Bureau of Economic policy Advisors to draft a report on social innovation as driver for social change,
management of personal data and the potential economic value of users activities on social networks and the engagement and security issues of CAPS
economic value. In contrast, the social innovator†s projects are driven primarily by social values, which take into account the different ways in which the projects affect the lives of
economics and socially responsible companies, can be of use for people in order to just find the information they need.
Studied extensively in economics, the network effect has also been used to analyse company behaviour, showing how being em
any discipline dealing with human social organisations (e g. law, economics, anthropology sociology, history. In many cases, the focus has been on understanding the trajectories of the
personal data and its potential economic value. The results of the project can be beneficial for many CAPS initiatives and will generate interesting synergies at the level of research
or the connection between personal data, economic value, and currencies (USEMP. Moreover, assessment of the CAPS projects themselves is key to
economic value is understood relatively well, yet its potential for solving large-scale social challenges remains largely untapped.
economic value, but that result in large -scale social impact. At the present mo -ment, the Internet offers unprecedented
-ment and economic growth for the area of Barcelona35 69growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe
Commission estimates the economic value of the PSI market at approximately â 40 billion per annum. The 2013 revision of the
-rent economic system of redistribution y the 2013 International Labour Organisation report2 notes that, in advanced econ
In other words, market economics and social security do not exclude each other but which comes first? Two different schools of thought gave a different meaning to this
ideals of freedom, social justice and economic growth are now being revisited. 19 This short history of the term gives some idea of its heuristic but ambiguous mean
this driver be geared solely to economic growth or should it serve the goals of social as well as economic cohesion?
20 http://www. economist. com/economics-a-to-z/s#node-21529660 21 Article 3 of the Treaty on European union states:
for the sustainable development of Europe based on balanced economic growth and price stability, a highly competitive social market economy, aiming at full employment and social progress,
-logical and economic systems. The concept of an ecosystem †which in biology refers to an environment where different, sometimes competing, species can complement each
Portugal has to restore economic growth, employment, and make long-term structural reforms at all levels, but especially at institutional and economic levels (public sector, public services, competition, etc
-term unemployment without relying on economic growth as a panacea. Investing in health and education, preferably as early as possible (e g. through early childhood
these, the European Semester95 is a yearly cycle of economic policy coordination involving EU-level policy guidance by the European commission and Council, reform commitments
-riously tighten their economic policy coordination. The new governance arrangements indirectly impact on social innovation as it becomes part of the solution for the modern
Taking into account the financial and economic crisis which has accentuated the gap be -tween the important long-term returns on human capital and social investments on the
community, including those on the margins of economic growth. LEADER also encourages interregional and cross-border cooperation and joint action between rural areas
solutions and approaches that contribute to economic growth, solve societal challenges create jobs and enhance Europe†s competitiveness.
y The economic crisis in Europe. has done the European union enough to solve the crisis? Do citizens believe that Europe is part of the problem or part of the solution
The economic crisis has led to profound changes in the eco -nomic, political and social situation in the EU and in its Member States.
-pectations of citizens on the financial and economic crisis, on citizens†rights and on the future of the Union by 2020.
Deming, E w. 2000) †The New Economics for Industry, Government, Education. †2nd ed Cambridge, MA:
such as the New Economics Foundation and Forum for the Future 80) Design labs. In Finland, the national innovation agency SITRA has set
what the economics look like, and how it could be made cheaper. The driving principles at this stage are speed,
211) Revealed preference methods come from the field of economics and focus on the choices people have made in related fields in order to
They are one of the reasons why economics has found it hard to understand innovation without a substantial dose of sociology added in
Economics, and the Catholic University of Leuven. There is also the Poverty Action Lab at MIT which tests out alternative interventions
hand †that most distributed of economic systems †generates ideas but on its own lacks the capital, surplus time,
economic growth of the past three decades. More recently there have been experiments in health insurance in Chongqing, and democratic
fit the economics of social businesses Legislation and regulation Governments shape the conditions in which social entrepreneurs, businesses
New Economics Foundation (NEF) 49 New Philanthropy Capital 171; 175 New York†s Open Book 154
as those that aim at supporting long-term R&d investment and economic growth, whilst reducing income inequalities, and increasing competitiveness.
