23 Zuboff S. The emperor†s new information economy. In: Orlikowski W, Walsham G Jones M, et al, editors.
23 Zuboff S. The emperor†s new information economy. In: Orlikowski W, Walsham G, Jones M, et al, editors.
and stakeholders, allowing them to explore the potential for collaboration and to better understand innovation dynamics.
economic system (a region for example) to generate new specialities through the discovery of new domains of opportunity and the local concentration and agglomeration of resources and
3) A process whereby national or regional managing authorities, together with stakeholders such as research institutions
including regional innovation systems, economic geography, institutional economics and evolutionary geography (e g. Asheim et al. 2007; Frenken and Boschma, 2007;
prevent regions from developing economies of agglomeration and positive spill overs. In order to overcome these problems of fragmentation, mimesis and lack of critical mass, great importance
because this sector encompasses large parts of the economy. Moreover, an important goal of smart specialisation is to stimulate R&i activities linking industry and research,
regional stakeholders engaged in an entrepreneurial process of discovery. In the coming years priorities that are defined more broadly should be broken down,
the concept, Knowledge Economists Policy Brief 9. Available online: http://ec. europa. eu/invest-in
Development Economics 72 (2: 603†633 IPTS (2011. The RIS3 Guide. Available online: http://s3platform. jrc. ec. europa. eu/s3pguide
New or improved service products (commodities or public services Social innovation New organisational models and social relations that meet social needs
and stakeholders, allowing them to explore the potential for collaboration and to better understand innovation dynamics.
economic growth. 19 A study by Micus Management Consulting and WIK-Consult20 suggests that companies adopting broadband-based processes improve their employees†labour productivity by
Issues in Economic policy no. 6, The Brookings Institute, July 27 Greenstein, S. and R. Mcdevitt (2012), â€oemeasuring the Broadband Bonus in Thirty OECD Countriesâ€, OECD Digital
Economy Papers, No. 197, OECD Publishing. http://dx. doi. org/10.1787/5k9bcwkg3hwf-en 25 To the extent that the price of broadband subsequently declines, 28 or that the quality
Countries with large Internet economies, including the United States, Japan and Germany, are receiving large benefits from broadband.
If inflation is taken into account, the expected average price for ultra-fast broadband access in 2020 is estimated to be 61.8
Internet access, 31 and taking inflation into account Figure 5: Consumer surplus in Europe (bn. Euro
Inflation adjustment EUR 10 willingness to pay 28 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE
economy, with an ambitious target for universal broadband coverage with speeds of at least 30 Mbps for all Europeans by 2020. â€
fast broadband internet in the future network-based knowledge economy, with an ambitious target for universal broadband coverage with speeds of at least 30 Mbps for
â€oethe Economics of Next Generation Access†published by ECTA, Brussels, 16 september 2008 6. 5%14.4%8. 2%18.6%10.1%22.5%7. 2%9. 6%1. 9%1. 1
ICT and the e-economy, EIB Papers, Volume 16, No 2 63 Figure 25: Cost of meeting DAE objectives with and without cable in various
Issues in Economic policy no. 6, The Brookings Institute, July Czernich, N.,Falck, O.,Kretschmer, T. and L. Woessmann (2009:
and Economic growth; CESIFO Working paper no. 2861, Munich, December Elixmann, D.,Ilic, D.,Neumann, K.-H. and T. Plã ckebaum (2008:
The Economics of Next Ge -neration Access, Report published by ECTA, Brussels, 16 september European commission (2010:
ICT and the e-economy, EIB Papers, Volume 16, No. 2 Howell, B. and A. Grimes (2010:
overcome the current economic crisis and grasp new opportunities. Innovating in education and training is a key priority in several flagship initiatives of the Europe 2020 strategy
Policy-makers and educational stakeholders recognise the contribution of ICT to achieving these targets, and more broadly, the role of ICT as a key enabler of innovation and creativity in Education
approach involving around 300 educational stakeholders. These recommendations could guide different trajectories of scaling up and progressively mainstreaming ICT-ELI in different contexts
We are especially grateful to the 149 educational stakeholders who participated in the online consultation to validate
variety of educational stakeholders. In particular, 149 educational stakeholders evaluated a set of 60 policy recommendations
This set of 60 recommendations was developed during the'Up-Scaling Creative Classrooms in Europe'(SCALE CCR) project and based on several consultations (two expert workshops and seven
and other stakeholders when taking sensible risks and trying new things Recommendation 10 †Research area
Educational stakeholders recognize ICTS as key enablers of innovation and creativity in Education and Training (E&t) systems and for learning in general.
consultation with educational stakeholders who are involved in a wide diversity of contexts, scales and levels of educational innovation in Europe and beyond
x support DG EAC in establishing an extensive dialogue on CCR with multiple key stakeholders
and on findings from the online stakeholder consultation, this report presents a comprehensive set of recommendations for policy actions to further develop and mainstream ICT-ELI in Europe and
with educational stakeholders (Figure 1 Figure 1: The three phases of the development of ICT-ELI policy recommendations
In parallel, a number of consultation rounds with key educational stakeholders (policy-and decision -makers, teachers, researchers, IT developers etc.
