economy, innovation and creativity becomes a decisive factor in the economic activity because knowledge tends to be developed in the actual contexts.
development of the South african economy (Butcher 1999), and inextricably linked to economic ijcrb. webs. com
and integrate this sector into the mainstream of economic activities (Luiz, 2002 In Zimbabwe, although SMES are currently at the forefront of local economic development and
catalysts of activity for an entire economy (Chichoni, 2011), many of them fail. In Zimbabwe up
Zimbabwe 80%of economic activities are in hands of SMES and big enterprises only contributes the remaining 20%(SEDCO Report, 2010.
dream in Lowly Developed Economies (LDES) like Zimbabwe. According to Allocca and Kessler (2006), the ability to develop
"In this case long time life of the organisation and its stakeholders is vital Previous research indicates that the operations function in SMES generally has a poor
economic growth and development was highlighted also by Joseph Schumpeter in his Theory of economic development (1912) who considered the entrepreneur†s task
and the extent of customer and stakeholder engagement However, Hamel (2000) suggested different capabilities and he stated that an innovation
A stakeholder management perspective. Strategy Management Journal 24 (5): 453-470 Cummings, B. S. 1998.
Heunks, F. J. 1998, â€oeinnovation, creativity and successâ€, Small Business Economics, 10 (3): 263 -72
Stakeholder influences on sustainability practices in the Canadian forest products industry. Strategic Management Journal 26 (2): 159-180
Linking Entrepreneurship and Economic growth, Small Business Economics, August 13 (1): 27-55 World bank (2009. Innovative Firms or Innovative Owners?
Determinants of Innovation in Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises, The World bank Development Research Group, Finance
towns are key drivers of the economy, contributing up to 85%of EU Gross domestic product (GDP Efficient urban transport is essential to the
and economic hubs in their national economies and for the EU in the global context.
and accompanying impacts on economy, society and the environment requires a change in mindset by both decision makers and transport users.
results in †demonstration†cities with stakeholders in other urban areas in Europe. By linking cities with
processes engaging stakeholders help to bridge the gap between research and market take-up. The EU
operators, key stakeholders and citizens by including dissemination of results and best practices in research programmes,
The Partnership's stakeholders define joint targets for 2020 and more specific operational objectives, they
Communities Stakeholder Platform is available at www. eu-smartcities. eu *Smart city solutions could include:
Furthermore, early participation of stakeholders in local decision-making contributes to wider acceptance of new mobility measures.
policy makers, stakeholders and civil society Urban traffic management Increasing transport demand is creating a major challenge in traffic management in urban areas
stakeholder needs. As a result, the EBSF vision has been formulated for the bus system for the
Bringing together 47 stakeholders in the bus sector the European Bus System of the Future (EBSF) project launched a bus
More than 100 bus stakeholders contributed to the EBSF Roadmap, which identifies key areas and priorities for research on bus systems
-assessment tool to support stakeholders in assessing the strengths and weaknesses in the transport system, and in defining
improve stakeholder participation in the decision -making process have been implemented with the EU support. Innovative approaches have been tested
structural changes in our economy, the broadening of decision -making processes and the emergence of the network society,
-dented scale economies, built vast empires. Great fortunes were made. The government demanded that these powerful new monopolists be held accountable under antitrust law
Yet, somehow, the basic laws of economics asserted themselves. Those who mastered these laws survived in the new environment.
Although by no means all economists agree with Shapiro and Hall, I still feel that these two authors made a salient point.
known among economists and innovation scientists as the †Solow Paradox†or the †Productivity Puzzle†6. In the European context, the term generally used is the
the economy. Over the last 20 years, exports of these products and services from the United
content of our economy is the observation that the weight of 1 dollar in American export
3. 2. Structural changes in our economic system Important sectors of our economic system are currently going through a period of
structural transition. This results in changes within one sector, shifts between sectors mergers and the emergence of completely new sectors.