that innovation policy will support societal challenges and economic growth better in the future. In summary there is a need to reinvent European innovation public policies to guarantee transformational impact
the other, they pursue to increase economic value by involving developers and entrepreneurs. The commonly accepted premise underlying these objectives is that the publishing of government data in a reusable format
economic value by involving developers and entrepreneurs. This report will focus on the governments that mainly foster the second objective and,
Generation of economic value Transparency Political incentives (reputation Technical support Monetary incentives Smart citizens Projects Platforms Intrinsic motivations, such as
as fostering economic growth, bridging the digital gap, creating innovative societies, or providing support to networks and civil society.
Fostering economic growth is an important motivation as well. The Living Lab for ICT-based Financial Services107 was created in spring 2010 by Ãoelemiste City AS and Mindware OÃOE.
and, therefore, to enhance economic growth Living labs aim at bridging the digital gap as well. Several of their projects have this motivation.
Finally, local governments are driven also by the possibility that companies produce economic value from their public data, creating services and applications from those free data.
/99. http://www. visionmobile. com/product/developer-economics-q1-2014-state-developer-nation 100. http://www. visionmobile. com/product/developer-segmentation-2013
because the economics of web-based pilots may make it as inexpensive to launch on a national or continental scale.
As well as the study of innovation in economics and science, there is a small emerging body of research into the capacity of formally constituted social organi
to economic growth and economic eï ciency: â€oethe decline in EU labour productivity growth rates in the mid-ï oe990s
economic growth with more and better jobs and greater social inclusion†by 20ï oe0, was interpreted as a need to boost
It looks at new institutional and transaction costs economics (Coase, ï oe937; Williamson, ï oe975
Benkler, 2002) as well as at the economics of sharing (Benkler, 2004) and community currencies. ï oeï oe Perhaps most
or even prescription, for a healthy dynamic equilibrium of economic systems. We do not consider Game theory a good framework for explaining what has happened in the regions that have adopted the Digital
Economic activities cannot help but be related to local cultures and regulations. The ability to produce solutions which
The digital ecosystem is the ICT infrastructure designed to support economic activities, which contains the socially
 The movement of information goods to centre stage as drivers of economic growth  The ever more widespread use of the peer-to-peer modes of conducting the distribution and utilisation of
Up to now economic theory suggests that long-term incentives are stronger under three conditions ï oe) more visible performance to the relevant audience (peers, labour market, and venture capital community
As a consequence, a revival of interest in social economics and the construct of social economics has emerged.
A simple definition suggests â€oethe economy is limited not to the market, but includes principles of redistribution
The economic theory, Work Foundation Degelsegger, A. & Kesselring, A. 2012. Do Nonhumans Make a Difference?
yearly basis. The threshold is not based on any economic theory of an â€oeoptimal tax rate†that minimizes distortions
economic theory of an â€oeoptimal tax rate†that minimizes distortions or maximizes efficiency in an economy†s
and economic value is relatively well understood. But, despite the founding ethos of technologies like the World wide web being
to manage creative interactions a central issue of economic policy. Harnessing collective intelligence will be a crucial determinant of success for businesses, for governments,
that are limited not to economic value, but that result in large-scale social impact, whilst not destroying
The methodology was based on key network drivers identified in the innovation studies, economics, and sociology literatures,
The European commission estimates the economic value of the PSI market at approximately â 40 billion per annum.
Created in 2008 in the wake of Iceland†s economic collapse, Citizen Foundation founders Gunnar Grã msson and Rà bert Bjarnason describe
-tion, economics and science. Relevant data also comes from around the areas of statistics, geospatial, transportation and economics.