Last but not least, there was continuous consultation with stakeholders in DG EAC and the members of the DG EAC Thematic Working group on ICT and Education, who provided valuable insights and
stakeholders emphasised how monitoring and constant evaluation is important for implementing learning innovations and scaling them up.
In this final phase, an online stakeholder consultation to validate and prioritise the proposed set of
In the following section, the online stakeholder consultation is discussed in more detail 2. 3. 1 The online stakeholder consultation
The online survey built on the findings of previous research activities by further exploring the
stakeholders'perspectives with respect to x the relevance of the proposed recommendations for mainstreaming ICT-ELI x their suggestions for further developing and mainstreaming ICT-ELI
the following stakeholders in the field of ICT in Education: policy-and educational decision-makers experts;
One hundred and forty-nine (N=149) educational stakeholders with diverse backgrounds took part in the online consultation.
disseminated to stakeholders in two ways x A personal invitation was sent to a list of identified stakeholders with qualifications and
expertise in the field of ICT in education x Additionally, the survey was promoted through the Open education Europa portal;
teachers and other educational stakeholders, has different enablers and barriers compared to small-scale projects and initiatives (Kampylis, Law, et al.
effort from all the stakeholders involved is required (ibid.;Law, Yuen, & Fox, 2011 Policy-makers recognise the role of ICT as a key enabler of innovation and creativity in E&t and for
of stakeholders. Top-down strategies are needed for supporting bottom-up innovations at pedagogical, technological and organisational levels
policy-and decision-makers should support the involvement of educational stakeholders (i e teachers, researchers, parents etc.
Besides teachers, a variety of other educational stakeholders such as curriculum developers researchers, parents, publishers, IT developers etc.
exchanges between these stakeholders to encourage wider collaboration and innovation in this area The co-development of content and curricula requires more solid and systematic empirical evidence
6. Promoting the involvement of education stakeholders (e g. teachers, parents, researchers etc.)) in the co-development of flexible and research-based curricula. 149 56.4
There is a consensus among educational stakeholders that what is assessed and examined determine what is valued and what is taught in real settings.
There was a consensus among the stakeholders involved in the development and validation of the recommendations that teachers are key agents for any sustainable implementation and further up
the key role of teachers, among other stakeholders, in guiding and implementing ICT-ELI and invest
changes in their practices by all the stakeholders involved (Kampylis, Law, et al. 2013). ) As teachers are the main actors in this continuous process of innovation
and other stakeholders through online and/or offline networks (71.1%).%)Establishing and participating in teacher networks
more explicit and visible to peers and other stakeholders, such as parents, community and businesses 135 71.1
stakeholders with proven practical models that support the take up of innovative tools Policy-and decision-makers should also promote research that happens at micro-level (e g
Supporting research on the perspectives of various actors and stakeholders such as policy-makers, school leaders, teachers, learners, parents, IT providers, educational content
neuroscience) to stakeholders, in order to help them to further the evolution of ICT-ELI. 130 57.7 27.
stakeholders involved to meet local circumstances and needs. Monitoring mechanisms should evaluate progress and effectively refocus organisational practices.
networking with other organisations and stakeholders across sites and also within the same organisation, in order to encourage the emergence and scaling up of learning innovations.
teacher trainers, parents and other stakeholders In conclusion, policy actions should initiate and facilitate the profound changes in organisation and
and other stakeholders when taking sensible risks and trying new things 120 73.3 32. Developing long-term strategies to advance the capacity of school leaders to adopt and
Supporting multi-stakeholder involvement in the creation and sharing of the common vision so that all of them understand the added value of innovation. 122 59.8
-management abilities of stakeholders (i e. education decision-makers, school leaders etc..120 59.2 45. Revising performance appraisal strategies for teachers and schools to allow more
promote communication between stakeholders from policy (e g. Ministries of Education industry (e g. IT providers) research (e g. research centres), educational practice (e g
and other stakeholders when taking sensible risks and trying new thingsâ€, while for policy/decision makers and others it is:
collaboration between stakeholders from policy (e g. Ministries of Education and local authorities business (e g. IT providers), research (e g. research centres), higher education (e g. teachers trainers
ICT offers unprecedented opportunities for educational stakeholders to connect with others beyond the constraints of time and space in order to open up
teachers and learners with other educational stakeholders at local level and beyond in order to open up
participating stakeholders pointed out"†efforts to increase infrastructure and access are needed in some countries more than others.
the fear of change and supporting decision-makers, teachers, and other stakeholders when taking sensible risks and trying new things
stakeholders, especially teachers. They also affect teachers†continuous professional development Changing curricula requires not only changing content,
through an online consultation with educational stakeholders involved in a wide diversity of contexts, scales and levels of educational innovation in Europe and beyond
stakeholders in ICT-ELI and develop well-articulated top-down strategies for supporting bottom-up innovations 3. Significant effort should be made by policy
stakeholders, in guiding and implementing ICT-ELI and invest significantly in updating their continuous professional development to ensure that they acquire the key competences
educational stakeholders at local level and beyond in order to open up and broaden the learning experience and mainstream ICT-ELI
extensive consultation with stakeholders, semi-structured interviews with education experts and practitioners and a number of case reports of ongoing ICT-ELI in Europe
Promoting the involvement of education stakeholders (e g. teachers, parents researchers etc. in the co-development of flexible and research-based curricula
more explicit and visible to peers and other stakeholders, such as parents community and businesses 7a.