Dutch economy, it is still responsible for 25%of our economic growth 16. The enormous changes and issues this trend can bring about can be illustrated by the emergence of
important role of †Cultural Industry†in our economic system was pointed out 7. When accepting his professorship in †Cultural Industry†at the Erasmus University, Rotterdam
it would seem that economists are still unable to make up their minds about this
Sustainability is another major issue in today†s economy. Major questions here: are economic performance and sustainability at right angles?
more sustainable economic system? With regard to the last question, expectations are rather high, but very little empirical proof has been available until now to support these expectations
able to do for the economy and the society of the future As a follow-up to the above, there is the demand for management of the knowledge
Disciplines such as economics, public policy analysis and business administration are confronted with a lack of insight into the dynamics of innovation processes and systems
primarily to the strength of the system components (politics, economy, science and technology, culture) but rather
recently†being coupled to rising inflation and unemployment, gives rise to some economists assuming that structural changes in
which knowledge plays an important role are under way in our economy. Not only as a production factor, but also as a
product and a service. One notable feature of knowledge is that knowledge is easier to
even today is the main variable in mainstream economics. The fact that the products of
of established economists, these stories are dismissed generally as †old ideas parading as new onesâ€,
economists on this subject is apparently†as we read every day in the newspapers†still in the early stages 1, 51†54
economy in their models 58,59 Achieving substantial progress in terms of our understanding of innovation processes in
into the potential of new technologies for the economy and society, the appreciation thereof by several different parties, the consequences that result from realising these
Structural changes in the economy within sectors (agriculture between sectors (from agriculture to industry to services
6 OECD, Technology and the economy. The key relationships, Report of the Technology and Economy
Programme, OECD, Paris, 1992 7 European commission, Growth, Competitive Strength, Employment. Towards the 21st Century: Ways and
), Innovations Systems in the Services Economy: Measurement and Case study Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publishing, Norwell, MA, 1999, pp. 85†103
45 G. Dosi, C. Freeman, R. Nelson, G. Silverberg, L. Soete, Technical Change and Economic theory, Pinter
52 K. Kelly, New Rules for the New Economy, Viking Books US/Forth Estate, UK, 1998
This paper is based on his inaugural address and on the presentation †Impacts from Trends in Economy and
Structural changes in our economic system Questions and challenges Broadening of decision-making processes and the network society
Therefore, firms need to achieve economies through specialisation (Demsetz, 1991. This may explains why firms usually prefer to concentrate
The Economics of Hope. Pinter Publishers London Fusfeld, H. I.,1986. The Technical Enterprise. Ballinger Publishing
Economics 1, 215†222 Kleinknecht, A.,Reijnen, J. O. N.,1992. Why do firms cooperate
Economies et Sociã tã s 27 (5), 153†195 Lhuillery, S.,Templã, P.,1995. L†impact du C i. R. sur l†innovation
Technical Change and Economic theory. Pinter Publishers, London, pp. 349†369 Lundvall, B-A.,1993. Explaining inter-firm co-operation and
Change and Economic theory. Pinter Publishers, London pp. 370†398 Perrin, J.-C.,1991. Analyse et à valuation des processus de
Economics of Innovation and New Technology 8, 79†103 Roper, S.,1998. Under-reporting of R&d in small firms:
Small Business Economics 12, 131†135 Rosenfeld, S. A.,1996. Does co-operation enhance competitive
Economies et Sociã tã s 29 (9), 99†118 SESSI, 1996. L†innovation technologique dans l†industrie.
Economies of scope and the scope of the enterprise. Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organisation 1
Transaction cost economics. In Schmalensee, R.,Willig, R. Eds. Handbook of Industrial Organisation. North Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 135†182
International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering (IJEME) Oct. 2013, Vol. 3 Iss. 5, PP. 176-181
Interest in SMES is concerned primarily with their role in stimulating economic growth 3. However, SMES face common
International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering (IJEME) Oct. 2013, Vol. 3 Iss. 5, PP. 176-181
International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering (IJEME) Oct. 2013, Vol. 3 Iss. 5, PP. 176-181
or makes a significant contribution to the US economy through payment of taxes or use of American
International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering (IJEME) Oct. 2013, Vol. 3 Iss. 5, PP. 176-181
International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering (IJEME) Oct. 2013, Vol. 3 Iss. 5, PP. 176-181
owners/managers, SME employees and the economies in which the SME operates. High levels of innovation can facilitate firm
The SME sector is an important contributor to both the US and global economies. SME activity makes a significant
Innovation in small firms is essential for the continued dynamism of modern economies (Klapper, Laeven & Rajan, 2007
Economies of most nations are composed largely of small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) and their ability to
innovate has been viewed as a critical element in economic growth and renewal (Wolff & Pett, 2006; Verhees & Meulenberg
International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering (IJEME) Oct. 2013, Vol. 3 Iss. 5, PP. 176-181
accessories in emerging economies. Section 3 offers a background to the (evolution of the) sector
business, economics and innovation systems. The first focuses on innovation processes within firms, the second studies the role played by innovation in social and economic change, whereas
However, many clusters in emerging economies are poverty-driven, with limited innovation potential (Knorringa and Meyer-Stamer 1998.
