c) provide fast turn-around service or even on-line help
relevant environment, that is to say to the reference groups of that innovator (Van der Aa and Elfring, 2002
However, in a service-centered environment, sales people must view services as the main source of revenue;
•Explicit-to-tacit is typified with a learning environment particularly where students are required to experiment with published information
The environment is collaborative, active, dynamic, and innovative Portal Features and Operation. Based on the above concepts, we propose a secure knowledge
and scan their environment to find best practices Carland, J. W.,F. Hoy, W. R. Boulton, J. C. Carland (1984."
performance in hostile and benign environments.""Journal of Small Business Strategy 15 (2): 33 -44
small businesses in a hostile external environment Yap, C.-M.,K-H. Chai, P. Lemaire (2005."
Innovative activity also flourishes in environments free of bureaucratic constraints (Link and Bozeman, 1991. A number of SMES have benefited in fact from the exodus of researchers thwarted
SMES operate in medium to low technology environments and innovate without using formal R&d inputs
established, and new enterprises are decentralised conceived†This and fluid environment also promotes the diffusion of intangible technological capabilities and understandings. †13
a diversified competitive environment, than in one dominated by large, vertically integrated producers 51. Evidence seems to indicate that diversity
and capital good suppliers in Italy has created an environment that pushes innovation forward. Manufacturers make sophisticated and ever changing demands,
activities be enhanced in relation to the firm†s external environment? In this dissertation, I tried to address these questions using a conceptual analysis, as well as empirical investigation
model focuses on the firm†s internal environment, it also relates to the firm†s external
environment via input parameters such as firm size ratio and the average firm age in a given
model to handle SME performance in relation to companies†external environments, I presented indicators, in the form of various types of capital,
and a new approach to account for innovation in relation to the external environment of the firm using the IBAM tool.
Financial crisis on the Environment, Energy and Sustainable Development, Part VII, Chapter 30, 287†294 Paper 7:
external environment on that firm†s performance (Jovanovic 1982, Hopenhayn 1992, Nelson and Winter 1978, Inman 1991, Peel et al. 1985,1986, Chen and Shimerda 1981, Argenti
isolation from the impact of the external environment and from other existing evaluation models (Caves 1998, Mcpherson 1995, Allison 1984, Waring 1996, Mcgahan and Porter
The input parameters of interest in relation to the internal environment of the firm include: the number of employees, the maximum number of employees
At the external environment level, the input indicators that could be used in performance evaluation are the four components of innovation capital:
parameters relates to the internal environment of the firm. As for the external environment of
the firm, I selected financial capital and human capital from the literature review. Regarding the system capital,
internal and external environments. Although I did not empirically treat the technology input at the external environment of the firm in this thesis,
I did suggest some feasible input indicators that could be used to develop sound models in the future
There is a strategic value in connecting an enterprise†s internal environment to its external environment, because a firm†s efficiency relates to more than just its size and the sector
within which it is active (Abrahamsson and Brege 1997, Abrahamsson et al. 2003 The effort manifested in this thesis aims to contribute to existing firm theory
performance in relation to the internal environment of the firms, such as firm managers, SME consultants, and individual researchers.
environment at an aggregate level. Politicians and administrators who are members of major institutions working with economic growth issues, such as Tillvã¤xtverket and
) It is therefore beneficial to analyze the internal/external environment aspects of firm performance and couple that analysis with the firm†s innovation activities (Mazzarol and
significance of the external environment to the innovativeness of the firm Since networking was accounted not for in classical performance modeling, one
environment To answer the above three questions, one must have the correct balance between theory-building (i e. the conceptual approach) and empirical testing (i e. the case
addressed the issue of performance in relation to the external environment of the firm, rather than quantification and statistical analysis.
within a single firm, wherein the internal environment determines how resources are used and delegated in the organization.
one must also look at the innovation process in relation to the external environment of the firm. Availability of resources and the general conditions at the external environment outside
the firm have an impact on the firm†s innovation activities. This is accounted for by the
activities of the firm to its external environment The first chapter ends with a discussion about the research model used in
building performance models for technology input in relation to the external environment of the firm. This can be a subject for a future thesis
Therefore, it is necessary to study the environment within which SMES operate and understand how that environment is reflected in their performance
Gnyawali and Park 2009. As the modern economy becomes increasingly diffused (Polenske 2002), the agility and flexibility of SMES gives them a competitive edge over larger firms
environment of the firm, while the second group is focused more on the internal environment of the firm.