This shift to transparency, collaboration and participation has seen a whole host off web and phone apps emerge to enhance how citizens engage with the
and economic value is relatively well understood. But, despite the founding ethos of technologies like the World wide web being
to manage creative interactions a central issue of economic policy. Harnessing collective intelligence will be a crucial determinant of success for businesses, for governments,
that are limited not to economic value, but that result in large-scale social impact, whilst not destroying
The methodology was based on key network drivers identified in the innovation studies, economics, and sociology literatures,
The European commission estimates the economic value of the PSI market at approximately â 40 billion per annum.
Created in 2008 in the wake of Iceland†s economic collapse, Citizen Foundation founders Gunnar Grã msson and Rà bert Bjarnason describe
-tion, economics and science. Relevant data also comes from around the areas of statistics, geospatial, transportation and economics.
This shift to transparency, collaboration and participation has seen a whole host off web and phone apps emerge to enhance how citizens engage with the
efficient regulatory framework, will promote economic growth and play a key role in the EU€ s competitiveness strategy.
to win-win solutions for economic growth, social development and environmental protection Smartgrids Enhancing grid flexibility & robustness
Future work should adopt a techno-economic system approach for a trans-European network. This calls for the development of
but also economics & market regulatory & legal and environmental aspects. A skills shortfall is a key risk to the
Europe†s future competitiveness and economic growth More specifically, an Advisory Council has been established to develop and
the amount of economic value generated by a unit of material input or consumption Energy productivity expresses the
amount of economic value generated by one unit of energy input or consumption 5 SERI 2011, Global Material Flow Database. 2011 Version
Department of International Business and Economics Bucharest University of Economics Bd. Dacia, 41, Bucharest ROMANIA
rovodo@gmail. com http://www. rei. ase. ro DOREL MIHAI PARASCHIV Department of International Business and Economics
Bucharest University of Economics Bd. Dacia, 41, Bucharest ROMANIA paraschiv@inde. ro http://www. rei. ase. ro
ANA MARIA MARINOIU Department of International Business and Economics Bucharest University of Economics Bd. Dacia, 41, Bucharest
ROMANIA anamarinoiu@yahoo. com http://www. rei. ase. ro Abstract: -The paper presents the results of a qualitative research on the perception and implementation of eco
-innovation in Romanian SMES. The focus on the paper is on the isolation hypothesis of SMES,
economic growth, social development and environmental protection. Its multilateralism leads thus to it being on the agenda
Recent Researches in Applied Economics ISBN: 978-1-61804-009-1 186 2 Problem Formulation
Recent Researches in Applied Economics ISBN: 978-1-61804-009-1 187 redesigns and, in the end, creation of new elements
Recent Researches in Applied Economics ISBN: 978-1-61804-009-1 188 References 1 Abrahamson E.,Rosenkopf L. 1997
Innovation and Environmental Economics. ZEW Discussion Paper No. 03-01, Mannheim 14 Cantono S, Silverberg G (2008), â€oea
Recent Researches in Applied Economics ISBN: 978-1-61804-009-1 189 Environmental Regulation and Innovation?
Ecological Economics, 32,319-322 36 Soete, L. 1987) â€oethe impact of technological innovation on international trade
Recent Researches in Applied Economics ISBN: 978-1-61804-009-1 190
EN EN EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 23.4.2013 SWD (2013) 153 final COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT E-commerce Action plan 2012-2015
which will greatly contribute to bringing the economic value of PSI to the market. It will take the harmonisation of the rules that public sector bodies have to respect
throughout the EU, an essential element for future economic growth. These new rules will allow for well-designed state aid targeted at market failures without
and recommendations of the Copenhagen Economics study into the Pricing Behaviour of postal operators. 4
4 DG Markt (2012), Pricing behaviour of postal operators, Copenhagen Economics 5 GREEN PAPER An integrated parcel delivery market for the growth of e-commerce in the EU
strength of ICT's impact on economic growth based on a cross-section model of 60 countries â We ran a survey of 100 senior executives on the
behind on key measures of economic growth and productivity. This leaves Europe†s policymakers and business leaders wrestling with two puzzles.