Innovation in home accessories in emerging economies As this study zooms in on innovation in home accessories in an emerging economy,
it is worthwhile to briefly consider its specificities First of all, it is important to realize that within home accessories innovation processes are
A second specificity is that most knowledge in emerging economies is derived still from global value chains (Mani and Romijn 2004.
A third specificity is that most local innovation systems in emerging economies are immature and
A fourth and last specificity is that the absorptive capacity of firms in emerging economies
systems and global value chains enable exporting firms in emerging economies to innovate and 2007, Chen et al 2011.
based on recent studies in emerging economies (Altenburg 2008, Fu et al 2011. They were adjusted after the qualitative survey
-economic stability, the education system and the business environment. As these are likely to be incomplete in emerging economies, they impact on innovation (Lundvall 2007
Case study approach The study applies an embedded single case study approach. A case study approach was selected in order to fully appreciate the influence of the context on the level of innovation (Yin 2009: 18
demand in emerging economies, including Indonesia itself, but still the main issue for many firms
It confirms that variation in absorptive capacity of firms in emerging economies explains variations in innovation levels
clusters in emerging economies (see for an overview Knorringa and Meyer-Stamer 1998. But it
economy, where variation in absorptive capacity of firms is large, it explains variation in innovation among firms.
Penetrating the``knowledge filter''in regional economies. The Annals of Regional Science 39 (3): 439-56
economies? 1. Policy Studies Journal 18 (3): 683-701 Bickford-Smith, V. 2008. Urban history in the new south africa:
Knowledge creation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth A historical review. Industrial and Corporate Change Chaminade, C, . and J. Vang. 2008.
and the knowledge economy. Industrial and Corporate Change 10 (4 -12-01): 945-74 Cooke, P. 2005.
Economics of Innovation and New Technology 11 (6): 497-523 EU 2008. Science, technology and innovation in Europe.
economies: Technological change and catching-up. World Development 39,7), 10.1016/j. worlddev. 2010.05.009 Gaul 201.
International trade and industrial upgrading in the apparel commodity chain. Journal of International Economics 48 (1)(-06-01): 37-70
Gereffi, G. 2005. The governance of global value chains. Review of International Political economy: RIPE 12 (1)(-02-01): 78
the embeddedness of innovation in a regional economy Review of International Political economy 7 (4): 688-718
Why new institutional economics matters for economic geography Journal of Economic geography 9 (3): 329 Shima, K.,Onishi,
The Developing Economies 48 (4): 450-72 Tambunan, T."The Impact of the 2008-2009 Global Economic crisis on a Developing Countrry's Economy:
Studies from Indonesia"(Unpublished paper, No date Tambunan, T. 2006. Development of small-and medium-scale industry clusters in indonesia.
Creative economy report 2010. Geneva: UNCTAF UNCTAD. 2008. Creative economy report 2008. Geneva: UNCTAF UNIDO 1998.
Cluster diagnosis and action plan. Yogyakarta area. Leather goods cluster. UNIDO USAID 2006. Global market assessment for handicrafts, Washington:
SME export performance in indonesia after the crisis. Small Business Economics 26 25-37 Wie, T. K..2006.
Manufacturing in the new urban economy. London Routledge World bank, and IFC. 2012. Doing business subnational. doing business in indonesia.
Innovation in home accessories in emerging economies 3. Research methods Research design Case study approach Sampling
Two key questions for industry are â€oehow can economy and ecology be reconciled in corporate decision-making?