Actually, a majority of the prediction models deal with financial failure The stochastic theories are based on the fact that firm growth is independent of
To connect societal input to innovation in relation to the external environment of the firm, early studies assumed that growth in the short run was driven largely by capital
rise of open organizations, including innovative environments (Aydalot 1985), clusters (Porter 1990), innovative milieu (Camagni 1991), regional innovation systems (Cooke 2001), and
competencies delivered as codified knowledge in the internal environment of the firm and that is why it is referred also to as internal capital†(ibid
environment. Such input comes from societal and governmental organizations and institutions. Secondly, system capital indicates both tangible as well as intangible assets
external environment. Hall and Jones (1999) found that such tangible and intangible factors may be institutional and relate to differences in social structures
The closed system approach looks at the organization in isolation from its environment. This is in contradiction to the open system view
with its external environment in the analysis. The rational aspect focuses on the operational and administrative functions of the organization while the rational aspect stresses the
might occur between an organization and its external environment (Shenhav 1995,1999, Cole 1994,1999 Parallel to the introduction of the scientific management school, a second
the interdependence and exchange between the organization and its environment. Within the bounded rationality theory, March and Simon (1958) called for a view of the organization that
showed it being more open to its environment. The theory emphasizes the need to take that in
emphasizes the existence of multiple numbers of environments corresponding to different types of organizations (Lawrence and Lorsch 1967.
solutions and decisions to correspond to the different types of environments. An organization†s adaptability to its environment is the core concept in this theory (ibid
The combination of rationality and openness in organizational systems is made clear in James D. Thompson†s (1967) work.
importance of the environment for the structure and performance of organizations. Using a similar approach to Dill†s (1958), Scott (2003, p. 197) defined the task environment as those
features of the environment relevant to the organization when viewed as a production system These features include the sources of input, markets for output, competitors, and regulators
Several theoretical frameworks provided guidance to empirical studies of how organization relates to the task environment.
Among these are the contingency (Thompson 1967 Donaldson 2001), strategic choice (Child 1972, Baum 1998), competitive strategy (Porter
The institute developed a typology of organizational environments and used that typology to study larger firms (Miller and Rice 1967.
The approach of adaptation to environment has been labeled â€oeresource dependence†(Pfeffer and Salancik 1978), â€oepolitical economy†(Zald 1970, Wamsley and Zald 1973), and â€oepower
environment (Scott 2003. The difference between it and the contingency theory is that the institutional approach is focused more on the impact of the macro institutional actors of
The concept of external environment is intended to include those forces and elements external to the organization (Covin and Slevin 1991.
The external environment is affected by an organization†s actions as well as more general economic, sociocultural
Innovations tend to increase in open environments (Malinen et al. 2009. Modern production requires a new approach to management,
the external environment from the entrepreneurial processes (Covin and Slevin 1991. For example, Bruno and Tyebjee (1982), drawing heavily on the resource exchange model
Similarly, researchers have found dynamic environments to encourage entrepreneurial firm-level behavior (Miller et al. 1988.
such as those present in high-tech or dynamic environments, by taking risks, innovating, and exhibiting proactive behaviors,
In a highly competitive environment, entrepreneurial postures appear to promote high levels of firm performance (Covin and Slevin 1989.
-hostile environments (Miller and Friesen 1983. Laforge and Miller (1987) studied the moderating effects of firm size on the relationship between several environmental and
external environments. One must choose the parameters in relation to their efficiency and capacity to respond to the requirements of an open system.
environment of the firm through two concepts: maximum number of employees distinguishing the different categories of enterprises (for the firm size parameter) and the
firm efficiency is isolated not from the firm†s external environment. Classical firm performance models were built at a time when the closed perspective of organizational
) The importance of accounting for the firm†s external environment in models and theories of entrepreneurship is evident (Covin and Slevin 1991, Cooper 1986, Bruno and
By â€oeexternal environment, †I mean the conditions surrounding the firm that impact its performance.
firms, for this is also embedded in the concept of the external environment of a single firm
external environment. The IBM analysis was performed on Arab countries where the level of differentiation between the intensity of
components that impact innovativeness in society in relation to the external environment of the firm. These components are human capital, financial capital,
environments of the firm The Arab World was chosen because the difference between the levels of the three
focus on the internal environment of the firm, while others consider the firm†s external environment, investigating a population of firms rather than a single enterprise.