Supporting research on the perspectives of various actors and stakeholders such as policy-makers, school leaders, teachers, learners, parents, IT providers, educational
neuroscience) to stakeholders, in order to help them to further the evolution of ICT -ELI 8a. If you have additional policy recommendations concerning research,
Supporting multi-stakeholder involvement in the creation and sharing of the common vision so that all of them understand the added value of innovation
stakeholders when taking sensible risks and trying new things Promoting diversity in ICT-ELI by funding a number of pilots in different
innovation-management abilities of stakeholders (i e. education decision-makers school leaders etc Promoting mixed approaches for scaling up ICT-ELI,
partnerships) to promote communication between stakeholders from policy (e g Ministries of Education), industry (e g. IT providers) research (e g. research
Promoting the involvement of education stakeholders e g. teachers, parents, researchers etc. in the co -development of flexible and research-based curricula
stakeholders, such as parents, community and businesses 7 2. 2 3. 0 8. 1 14.8 31.1 40.0 71.1
various actors and stakeholders such as policy-makers, school leaders, teachers learners, parents, IT providers, educational content providers etc
neuroscience) to stakeholders, in order to help them to further the evolution of ICT -ELI 8 3. 1 3. 1 11.5 23.8 26.9 30.8 57.7
other stakeholders when taking sensible risks and trying new things 8. 8 5. 0 5. 8 14.2 24.2 49 49.2 73.3
Supporting multi-stakeholder involvement in the creation and sharing of the common vision so that all
of stakeholders (i e. education decision-makers school leaders etc 1. 7. 8 3. 3 15.8 19.2 42.5 16.7 59.2
communication between stakeholders from policy e g. Ministries of Education), industry (e g. IT providers) research (e g. research centres), educational
stakeholders (e g. teachers, parents, researchers etc in the co-development of flexible and research -based curricula
stakeholders, such as parents, community and businesses 6. 02 1. 24 61 6. 07 1. 1
stakeholders, such as parents, community and businesses 6. 02 61 6. 07 29 5. 46 26 5. 68 19
Supporting multi-stakeholder involvement in the creation and sharing of the common vision so that all of them understand the
teachers, and other stakeholders when taking sensible risks and trying new things 6. 12 52 6. 19 27 5. 67 24 5. 88 17
-management abilities of stakeholders (i e education decision-makers, school leaders etc 5. 42 52 5. 52 27 5. 32 25 5. 56 16
stakeholders from policy (e g. Ministries of Education), industry (e g. IT providers research (e g. research centres), educational
continuous stakeholders consultations; and in depth expert interviews. The final set of recommendations was further validated and prioritised through an online consultation with 149 educational stakeholders.
The recommendations were clustered into seven areas presenting a holistic agenda to guide the further development and mainstreaming of ICT-ELI:
in higher-income countries, emerging economies such as Brazil, China and India, for instance, are also beginning to introduce electronic medical records (EMRS) into their health systems
an ongoing resource for stakeholders. 4 Although the lessons discovered from the work of the Gates Foundation
a national standard requires broad consensus among the stakeholders who will be using it. This process
Health Economics, Policy, and Law 2006; 1 (Pt 2: 163†169 15. Garrido T et al.
Gross National income is the total value of all that is produced within a country plus the net income from
States differ with respect to size, economy, and health care challenges. Nevertheless, it is still important to present high-level ehealth analyses at the regional level as this reflects the organizational structure
The World bank classifies all economies with a population greater than 30 000 into four income groups based
on gross national income (GNI) per capita. 15 The classification is as follows: low income (US$ 975 or less
economies and high-income countries as †developedâ€, for convenience Table A4 shows the survey response rate by World bank income group.
-sion†s definition any entity engaged in an economic activity, irrespective of its legal form is considered an enterprise.
economic activities For more information on the SME definition, please visit the European commission website at http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/sme/files/sme definition/sme user guide en. pdf
economy and absolutely indispensable to the EU. It is for this reason that now more
economy Although recognition of the importance of SMES can be seen as a step in the right
Since 2008, the European union faces the phenomenon of economic crisis within its Member States. The crisis is global
dynamic and competitive knowledge-based economy in the world by 2010 The goal of the Small Business Act is to improve the conditions for SMES in doing
resulting from the economic crisis The review demonstrated that much had been done but that there was still room for improvement concerning tailor-made policy for SMES.