On the economy axis, the product is compared with alternative products in terms of overall costs, including material and energy
Stakeholder Dialogue: Innovation Brussels (STM 1999 March-September Regional Dialogues Taiwan, Philippines, Taiwan, Brazil Argentina (STM
Stakeholder Dialogue: Making Company-Led Innovation Fit for Sustainable Development London and Washington, D c 2000
Stakeholder Dialogue: Intellectual Property rights Montreux July Assurance Team Meeting Geneva July 2001-February 2002 Electronic Stakeholder Dialogue
Intellectual Property rights September Working group Meeting Kuala lumpur November Assurance Team Meeting Jongny sur Vevey Switzerland 2002
Stakeholder Dialogue Meeting on Intellectual Property rights London Working group and Assurance Team Meeting London March EIRMA Roundtable:
technology as well as stakeholder views of these practices. In addition, the scenarios developed by the WBCSD for global development,
development via the three pillars of economic growth, ecological balance and social progress. Our members are drawn from more than 30 countries and 20
the national economy in terms of their sizeable contribution to GDP, employment generation, export performance, and achieving sustainable national economic development,
competitiveness of enterprises and economies. In the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, the rise of the
knowledge economy is evidenced by the growth in the knowledge-based industrial and service sectors which are growing faster than GDP, and thus
increasing their share in the overall economy. Despite the economic slowdown in recent years, the knowledge intensity of OECD economies continues to
increase and private sector investments in R&d continue to rise (OECD, 2003 The centrality of knowledge as a source of
stage of the knowledge economy. Statistics on patent applications and patent grants show a significant
Structural changes to the economy, increasing importance of intangible assets as a source of competitive advantage for firms, legal and
of SMES in the national economy in terms of their sizeable contribution to GDP, employment generation, export performance, and achieving
services sector in the economy of OECD countries have enhanced also the importance of the copyright
knowledge-based economy, it is their ability to use the IP system efficiently and effectively, which will
rights in a knowledge-based economy has begun to change the way national, regional and local
structural changes to the economies of OECD countries making it indispensable for companies and policy-makers to address new challenges.
Knowledge-based Economy (2000 c â'European Patent office, The EPO Guide to Patent Information on the Internet
Brookings Papers on Economic activity, 1987 783-820 â'Mazzoleni R, Nelson R R, Economic theories about the benefits and costs of patents, Journal of
Economic Issues, 32 (4) 1998,1031-1052 â'Merges R P, Patent Law and Policy (1992
â'OECD, Towards a Knowledge-Based Economy -Recent Trends and Policy Directions from the OECD (2002
continue to deliver its core role for a thriving European economy †in a user-oriented, safe and environmentally-friendly way
experts and take into account the advice of all stakeholders †considering the existing standards when appropriate
of stakeholders such as industry, service-providers and associations of users †supports the Commission on the
and a long consultation with stakeholders. Its main focus is to ensure the compatibility and interoperability of systems
infrastructure-and service-providers and other stakeholders Grouped into six priority action areas (see pages 6 and 7 for
implemented in close cooperation with ITS stakeholders as seen for example in the staging of various workshops
authorities in the Member States and stakeholders and will consider policy options for implementing measures including
relevant traffic centres and different stakeholders and promote best practices in deployment and operation of ITS services
used by different stakeholders >develop a standard framework for freight information exchange covering all transport modes and all
stakeholders >TASKS AND ACHIE VEMENTS The relevant European commission services have ensured close coordination of the †e-Freight†(see box) and other
stakeholders and the EU Member States was carried out in the period December 2010 to February 2011.
standards between the various EETS stakeholders were adopted Implementation of the interoperability of electronic road toll systems
stakeholders †the †ecall†in-vehicle emergency call system is yet to be deployed widely in Europe.
by all stakeholders †including vehicle and equipment manufacturers, mobile network operators and EU Member States †and to facilitate the deployment of a Europe-wide
stakeholder associations and of national platforms, meets at regular intervals to discuss technical details and practicalities
road users, to be complemented by a stakeholder consultation More in depth research about safety impacts, possible
among stakeholders >TASKS AND ACHIE VEMENTS For I2i, DATEX II was tuned fine under the Easyway project
stakeholders to concentrate their energy where it really matters †the efficient invention and production of goods
centres and different stakeholders >define a standardisation process for the adoption of an open in-vehicle platform architecture
different stakeholders can make coordination and consensus difficult to achieve. Technical solutions exist †the main
private stakeholders >promote the use of ITS in urban areas while fostering interoperability and continuity of services
It underpins employment, economic growth and global exports, while providing citizens with resources and mobility that are essential to the quality of life
Europe (representing the interests and expertise of European multi-sector stakeholders involved in providing ITS), no †umbrella†structure for the advance from research to realisation in the
public-sector stakeholders. The general objective of this joint platform is to promote and monitor the implementation of
improves fuel economy by managing the fuel injection thermal systems and battery charge/discharge cycles
network that brings together key stakeholders in the fields of ITS, urban mobility and road infrastructures development.
economies. Supporting interesting and innovative research projects in the field of transport is aâ great way to start
benefit the world economy. †New instruments Three such projects have been launched under FP7, taking advantage of the SICA (Specific International Cooperation
economy between 2003 and 2012. For Ireland, two measures of economic activity are employed, GNP and GDP.