Reviewing these models and discussing their individual strengths and weaknesses would help academic researchers as well as professional users to become more efficient
The models of the first group are related to the external environment of the firm, making them unsuitable to the internally-focused performance evaluation of single
The models of the second group focus on the internal environment of the firm, and thus
SIV model looks at the issue of the firm†s external environment and that environment†s
but also considers the external environment in relation to the firm†s innovation activities. Such parameters as sector age, the definition of SMES and
the firm†s input into the innovation activities of others require that the external environment
environment Paper 2: â€oeaspem as the New Topographic Analysis Tool for Small and Medium-sized
They can be related to the external environment within which the firm resides or to its internal environment.
Hazard, stochastic, and learning models are examples of models that relate to external factors, while Z-Scores, ZETA Scores, and Neural networks are
cases, the models focus on the external environment of the firm, and investigate how the firm
In this last case, the focus is on the internal environment of the enterprise Contribution of paper 2 to the purpose of the thesis
internal and external environments of the firm. As the coverage intensity (the vertical axis becomes lower,
the analysis becomes more focused on the internal environment of the firm Examples for such models are the ZETA model, the Neural networks model, and the SIV
The difference between these is that the SIV model connects the internal environment of the firm to the external environment, due to the way in which the different qualitative
parameters are expressed. When coverage intensity is high, the models have more focus on the external environment.
Examples of those models include the stochastic models and Hazard modeling. The learning model has a relatively intermediate level of coverage
environment in relation to its firm innovation activities Paper 4: â€oeinnovation Balance Matrix: An Application in the Arab Countriesâ€
internal environment of the firm. Paper 4 shifted the focus of the performance analysis to the
firm†s external environment. In the process, it introduced some ideas and concepts that can be
environment of a firm. This is an essential factor to consider when looking at the impact of
external environments. That led me to write the first version of this work. The first draft of
entrepreneurial environment in a region, and thus can describe the economy†s general character. The paper also introduced another new type of capital as a component of innovation
two, an unbalanced external environment exists. That in turn leads to a negative impact on the
total innovative environment of the economy The IBAM analysis produced two types of economies, one in which firms and
This analysis was performed in relation to the external environment of the firm and used the Innovation Balance Matrix (IBAM.
environment aspects to the internal environment aspects of firm performance was made clear in our study of the categorization of firm performance models
environment level. The SIV model achieves this incorporation through use of the technology intake parameter (see page 3). However,
in relation to the enterprise†s external environment. Innovation activities at the external environment level affect the firm†s internal environment.
The IBAM tool helps researchers to assess this input by stressing the need for balance between human capital, financial capital
At the external environment level, an evaluation model of SMES that considers innovation aspects must also consider the aggregate level be it regional, national, or global
The IBAM provides for that analysis in relation to the external environment of the firm Although the discussion about the three types of innovation capital is meant not to provide a
model for measuring firm performance in relation to the external environment of the firm, it provides potential input parameters to facilitating such analysis
environment has been researched from diverse approaches. One way to look at the question is to use deductive analysis regarding the forms of capital that contribute to the
entrepreneurial external environment of firms. In paper 4, an IBAM analysis was performed to assess firms in the Arab World.
and the entrepreneurial external environment of firms using diverse approaches. One way to look at the question is to apply deductive analysis to the forms of capital contributing to the
entrepreneurial environment of a given society The paper solidifies the issue of knowledge†s impact on the economic value of
the external environment of the firm An analysis using IBAM was performed on the Arab World,
discussion of innovation with focus on the external environment of the firm in other regions of the world.