It focuses on the fields of innovation and knowledge-based economy, environment and risk prevention
economy FP7 National Contact points (NCPS http://cordis. europa. eu/fp7/ncp en. html The National Contact Points are established by the 27 Member States as well as the associated states un
Stakeholder Engagement 54 APPENDIX 2 National, Regional and Local Level Strengths 55 22222222 3 List of Tables & Figures
globalised economies in the world; although a small nation we are placed well to compete with
larger economies around the globe. However, as a globalised economy we know that we need
to continuously adapt and be creative to meet consumer demands and the needs of industry
Innovation drives economic growth and is critical to our future prosperity The development of this Strategy at a regional level is opportune as it will take advantage of the
economic growth. When properly supported they allow new methods, technologies and service to develop and grow, enhancing
R&i stakeholders together to create a truly innovative region that can compete globally Vision The vision of this Strategy is to achieve a Midwest Region
of achieving a robust and dynamic economy. Investing in research, innovation and entrepreneurship is at the heart
and national economy Smart Specialisation Smart specialisation is a strategic approach based on more effective spending of public resources
key stakeholders to identify and remove barriers to development and monitoring to evaluate the impacts of investments
signifi cant contribution to economic growth in the Midwest. However a key element of all three
Ireland is one of the most globalised economies in the world and is ranked first globally as the
Ireland is one of the most globalised economies in the world and is ranked first globally as the
economies in the world2 and is ranked first globally3 as the best country in which to do
the benefit of the local, regional and national economy 11 Research & Innovation Strategy for the Midwest Region of Ireland 2014-2018
R&i stakeholders together to create a truly innovative region that can compete globally 1. 1 Purpose & Objectives of the Regional Strategy
and to work with all relevant stakeholders to present a shared vision for the Region in terms of its research and innovation priorities up to 2018
diversifi cation of the knowledge-based economy into technologies, products and services that are closely related, thereby ensuring maximum benefi t from future investments in the Region
creation of a robust and dynamic economy Research, innovation & smart specialisation are recognised widely to be central elements in the
creation of a robust and dynamic economy 14 2. 1 European Policy Context 2. 1. 1 Europe 2020
greener and competitive economy •Inclusive growth, fostering a high-employment economy and delivering economic, social and territorial cohesion
Investing in research, innovation and entrepreneurship is at the heart of Europe 2020 and a crucial part of Europe†s
response to the economic crisis. It is considered also to be of vital importance to have a strategic and integrated approach
strong and sustained economic growth it is essential that policy and investment decisions are focused on emerging global
robust and dynamic economy. Both policy development and funding opportunities at a European and a National level are
It will invest up to â 351.8 billion in Europe†s regions, cities and the real economy,
Horizon 2020 is a means to drive economic growth and create jobs through investment in research
areas that are most likely to create economic value and jobs. The Action Plan for Jobs is a multi-annual
employment creation across the economy The Action Plan for Jobs 2014 identifies building competitive advantage through innovation as a key
priority for stimulating The irish economy over the next five years 2. 2. 3 Forfã¡s Innovation Networks Report 2004
to concentrate on those sectors of economic activity where, for reasons of location, infrastructure or natural resources, it has a competitive advantage.
considered to be critical to the development of enterprise and economy in the region (Figure 2. 1
promote economic growth through research and innovation investment and growth are testament to the importance of R&i development to our national and regional economic future
supporting the regional economy. These strong national-level designations illustrate the current strength and future development
and high-end employment, the economy of the Region is also highly dependent on the indigenous SME sector for growth and employment.
future economic growth BORDER DUBLIN MIDEAST SOUTHWEST MIDWEST SOUTHEAST WEST MIDLAND â 9, 109m 6. 5
evolution is central to sustainable economic growth in any region. Research and Innovation are core components and must be developed
and expanded in order to enable economic growth in the Midwest Region. The evidence available indicates that there are strong R&i structures in the
to the potential for future economic growth and the progression of employment-related development in the Region.