ICT€ s impact on economic growth, based on a cross-section model of 60 countries. The report also makes extensive use of the Economist
economic growth in developed countries. At the same time, the impact of ICT is weak in emerging markets
economic growth and productivity gains. Big firms have no reason to be complacent, however; ICT -related management skills are lacking here too, and
measures of economic growth, most crucially that of labour productivity growth. The transatlantic productivity gap has diminished not since the Lisbon
economic growth. Our own analysis, presented later in the report, supports the hypothesis of a time lag:
economic growth and productivity has fascinated and perplexed governments academics and business leaders since the ICT â€oerevolution†began.
economic growth look to the example of the United States. America†s formidable growth since 1995 appears to explode the â€oeproductivity paradoxâ€, the
to deliver faster economic growth European effectiveness in harnessing ICT The Economist Intelligence Unit†s research confirms
federal Ministry of Economics and Labour, cites the shortage of venture capital as one of the key barriers
-economic policies. Further explanations of these variables are provided following table 1 Only one outlier is identified in the sample†Ireland
Information and Communication Technologies to Economic growth in Nine OECD Countriesâ€, OECD Economic Studies, No. 34
the U s. Growth Resurgenceâ€, CESIFO Economics Studies, Vol. 49 1/2003, pp 27-47 Kegels, Chantal, Mary van Overbeke and Willem Van Zandweghe
OECD, 2003, â€oeict and Economic growth: Evidence from OECD Countries, Industries and Firmsâ€, Paris: OECD Oulton, Nick, 2001, â€oeict and Productivity Growth in the United
Economic growth and Labor Productivity in Poland 1995-2000†Warsaw: Tiger Working Paper Series No. 43
Easier access to information, increasing global scientific collaboration, economic growth and interconnectedness †together with rising levels of education in many parts of the world †have enabled a
T. W.,ed.,Economics of the Family: Marriage, Children, and Human Capital, Ann Harbor: UMI, 1974
Economic policy 27 (2): 241-267 Benton, M, . and M. Petrovic, â€oehow free is free movement?
Some Economics, Some Politics, Center for Global Development, 2011 Birks, F.,"Demographics as a driver of change,"Arup Journal, Vol. 2, 2007,2007, pp. 37-43
and G. Fink,"Implications of Population Aging for Economic growth "PGDA Working Paper No. 64,2011. As of 08/03/2013:
Review of International Economics, 18 (5), 990-1000 Bresnahan, T, . & Gambardella, A. Eds.).2004).
Card, Editor (s), Handbook of Labor Economics, Elsevier, 1999, Volume 3, Part A, Pages 1801-1863
Journal of Economics 122 (3): 1187-1234 Deloitte, Why change now? Preparing for the Workplace of Tomorrow, Deloitte, 2009
Economic growth in China. Rising China: global challenges and opportunities. L. Song, and Golley J..Canberra:
Easterly, W,"Middle class Consensus and Economic Development,"Journal of Economic growth, Vol. 6 No. 4, 2001, pp. 317†335
Economic policy Committee, and DG ECFIN, The impact of ageing on public expenditure projections for the EU-25 Member States on pensions, health care, long-term care, education and unemployment transfers
"Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 113 (2: 260†285 FAO,"How to Feed the World in 2050,2009.
Journal of Economics 126 (4): 1799-1839 German Marshall Fund, Compagnia di San Paolo, and the Barrow Cadbury Trust, Transatlantic Trends
Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 88, No. 2, 2006, pp. 336-347 Gordon, D,
Gordon, R.,â€oeis U s. Economic growth Over? Faltering Innovation Confronts the Six Headwinds, †NBER Working Paper No. 18315,2012.
Formation and First Birth in Britain and Sweden,"Review of Economics of the Household, Vol. 3 2005
Economics and Globalization, Volume 10), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2011, pp. 243-262 Jäntti, M.,â€oeinequality in Five Countries in the 1980s:
economy. †Labour Economics 17 (2: 303†316, April 2010 Kalleberg, A. 2006. The Mismatched Worker.
of Economics and Globalization, Volume 10, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 243-262 Luttig, M.,The Structure of Inequality and Americans†Attitudes Toward Redistribution, Public opinion
the Behavioral Economics of GDP Growth, WASHINGTON DC: Gallup, 2010 Goos, M.,Manning, A a Salomons, A. 2010.