firms†external environments to entrepreneurial policy issues using the IBAM as the bridging tool. A performance model that is not functioning correctly at the internal environment level
can lead to misunderstandings of the nature of a society†s innovation activities, and as thus
misunderstanding of a firm†s situation at the internal environment level can impact the big
the firm†s internal environment to the focus on the firm†s external environment. Such bridging
external environment of the firm. The analysis provided uses the three components of innovation capital (human capital, financial capital,
indicators to build upon models of performance that consider the external environment of the firm Paper 6:
Outlook 2009, The Impact of the Global Financial crisis on the Environment, Energy and Sustainable Development, World Association for Sustainable Development (WASD), Part
the degree of richness of the entrepreneurial environment in an economy. However, the issue of accessibility and openness in the innovation process was reflected not in the innovation
At the external environment level, the input indicators that are candidates for performance are the four components of innovation capital:
environment of the firm neglected the impact of networking and the exchange of resources and knowledge on firm survival and growth.
parameters to the internal environment of the firm. In this approach, one can relate the size of
relate input parameters to the internal environment is to relate the firm†s age to the age of the
reflected in the introduction of the open capital concept at the external environment level. It is
even materialized at the internal environment level, through the introduction of the technology intake parameter (paper 3). Networking†s impact on firm performance is accounted also for in
to building performance models that are able to focus on the external environment of the firm
6 analyze the nature of innovation capital in relation to the external environment of the firm This group of papers introduces a new tool, the Innovation Balance Matrix (IBAM), which
All tend to focus on the external environment of the firm The other group includes Z-Scores, ZETA Scores, Neural networks,
environment of an enterprise. However, with the exception of the SIV model, these models rely heavily on business ratios,
sectors and other issues of significance to the external environment of the firm Paper 2 presented a strategic tool to select suitable performance models for
external environment of the firm by use of the Innovation Balance Matrix (IBAM The connection between the internal and external environments of the firm, as
relates to firm performance, must be considered in the study of the categorization of the firm
Some of the models are more related to the external environment of the firm, such as stochastic theories
business sectors, locations, external environment conditions, and the age of the sector Performance of SMES should be measured by relating the external environment
of the firm to its entrepreneurial policy issues, using IBAM as the bridging tool. A
performance model that does not correctly assess the internal environment can miscalculate the nature of the firm†s innovation activities as they relate to its external environment.
This 85 may guide planners to enact harmful innovation policies. The Arab World shows how
environments, and how that is related to the innovation issue, I used a sample of firms from
performance issues in relation to the external environment of the firm neglected the impact of networking and the exchange of resources and knowledge on firm survival and growth.
which are coupled to the internal environment of the firm, were structured to describe a single firm in isolation from other enterprises
SMES€ internal environment in relation to performance analysis with a focus on the external environment; and 3) the extent of the SIV model†s responsiveness to the desired
characteristics The desired characteristics of the intended SME performance model Paper 1 discusses characteristics that must be considered to envision the desired
The bridging of the SMES€ internal environment focused performance analysis to an external environment focused approach
A desired SME performance model should incorporate innovation at the internal environment level in its build up.
The SIV model achieves that incorporation through the technology intake parameter (paper 3). However, it is important to discuss the innovation
input in relation to the firm†s external environment. Innovation activities related to the external environment of a firm also affect the internal environment of that firm
Today†s firms do not exist in a closed system, or in isolation from their external
environments, but rather exist in an open system with a high degree of networking that varies
The IBAM tool establishes the external environment perspective of the firm by stressing the need to have a balance between the three classical components of
can be enhanced both in relation to the external and the internal environments of the firm. The same can be said of the fourth component:
performance model facilitate the bridging of the SME€ s internal environment analysis to the external environment related issues of innovation using the IBAM analysis tool.
It is also important that such bridging creates an understanding of the policies necessary to support
internal environment of the firm and (ii) implementing the IBAM model as a tool of
innovation capital analysis in relation to the external environment of the firm 89 Incorporating innovation activities in the SIV model in relation to the
internal environment of the firm Paper 1 used existing literature to stress the role of innovation in enhancing firm
to the external environment of the firm An SME evaluation model that considers the innovation aspects of a firm in
relation to its external environment needs also to look at the aggregate level of firm population, whether regional, national, or global.
parameters of the model to the external environment of the firm. Such an approach can be
concept at the external environment level. They are reflected even at the internal environment level by the introduction of the technology intake parameter.