development and innovation to the benefit of the Regional and National economy •The Limerick School of art and Design †carries out a wide range of research activities in the Art
stakeholders in the Region such as the Education and Training Boards and adult learning providers to ensure a coherent and focused approach to advancing the social and economic goals of the
and to contribute to the regional and national economy 4. 4. 1 Enterprise Ireland (EI
support sustainable economic growth, regional development and secure employment 4. 4. 2 Industrial Development Agency (IDA
in the Region for the benefi t of the wider economy. Cluster development and an open innovation
regional and national economy 5. 1 Smart Specialisation 5. 1. 1 What is Smart Specialisation
specialisation is to transform regional economies around new knowledge-based activity domains. Those domains are
the prioritisation of complementarity between related economic activities, and fi nding better ways to combine their strengths,
•To work in coordination with key stakeholders in the Region e g. local authorities, Higher Education Institutes and business support agencies such as Enterprise Ireland to ensure that
to a broader set of sectors/actors in the economy. A cluster must be based around the core
significant contribution to economic growth in the Midwest. However a key element of all three developments is the generation of innovative new concepts and ideas and the establishment of
Stakeholder engagement has been the cornerstone of the preparation of this Strategy. Stakeholders have participated extensively in its design, with the Midwest
Regional Authority performing a coordinating role. Stakeholder involvement will also be the cornerstone of the implementation of
this Strategy. At a regional level the Mid -West Regional Authority will be incorporated into a new Regional Assembly in the near
importance to develop multi stakeholder governance mechanisms which will help to create and further develop synergies
stakeholders in the region and in assisting to devise strategies to achieve the desired outcomes
between all the stakeholders in the Region. The recommended actions set out in this Strategy are the building blocks from which further collaboration and partnership can arise, bringing benefi ts to
all sectors of the regional economy. The proposed new working group of the RPG Implementation Steering committee will provide the governance mechanism necessary to ensure the implementation
Appendix 1 †Stakeholder Engagement Stakeholder Engagement In order to inform the development of this Research and Innovation Strategy, a wide consultation
process was undertaken. The following stakeholders were engaged •One-to-one meetings with Enterprise Ireland NEXUS Innovation Centre
Limerick Institute of technology Enterprise Research Centre Cook Medical University of Limerick Technology Transfer Office Vistakon IDA Ireland
•Midwest R&i Stakeholders Workshop: 4th february 2014 •Presentations to the Midwest Regional Authority Monthly Meeting
Limerick 2030 sets out nine broad sectors which will drive the Limerick and Midwest economy
3. 2 The top five economies in each region and their ranking in the global IDI, 2013.85
of the larger economies, such as China, India, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Malaysia. Europe†s
overall pattern of their economies as a whole (in the European union, for instance, GDP increased in 2011 and decreased in 2012) 11 suggesting
ICTS, and are driving the information economy across the globe by providing online services and content, engaging in e-business at both
ICTS in the economy has been found to facilitate macroeconomic performance and business growth by increasing labour productivity
UNCTAD Information Economy Database, 2014, available at unctadstat. unctad. org P e rc e n
economic growth, environmental balance and social inclusion At its meeting in May 2014, the UN Commission
In addition, diffusion of ICTS in the economy has been found to facilitate macroeconomic performance and business growth by increasing
statistics in the areas of the economy, health education, labour, etc. all of which are crucial to
other stakeholders such as the private sector, civil 27 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 Box 1. 2:
economy and the Partnership has contributed significantly to monitoring and tracking those changes, by developing new indicators and standards, providing technical assistance
society and economy, is used widely by countries in the course of their national ICT data collection.
than 100 economies worldwide, and data on Internet use in businesses by almost 70 countries,
Effective partnerships of stakeholders in the telecommunication/ICT environment society and international organizations should be involved.
official statistics on the economy, society and environment. Furthermore, administrative records, which are used widely by official
the extent to which stakeholders in the ICT sector can be used as an alternative data source. Without
The Economist, April 12 2014, â€oenigeria†s GDP step change†13 Telefã nica, for instance, reduced its net debt by EUR 4 819 million in 2012 after several years of sustained increases in
Economic growth and development will remain below potential if economies are not capable of exploiting new technologies and reaping their benefits
Therefore, the IDI includes a measurement of the capability to use ICTS effectively A single indicator cannot track progress in all
were three economies that were identified as outliers, namely Hong kong (China), Luxembourg and Malta The reference value for mobile-cellular
No fewer than 104 economies of the 166 included in the IDI have passed the 100
countries/economies as compared with 157 in last year†s edition The remainder of the chapter is structured as
economy from Asia and the Pacific (Hong Kong, China)( Table 2. 2). Differences in IDI value
Economy Rank 2013 IDI 2013 Rank 2012 IDI 2012 Economy Rank 2013 IDI 2013 Rank 2012 IDI 2012
Economy Rank 2013 Access 2013 Rank 2012 Access 2012 Economy Rank 2013 Access 2013 Rank 2012 Access 2012
Economy Rank 2013 Use 2013 Rank 2012 Use 2012 Economy Rank 2013 Use 2013 Rank 2012 Use 2012
Economy Rank 2013 Skills 2013 Rank 2012 Skills 2012 Economy Rank 2013 Skills 2013 Rank 2012 Skills 2012
ten countries being high-income economies (see section 2. 3). 6 The following section looks at the
economy accounted for more than 5. 8 per cent of GDP, and it continues to grow.
to the general economic downturn, Denmark†s government sees ICTS as a major driver for growth, innovation and economic development
The economy ranks in ninth position with an IDI value of 8. 28. Hong kong (China) is
-income economies. The launch of 3g was much anticipated in Thailand, following the long delay
of land area, size of the economy, population or geographic location. Indeed, adverse geography is cited often by economists to explain why
some countries are doing better than others in terms of economic development. 37 Jeffrey Sachs
the least connected, most notably such populous economies as India, Pakistan and Nigeria. In total, close to 2. 5 billion people
between IDI, the economy, geography and population, the following variables were selected for each country •Urban population:
•Gross national income (GNI) per capita GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product
domestic economy by nonresidents. GNI calculated in national currency, is usually converted to United states dollars at official
economies, although an alternative rate is used when the official exchange rate is judged to diverge by an exceptionally large
The marginal cost of service provision in densely populated urban areas is usually much lower than in rural areas.