GDP for Ireland is inflated by the inclusion of profits of inter-firm activities of multinational firms but GNP excludes these profits giving a truer measure of
economic activity. BERD as a percentage of GNP has increased from 0. 93 per cent in 2003 to
Figure 7 highlights the shift from a manufacturing to service economy between 2003 and 2011
A Review and Audit of Licenses Across Key Sectors of The irish Economy Forfã¡s December 2012
Most commentary on Europe†s economy focuses on its precarious financial system and anemic employment recovery since the Great
nonprofit, and government) throughout the European economy Increasing productivity is the key way that countries can raise their per capita-income income.
throughout an entire economy, reshaping entire systems of production and distribution Raising productivity growth rates will be
improvement the centerpiece of economic policy is crucial. While employment presents a formidable challenge in many European countries, sacrificing productivity for jobs†that
increases to the economy without the adoption of ICT in other sectors. In addition, actions to encourage the ICT-producing sector may sometimes hurt ICT-using sectors, if
while ICT investment provides large benefits for the broader economy, the nature of these benefits makes them hard for any single firm to capture;
The irish productivity gap with the U s. economy shrank from 35 percent in 1995 to 17 percent in 2013
relative sizes of the EU-13 economies 2004-2013 Diverging Converging 1 9 9 5
Higher productivity is the sine qua non of economic growth. 18 To see why, consider that if the EU-15 nations had maintained the productivity growth rate they enjoyed from 1980 to
Productivity is the main determinant of national income per person, because over the long term a nation can consume only what it produces
effect†occurs when an economy shifts resources from less productive industries e g.,, call centers) to more productive ones (e g.,
Indeed, new growth economics accounting suggests that the lion†s share of productivity stems from the use of more and better â€oetools. †30
And in today†s knowledge-based economy, the tools that are most ubiquitous and most
what economists call a â€oegeneral purpose technology†(GPT. GPTS have appeared historically at a rate of once every half
what economies produce; how they produce it; how production is organized and managed; the location of productive activity;
they increase in sophistication as they diffuse throughout the economy; they engender extensive spillovers in the forms of externalities and technological
different levels and sectors of economies, from firms to industries to entire economies, and in both goods-and services-producing industries. 38 Firm level studies have shown also that
First, in economies where ICT capital equipment innovations are new, they are able to pick off the â€oelow hanging fruit†of relatively easy to improve efficiencies
economists call â€oenetwork externalities, †which are the â€oespillovers†from adding additional users to a network.
Figure 7 shows contributions in both the total economy and private sectors for the EU-15
Corry et al. find that the contribution from the â€oeknowledge economy, †which includes labor composition, ICT capital,
economy EU-15 market sector USA total economy USA market sector Other (residual TFP (ICT-use
TFP (ICT-production IT investment/hour PAGE 14 THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION FOUNDATION JUNE 2014
and economy-wide levels why has failed Europe to gain from ICT the way the United states has?
Recently, several prominent economists have argued that productivity growth in the United states is slowing down significantly for the foreseeable future.
uncertain process, economics does in fact have a good deal to say about how it develops and how policies can play a role in creating it.
economics, and not enough agency to policy Second, techno-pessimist accounts frequently conflate economic growth with
productivity. The two are related but distinct, because growth can occur simply by adding more workers.