This parameter includes also input from other firms into the innovation activities of the object firm.
environment of the firm The new approach required use of theory-driven strategy to build performance
whether they function at the internal environment (i e. single firm) level or at the external environment (i e. aggregate of firms) level.
Thus, the nature of the models prominent in the area of SME performance is cause for concern.
innovation in relation to the single firm (internal environment-focused models) leads naturally to similar discussion at the external environment level
The second group of papers, namely papers 4, 5, and 6, focuses on the external
environment of the firm and its connection to innovation as a component in the firm†s general
external environment is the Innovation Balance Matrix (IBAM. Even the policy issues raised by paper 5 were reflective of the fact that analysis of the innovation activities at the level of a
performance in relation to the external environment of the firm, they present a strong analysis for how to address the issue of innovation in relation to the firm†s external environment.
The SIV model is focused internally, but it does not neglect the realities of the external
environment of the enterprise The policy discussion in paper 6 provided a good of example of how policy
internal environment of the single firm. It provides for an alternative approach to SME performance, in which innovation is a major component.
at the internal environment (i e. single firm) level or at the external environment (i e. an aggregate
environment-focused models) leads naturally to a similar discussion at the external environment level. For a single firm to engage actively in innovation requires an input from society via four
innovation and how they can be enhanced in relation to the external environment. This analysis is achieved by discussing the innovation activities at the aggregate level through the innovation
firm†s internally related innovation activities to the external environment is the Innovation Balance Matrix (IBAM.
and the effect of the firm†s external environment have a clear impact on innovation (Wincent
environment using the IBAM tool The Survival Index Value Model, or SIV, and the internal environment of
innovation Innovation activities impact both the internal environment of the firm as well as its external environment.
Existing SME performance models intensively utilize the financial 97 input parameters (Story et al. 1987. Generally, the models do not consider the nonfinancial
aspects of performance (Keasey and Watson 1993), and when they incorporate such aspects they do so indirectly,
assess firms in isolation from their external environments, and in essence considered them to be closed systems (Caves 1998, Mcphersson 1995,
and external environments. The SIV model incorporates the input parameters of significance that other models lack.
The input parameters of SIV as relates to the internal environment of the firm include:
At the external environment level, the input indicators that are candidates for performance evaluation are the four components of innovation capital:
more related to the external environment of the firm, while others are focused more on the internal environment of the enterprise.
They also require different levels of information input The ASPEM diagram places each of the models in relation to two dimensions.
environment of the firm Traditional SME models provided no specific focus on the role that acquiring
establishing a connection between the internal environment of the firm and its external environment is vital to the firm†s performance (Mazzarol and Reboud 2008, Vermeulen et al
2005, Wolff and Pett 2006 Innovation in relation to the external environment of the firm can be expressed
via the â€oecapital†concept. Traditionally, the discussion about different types of â€oecapital†in relation to an economy†s ability to be centered innovative around two basic concepts:
environment in a country. This third type was designated as system capital. This form of capital is concerned more with societal input into the innovation activities of an economy
relation to the firm†s external environment that promotes innovativeness and the entrepreneurial drive of the economy.
a firm to its external environment and not to restrict oneself to studying the firm†s internal
environment. The choice of input parameters in the SIV model can be tested further to relate
the internal as well as the external environments of the firm Aspects related to the internal environment of the firm
In this thesis, I incorporated the aspects of the firm†s internal environment to the issue of innovation.
I used the concept of â€oetechnology-intake†as a parameter to indicate the firm†s level of innovation activity.
Aspects related to the external environments of the firm SME performance models that account for innovation†s affect on the internal
environment of the firm would be expected to reflect on innovation†s relation to the firm†s
external environment, as well. The results from this thesis point to the way by which one can
Such a system creates an environment that encourages SMES to innovate and thus enhance their survival, nourishment,
external environment of the firm. Although I did not develop a specific performance model that considers innovation at the aggregate level, the ideas related to innovation capital and the
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