economy (measured by GNI p. c.).GNI levels are correlated also with other variables, such as population density and share of urban population
For example, some economies with small land areas such as Barbados, Bahrain Hong kong (China), Singapore, Monaco, Iceland and Luxembourg have high IDI levels, while
147 economies for which data were available for 2002 and 2013 shows that the global IDI value has doubled almost from 2. 52
same set of 147 economies in order to ensure comparability. Therefore, IDI 2013 values differ from what was presented in previous sections of this chapter
Simple averages based on 147 economies Source: ITU strong correlation between GNI p. c.,(most MDG indicators and IDI
Czernich, N.,Falck, O.,Kretschmer, T. and Woessmann, L. 2009), Broadband Infrastructure and Economic growth http://papers. ssrn. com/sol3/papers. cfm?
and regional rankings of the top five economies in each of the six regions, in order to provide
economies from Asia and the Pacific also rank relatively high globally, all of them coming in the
The top five economies in each region and their ranking in the global IDI, 2013
Economy Regional rank 2013 Global rank 2013 IDI 2013 Global rank 2012 IDI 2012 Global rank
oil-rich, high-income economies and are part of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of
Economy Regional rank 2013 Global rank 2013 IDI 2013 Global rank 2012 IDI 2012 Global rank
Economy Regional rank 2013 Global rank 2013 IDI 2013 Global rank 2012 IDI 2012 Global rank
economies, including Australia, Japan, Macao China), Republic of korea and Singapore, had already reached very high levels of penetration
Economy Regional rank 2013 Global rank 2013 IDI 2013 Global rank 2012 IDI 2012 Global rank
Economy Regional rank 2013 Global rank 2013 IDI 2013 Global rank 2012 IDI 2012 Global rank
Economy Regional rank 2013 Global rank 2013 IDI 2013 Global rank 2012 IDI 2012 Global rank
of the economy of each country, thus pointing to the affordability of each ICT service at a country level
Based on 140 economies for which 2008-2013 data on fixed-telephone and mobile-cellular prices were available
Based on 140 economies for which 2008-2013 data on fixed-telephone and mobile-cellular prices were available
practices of other economies in the region, such as Kenya and Ghana, which have succeeded in
or latest available year adjusted with the international inflation rates.****Country not ranked because data on GNI p. c. are not available for the last five years
Rank Economy Fixed-telephone sub-basket GNI p. c USD 2013*Rank Economy Fixed-telephone sub-basket GNI p. c
USD 2013 *as%of GNI p. c. USD PPP$ as%of GNI p. c. USD PPP$
or latest available year adjusted with the international inflation rates.****Country not ranked because data on GNI p. c. are not available for the last five years
Rank Economy Mobile-cellular sub-basket GNI p. c USD 2013*Rank Economy Mobile-cellular sub-basket GNI p. c
USD 2013 *as%of GNI p. c. USD PPP$ as%of GNI p. c. USD PPP$
Based on 143 economies for which 2008-2013 data on fixed-broadband prices were available Source:
Based on 143 economies for which 2008-2013 data on fixed-broadband prices were available Source:
Based on 165 economies for which 2013 data on fixed-broadband prices were available Source: ITU
high gross national income (the highest in the CIS), but also by the low prices: USD 6. 3 for a
economic growth continues. However, policy and regulatory action will be necessary to step up a gear in broadband adoption, since fixed
It is home to the economy with the most affordable entry-level fixed-broadband plans
Other high-income economies in the region such as Singapore and Japan †with fixed -broadband prices corresponding to 0. 4 and 0. 6
the region†s economies and therefore low GNI levels in the region. Half of the African countries
by the countries†relatively strong economies and therefore high GNI levels, coupled with their low
or latest available year adjusted with the international inflation rates.****Country not ranked because data on GNI p. c. are not available for the last five years
Rank Economy Fixed-broadband sub-basket Speed in Mbit/s Cap per month in GB
2013*Rank Economy Fixed-broadband sub-basket Speed in Mbit/s Cap per month in
Based on 119 economies for which data on mobile -broadband prices were available for the four types of plans
Based on 119 economies for which data on mobile -broadband prices were available for the four types of plans
Based on 119 economies for which data on mobile -broadband prices were available for the four types of plans
Based on 119 economies for which data on mobile -broadband prices were available for the four types of plans
Arab States, 29 economies in Asia and the Pacific, 10 countries in the CIS, 41 countries in Europe and 27 countries in The americas
Rank Economy Mobile-broadband postpaid handset-based (500 MB GNI p. c USD 2013 *Monthly data
Rank Economy Mobile-broadband postpaid handset-based (500 MB GNI p. c USD 2013 *Monthly data
or latest available year adjusted with the international inflation rates.****Country not ranked because data on GNI p. c. are not available for the last five years
Rank Economy Mobile-broadband prepaid handset-based (500 MB GNI p. c USD 2013 *Monthly data
or latest available year adjusted with the international inflation rates.****Country not ranked because data on GNI p. c. are not available for the last five years
Rank Economy Mobile-broadband prepaid handset-based (500 MB GNI p. c USD 2013 *Monthly data
Rank Economy Mobile-broadband postpaid computer-based (1 GB GNI p. c USD 2013 *Monthly data
or latest available year adjusted with the international inflation rates.****Country not ranked because data on GNI p. c. are not available for the last five years