size of the economy, they do not affect productivity or income per capita Productivity is what matters for competitiveness and for per capita-income income, so it
Moreover, the techno-pessimists stand in stark contrast to other economists arguing that technological change will soon be progressing too quickly
Economists see U s. ICT investment as a key reason the United states has maintained its place at the â€oetechnological frontier†as one of the most productive countries. 94 The
U s.)economy, â€oesubstantially higher productivity growth in manufacturing would not be sufficient†to remedy the productivity slowdown. 100 Mas argues that it is â€oethe services and
sectors of the economy (especially the ICT intensive users), in the EU-15 its positive effects
Scale Economies Two additional reasons European firms lag in their investment in ICT capital are related to
marginal costs but higher fixed costs. 130 To be sure, the increased provision of software through cloud-based services may change that somewhat,
economy is larger than that of the United states, in practice it is integrated much less Therefore, the market for a firm†s products or services is limited more, often to only the
high fixed costs relative to marginal costs in many ICT capital investments. Moreover larger markets mean more competition,
beneficial effects of the ICT sector for the broader European economy declined after the year 2000.149 Other recent evidence has shown that most of the productivity gains from
-country economies than ICT-producing sectors, so productivity gains in those sectors have a much larger effect on the whole economy. 150
There are many possible reasons why policymakers prioritize ICT industry growth over ICT usage. One is simply a misunderstanding of the true sources of ICT-related growth
the green economy for jobs, even though it will likely mean higher energy costs and lower
this view has been discredited thoroughly both by history and economics. 152 Figure 16: ICT use effect and ICT output effect on GDP (2000 to latest year, percentage points
As Europe emerges from the economic crisis, it faces continued challenges but also opportunities. With its financial system stabilized, Europe†s central economic challenge
widespread adoption of ICT a policy priority across the entire EU economy. While it is
EU economy PAGE 27 THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION FOUNDATION JUNE 2014 Focus on Raising Productivity Many European officials see increasing jobs,
or in applying IT to other sectors of the economy, and PAGE 28 THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION FOUNDATION JUNE 2014
economy seeking success needs to prioritize â€oeacross-the-board†productivity growth strategies, rather than efforts to raise productivity by modestly expanding output in high
Economists have argued long that businesses under-invest in research, which is the rationale for governments instituting research grants and R&d tax
Economists have documented also significant market failures around IT investment, including network externalities and â€oechicken-or-egg†issues that slow digital
economy. For this reason, public policies should focus on spurring additional investment by organizations in the latest-generation ICT.
Some economists might question such policies, arguing that such tax incentives should only go to investments in areas like R&d where companies seldom capture all the benefits
firms in the economy in rhetoric and in policy. 173 For many policymakers, small firms have
come to represent everything good in the economy. Yet, on average large firms are more productive, pay higher wages, injure their workers less,
-growth â€oegazelle firms, †simply keep the share of the economy produced by small businesses
Putting spurring ICT adoption at the center of economic policy means not just supporting it, but just as importantly avoiding harm.
economy hurt productivity and income growth PAGE 31 THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION FOUNDATION JUNE 2014
1. The Conference Board, Total Economy Database: January 2014 (total GDP EKS, labor productivity per hour worked EKS;
and Economic growth in Europe: A Comparative Industry Perspective, †International Productivity Monitor 21 (2011: 3†23
2. The Conference Board, Total Economy Database 3. Ibid 4. Ibid 5. Ibid 6. Mary O†Mahony and Bart van Ark, eds.
The Conference Board, Total Economy Database: January 2014 (Table 5 accessed April 2, 2014), http://www. conference-board. org/data/economydatabase
The Conference Board, Total Economy Database: January 2014 (total GDP EKS, labor productivity per hour worked EKS;
â€oeproductivity and Economic growth in Europe. †Assuming 2. 8 percent productivity growth 20. The Conference Board, Total Economy Database.
Assuming 1. 6 percent productivity growth 21. Ibid. Assuming yearly productivity growth for EU-15 after 1995 was the actual rate for the United states
and Daniel Castro, The Internet Economy 25 Years After. com (Information technology and Innovation Foundation, March 2010
http://www. itif. org/publications/internet-economy-25-years-after-com; Matthieu PÃ lissiã du Rausas et
Robert D. Atkinson, The Past and Future of America†s Economy: Long Waves of Innovation that Power
U s. Economy and U s Economic Policy†(presentation at ITIF Breakfast Forum, July 15, 2008 http://www. itif. org/files/2008-07-15-lipsey. pdf
Conclusions from the Empirical Literature, †Information Economics and Policy 25, no. 3 september 2013: 109†125, doi:
†Baumol†s Disease†Has been cured, †FRBNY Economic policy Review 9, no. 3 (2003: 23†33;
Economy, 2003 44. Daniel J. Wilson, â€oeit and Beyond: The Contribution of Heterogeneous Capital to Productivityâ€
Labor Economics 28, no. 1 january 2010: 167†201; Davide Arduini et al. â€oethe Role of Technology
in UK Industries†(discussion paper, Centre for Economic policy Research, July 2012), 52 http://ideas. repec. org/p/cpr/ceprdp/9063. html
Empirical Economics 30 (2005: 427†64 58. Hal Varian, Robert E. Litan, Andrew Elder, and Jay Shutter, â€oethe Net Impact Study:
Applied Economics 44, no. 14 (2012 http://www. tara. tcd. ie/bitstream/2262/62815/1/PEER STAGE2 10. 1080%252f00036846.2011.554374
Investments on Innovation and Productivity in Italian Firms, †Economics of Innovation and New Technology 22, no.