in Economics No. 2010-14. As of 15 april 2012 http://epub. ub. uni-muenchen. de/11435/1/Easternenlargementhandbook. pdf
Years after the Financial collapse: Where Do We Stand? WASHINGTON DC: Migration Policy Institute 2010 Paris, C.,The future housing and support needs of older people in Northern ireland:
Economics, Vol. 34, pp. 185†202 Pew Research Centre for the People & the Press, â€oemajority Views NSA Phone Tracking as Acceptable
The relationship between demographic change and economic growth in the EU. Research Report 32. Institut fã r Demographie, Ã sterreichische Akademie der
Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 121, No. 2, pp. 351-397,2006. As of September 2013
Economics, Centre for Economic Performance, Occasional paper No. 28 may 2011. As of 15 april 2012: http://cep. lse. ac. uk/pubs/download/occasional/op028. pdf
Economic system Reform, 2010 Wanless, D.,Securing Our Future Health: Taking a Long-term View London: HM Treasury, 2002.
broad range of economic activities in a disparate set of industries across different countries 4. This section briefly explains
of production, such as land, labour and capital, towards knowledge-based economic activities. The ability of SMES in the OECD to create,
been the shift in economic activity away from a local or national sphere toward a much more international
The measures of transnational economic activity which prove there has been a strongly positive trend toward greater global activity include:
into knowledge-based economic activities 8. While some firms fell victim to the first strategy, many of the firms from OECD countries that
This alternative involves shifting economic activity out of traditional industries, where the high-cost countries of the OECD have lost their comparative advantage, and into
high levels of employment †knowledge based economic activity. Emerging comparative advantage that is 2 â€oethe Death of Distance, †The Economist, 30,september 1995
Given the shift in comparative advantage towards more knowledge based economic activity many scholars have predicted the demise of SMES.
But in fact, the share of economic activity accounted for by SMES has risen in most OECD countries.
This is consistent with economic theories of innovation and technical change where inputs to the innovative process are understood to be heterogeneous
externalities, ultimately innovative, activity and economic growth. 14 50. There is also theoretic debate about the effect of competition on innovative activity.
because it maximises the ability of firms to appropriate economic value accruing from their investments in
economic activities, but who share a common science base, is more conducive to innovation than a more
nature, and knowledge developed for a particular application can have economic value in very different applications.
An emerging economics literature demonstrates that knowledge spillovers are indeed geographically constrained. Data constraints can be overcome to study the extent of knowledge spillovers
There is considerable evidence that the transnational economic activities of SMES have been increasing over time. Not only has the absolute value of foreign direct investment activities by small and
Localization of Innovation, †Small Business Economics, 9 (1 february, 21-31 Arrow, Kenneth J.,1962,"Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention,"in R. R
Economic policy, 14 (2), 18-29 Audretsch, David B. and Maryann P. Feldman. 1996, â€oer&d Spillovers and the Geography of Innovation
Founded Businesses, †Small Business Economics, 10 (3), 213-225 Buckley, Peter J.,1997, â€oeinternational Technology Transfer by Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises, 9 (1
Small Business Economics, February, 67-78 CEC, 1998, â€oeevaluation of SMES in the Fourth Framework Programmeâ€, evaluation document of the SME
between SMES€, working paper University of Gent, under review at Small Business Economics Cohen, W. and Levinthal, D.,1989, â€oeinnovation and Learning:
Economics, 9 (1 february, 53-66 Feldman, Maryann P.,1994, â€oeknowledge Complementarity and Innovation, †Small Business Economics
6 (3), 363-372 Feldman, Maryann P, . and David B. Audretsch, 1999, â€oescience-Based Diversity, Specialization, Localized
Gomes-Casseres, Benjamin, 1997, â€oealliance Strategies of Small Firms, †Small Business Economics, 9 (1
of Economics, 10,92-116 Griliches, Zwi. 1992, â€oethe Search for R&d Spill overs, †Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 94,29-47
Hirschman, A o.,1970, Exit, Voice, and Loyalty, Cambridge, MA: Harvard university Press Jacobs, Jane, 1969, The Economy of Cities, New york:
Evidenced by Patent Citations, †Quarterly Journal of Economics, 63,577-598 Keeble, D. and Lawson, C. eds.