Rank Economy Mobile-broadband postpaid computer-based (1 GB GNI p. c USD 2013 *Monthly data
Rank Economy Mobile-broadband prepaid computer-based (1 GB GNI p. c USD 2013 *Monthly data
or latest available year adjusted with the international inflation rates.****Country not ranked because data on GNI p. c. are not available for the last five years
Rank Economy Mobile-broadband prepaid computer-based (1 GB GNI p. c USD 2013 *Monthly data
cost relative to the economic value generated by each country. However, overall economic levels, as measured by macroeconomic variables
economy as a whole, including the business sector. It is a measure of the value of the national
production of an economy, and is calculated in the context of national accounts. It is similar to
-middle-income economies by the World Bank: several Latin american countries Colombia, Dominican republic, Ecuador and Peru), two African countries (Angola
high-income economies in the region, in Cambodia, Nepal and the Philippines fixed -broadband prices represent more than 5
high-income economies (Australia and New Zealand) to unaffordable for a majority of the population in Bangladesh, Nepal and the
Simple averages for 140 economies with available data on fixed-broadband prices and competition for the period 2008-2013
Simple averages for 140 economies with available data on mobile-cellular prices and competition for the period 2008-2013
Therefore, gross national income per capita (GNI p. c is included in the model to control for the differences in economic
The marginal cost of service provision in dense urban centres is often much lower than that in remote villages, pointing to
GNI p. c. †Gross national income per capita in current USD by year and country, as reported by the World bank
Descriptive statistics calculated for 124 economies that have complete data for the two models Source: ITU
13 developing economies would be a natural option with a view to boosting fixed-broadband
economies with higher percentage of urban population tend to have higher GNI p. c. This
i e. the marginal cost of additional Internet data beyond 1 GB is still non -negligible in many countries
Rank Economy IPB 2013 Fixed telephone sub -basket as a%of GNI per capita, 2013 Mobile-cellular sub
Rank Economy IPB 2013 Fixed telephone sub -basket as a%of GNI per capita, 2013 Mobile-cellular sub
or latest available year adjusted with the international inflation rates Source: ITU. GNI p. c. and PPP$ values are based on World bank data
3 GNI takes into account all production in the domestic economy (i e. GDP) plus the net flows of factor income (such as
39 Household disposable income or consumption figures are equivalized using the square root scale to account for economies
50 The mean HHI for fixed broadband is calculated as the simple average of the HHI of 139 economies for which price and
This includes 95 economies from the developing world and 44 from the developed world 51 The mean value of clusters 1 to 3 of the Regulatory Tracker is calculated as the simple average of the scores of 142
economies for which price and market share data were available for 2013. This includes 99 economies from the developing
world and 43 from the developed world 52 http://www. itu. int/en/ITU-D/Regulatory-Market/Pages/bestpractices. aspx
55 The mean HHI for mobile cellular is calculated as the simple average of the HHI of 140 economies for which price and market
This includes 96 economies from the developing world and 44 from the developed world 56 The coefficient of variation of fixed-broadband prices is compared 1. 7
recorded in the developing economies, where ICT penetration levels have increased and where big data hold great promise for development
stakeholders involved in the area of big data from the ICT industry 5. 2 Big data sources, trends
-economic value that may be generated by big data (Jones, 2012)( Figure 5. 1 Included within the scope of big data is the
inflation and asset-price movements. This has the advantage of providing near real-time inflation statistics that are published traditionally monthly
179 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 UN Global Pulse, a UN initiative to use big data
penetration in developing economies is expected to reach 31 per cent by the end of 2014,
developed economies. In addition, as Internet penetration rates remain limited, Internet users are not yet) representative of the population
also in developing economies There are various examples of how mobile phone records have been used to identify
liquidity needs prediction Income and poverty assessment Mapping social divides GDP estimates through mobile data
commodity fluctuation prediction Assessment of mobility restrictions Disease containment targeting Migratory p opulation tracking Predicting
developed economies. Transportation systems are being fed with sensor data from a multitude of sources such as loop detectors, axle counters
the only one) in developing economies that contain behavioural information on low-income population groups
areas of high economic activity (yellow to red areas Source: Gutierrez et al. 2013 Figure Box 5. 7:
local economy (i e. economic shocks. One of the challenges has to do with operator sensitivity regarding revenue data and the difficulty this
both developed and developing economies Sobolevsky et al. 2013 However, telecommunication data are also revolutionizing the study of societal structures
-stakeholder initiative launched in 2004.24 This list includes, among others, the key-infrastructure access and individual-use indicators that ITU
consensus among the many diverse stakeholders involved (telecom operators, network equipment manufacturers, system developers, developmental