International Journal of Production Economics 126, no. 2 august 2010): 299-305 doi: 10.1016/j. ijpe. 2010.04.004
Evidence from France, †Economics Letters 116, no. 2 august 2012): ) 244†246, doi: 10.1016/j. econlet. 2012.02.022
Technological Diffusion and Economic growth under Network theory, †Telecommunications Policy 2014), doi: 10.1016/j. telpol. 2013.12.003
Literature, †Information Economics and Policy 25, no. 3 september 2013: 109†125 doi: 10.1016/j. infoecopol. 2012.12.002
April 2, 2014) http://www. oecd-ilibrary. org/economics/oecd-factbook-2013 factbook-2013-en; World Bank, Databank:
) The Conference Board, Total Economy Database: January 2014 (Table 5; accessed April 2 2014), http://www. conference-board. org/data/economydatabase
Cette, â€oetrends in †structural†Productivity Levels in The major Industrialized Countries, †Economics Letters 95, no. 1 (2007:
â€oeproductivity and Economic growth in Europe. †100. Ibid. 24 101. Matilde Mas, â€oeict and Productivity Growth in Advanced Economies†(working paper, University of
Regulatory Practices, †Labour Economics 11, no. 1 february 2004: 33†58, doi: 10.1016/S0927 -5371 (03) 00055-1
European countries, †Review of World Economics 149, no. 1 (2013: 131†49; Jerry Luftman et al.
and Economic growth by Expanding the ITA€ (Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, March 2012), http://www. itif. org/publications/boosting
Economics 8, no. 1 march 1980: 3†27, http://papers. ssrn. com/abstract=1482270; and also:
Working Paper Series (Competitive Advantage in the Global economy (CAGE), 2012 http://ideas. repec. org/p/cge/warwcg/70. html
Countries, †The Quarterly Journal of Economics 122, no. 4 (2007: 1351†1408 144. Phil Fersht and Jamie Snowdon, State of the Outsourcing Industry 2013:
Bradford Delong and Lawrence Summers, â€oeequipment Investment and Economic growth: How Strong is the Nexus? †Brookings Papers on Economic activity 23 (1992;
Jonathan Temple and Hans-Joachim Voth, â€oehuman capital, equipment investment, and industrialization, †European Economic Review 42, no
Bart Van Ark†â€oemeasuring the New Economy, An International Comparative Perspective, †Review of Income and Wealth 48 (2002:
Economics: What Have learnt We? †(keynote address to the fifth annual conference of the Central bank of Chile The Challenges of Economic growth, Santiago, Chile, November 29-30,2001
168. Stephen Ezell and Robert D. Atkinson, â€oehow ITA Expansion Benefits the Chinese and Global
http://www. itif. org/publications/how-ita-expansion-benefits-chinese-and-global economies 169. Thomas Baunsgaard and Michael Keen, â€oetax Revenue and (or?
Oxford Economics, â€oecapturing the ICT Dividend: Using Technology to Drive Productivity and Growth in the EU€ (Oxford Economics/AT&T), accessed October 3, 2013
http://www. corp. att. com/bemoreproductive/docs/capturing the ict dividend. pdf PAGE 41 THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION FOUNDATION JUNE 2014
179. â€oesmall Is Not Beautiful, †The Economist, March 3, 2012, http://www. economist. com/node/21548945
He is also author of the books Innovation Economics: The Race for Global Advantage (Yale, 2012) and The Past And Future Of America†s
Economy: Long Waves Of Innovation That Power Cycles Of Growth (Edward Elgar 2005), and the State New Economy Index series.
Dr. Atkinson received his Ph d. in City and Regional Planning from the University of North carolina at Chapel hill
Ben Miller is an economic growth policy analyst at the Information technology and Innovation Foundation. He has a Master†s degree in International Development and
Economics from Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies ABOUT ITIF The Information technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF) is a Washington, D c
Scale Economies Management Differences What About the ICT-Producing Sector 153f154f What Does need Europe To do
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