stakeholders to the same table, remain critical to the efforts being made to open up private-data
stakeholders The sharing (subject to appropriate privacy protocols) of privately held data such as mobile -phone records can be mutually beneficial to both
stakeholders must see tangible benefits from such data sharing. These stakeholders include not just the public and private sectors, but also
significantly, the general public, who in many cases are the primary producers of such data
personal data economy, and hosts consultations to deepen understanding of what type of trust frameworks are needed between individuals
those of private-sector stakeholders looking to protect their competitiveness. The most common approach to addressing this issue
levels of †datafication†in developing economies are still quite low. Where mobile-phone records are concerned, the large majority
initiated a global multi-stakeholder dialogue on personal data that advocated a principle-based approach, with the principles arising from a new
confluence of appropriate stakeholders. But as UN Global Pulse suggests, research into the use of big data for development can be â€oesandboxedâ€
Economist, Hal Varian, notes, â€oethere are often more police in precincts with high crime, but that
The behavioural economist Sendhil Mullainathan notes that inductive science (i e. the algorithmic mining of big data sources) will not drown out
NSOS from 200 economies, conducted by UNSC respondents identified the development and 203 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014
comparison with developed economies. Until such time as systematic capacity development yields proper rewards, it will remain essential
stakeholders Given their business concerns, operators and Internet companies may hesitate to pool and share their data with those from other sources
consultation with other national stakeholders are placed best to lead the corresponding discussions and bring together the relevant
stakeholders In particular, NSOS, given their legal mandate to collect and disseminate official statistics and set
International stakeholders International stakeholders †including UN agencies and initiatives (such as ITU and UN Global Pulse), the Partnership on Measuring
ICT for Development, ICT industry associations and producers of big data (Google, Facebook etc.)) †have an important role globally.
stakeholders have to work together to facilitate the global discussion on the use of big data
stakeholders in defining the state of the art with respect to leveraging big data for development They, more than others, have been the first to
in developed economies. Operators in developing economies use some of these methods, but often on a case-by-case basis
and not for their entire subscriber base. 43 However, this trend is currently changing, and an increasing number of regulators are
/13 Mobile phone records have been used to infer locations of economic activity within, and patterns of migration to, slum areas
Information Economics and Policy, 27,24-38 CETIC. BR (2013), TIC Domicã lios (2012), Pesquisa sobre o Uso das Tecnologias de Informaã§Ã£o e Comunicaã§Ã£o no Brasil.
Journal of Regulatory Economics, 43.2 (2013): 168-195 Gruber, H. and Verboven, F. 2001), The diffusion of mobile telecommunication services in the European union.
Economics 28.1 (2005): 47-67 GSMA and Deloitte (2013), Arab States Mobile Observatory 2013. Available at
Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 10 (2), 201†246 Levy, B. and Spiller, P. 1996), Regulations, institutions and commitment:
Mao, H.,Shuai, X.,Ahn, Y.-Y. and Bollen, J. 2013), Mobile Communications Reveal the Regional Economy in Cote d†Ivoire.
Economic policy Research, 2012 North, D. 1990), Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge, MA: Harvard university Press
http://stakeholders. ofcom. org. uk/binaries/research/telecoms-research /bbspeeds2010/Mobile bb performance. pdf Ofcom (2013), Ofcom Communications Market Report 2013, August 2013.
http://stakeholders. ofcom. org. uk/binaries/research/cmr/cmr13/2013 uk cmr. pdf Ohm, P. 2010), Broken promises of privacy:
Journal of Regulatory Economics, 1 (15), 65†92 219 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014
Review of Network Economics, 2 (3), 270†286 Simmering, J. E.,Polgreen, L a. and Polgreen, P m. 2014),
Eradicate Poverty and Transform Economies through Sustainable Development. The Report of the High-level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda.
Journal of Industrial Economics, 49 (1), 1†19 Wang, H.,Calabrese, F.,Di Lorenzo, G. and Ratti, C. 2010), Transportation mode inference from anonymized and aggregated
with national income, hot-deck imputation was chosen as the method for imputing the missing data, where previous year data are not
year adjusted with the international inflation rates. Prices for 2008,2009, 2010,2011 and 2012 which are shown also
Economy 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 1 Afghanistan 0. 3 0. 3 65.5 70.0 1†229 2†774 2. 3 2. 5 1. 9 2. 1
Economy 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 84 Lao P. D. R. 6. 8 10 10.0 13 64.7 15 66.2 9'397 9 10'636 8. 7
Economy 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 1 Afghanistan 5. 5 5. 9 0. 0 0. 0 0. 4 1. 2
Economy 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 84 Lao P. D. R. 10.7 12.5 0. 1 10 0. 1 2. 1 18 2. 4
Economy 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 1 Afghanistan 54.0 54.0 3. 7 3. 7 31.7 31.7
Economy 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 84 Lao P. D. R. 46.5 46.5 16.7 16.7 72.7 72.7
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