Kohn, Tomas O.,1997, â€oesmall Firms as International Players, †Small Business Economics, 9 (1 february
The Economics of Small Firms: A European Challenge, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 25-41 Loveman, Gary and Werner Sengenberger, 1991, â€oethe Re-emergence of Small-scale Production
An International Comparison, †Small Business Economics, 3 (1), 1-38 Mustar, P.,1997, â€oehow French Academics create hi-tech companies:
Economics, 9 (3), 255-271 Saxenian, A.,1990, â€oeregional Networks and the Resurgence of Silicon valley, †California Management
Economics, 1 (2), 129-136 Schwalbach, Joachim, 1994, â€oesmall Business Dynamics in Europe, †Small Business Economics
6 (1), 21-26 Simon, Hermann, 1992, â€oelessons from Germany†s Midsize Giants, †Harvard Business Review
Sternberg, R.,1996, †Technology Policies and the Growth of Regions, †Small Business Economics, 8 (2
The Example of the Federal republic of germany, †Small Business Economics, 2 (2), 105 -118 Sternberg, Rolf, 1996, â€oetechnology Policies and the Growth of Regionsâ€, Small Business Economics, 8 (2
75-86 Van dijk, Meine Pieter, 1995, â€oeflexible Specialisation, The New Competition and Industrial Districts, †Small Business Economics, 7 (1), 15-28
Von Hipple, E.,1994, â€oesticky Information and the Locus of Problem solving: Implications for Innovation, †Management Science, 40,429-439
and Firm Dynamics, †Small Business Economics 7 (1), 29-40 Wagner, Joachim, 1997, â€oefirm Size and Job Quality†A Survey of the Evidence from Germany, â€
Small Business Economics, 9 (5), 411-425 WK1 36 Zucker, L.,Darby, M. and Armstrong, J.,1994, †Intellectual Capital and the Firm:
Statistics for economics, accounting and business studies (Fifth ed.).United Kingdom: Prentice hall Bathelt, H. 2004. Toward a multidimensional conception of clusters:
Cambridge Journal of Economics, 29,497-515 Cantner, U, . & Graf, H. 2008). Interaction structures in local innovation systems.
Review of Development Economics, 11 (3), 550-565 Katila, R, . & Ahuja, G. 2002). Something Old, Something New:
Small Business Economics, 40 (2), 185-197 Robertson, P. L, . & Langlois, R. N. 1995).
Procedia Economics and Finance 16 (2014) 512 †520 2212-5671  2014 The Authors.
513 Nelu Eugen Popescu/Procedia Economics and Finance 16 (2014) 512 †520 The starting point for most theories of innovation is the firm (Audretsch & Thurik, 2001.
The recent economic downturn is regarded as one of the worst since the 1930s crisis and its effects are still
considered to be the backbone of the economic system, ensuring an important part of employment and innovation
514 Nelu Eugen Popescu/Procedia Economics and Finance 16 (2014) 512 †520 3. Innovation and ICT use in Romanian SMES (some facts and figures
515 Nelu Eugen Popescu/Procedia Economics and Finance 16 (2014) 512 †520 enterprises allocated between 6 and 10%to innovation.
516 Nelu Eugen Popescu/Procedia Economics and Finance 16 (2014) 512 †520 performances, especially during the last years of economic downturn.
Germania and Austria are the countries with the highest rate of innovative SMES (around 80%)and at the bottom of these classification there are countries from
so it interferes with economic growth. Knowing and understating the obstacles to innovation for SMES is important both to entrepreneurs/owners/managers but also to the government.
suite policies at national level in order to contribute to economic growth Figure 3: Barriers for R&d activities in Romanian SMES
517 Nelu Eugen Popescu/Procedia Economics and Finance 16 (2014) 512 †520 Figure 4:
518 Nelu Eugen Popescu/Procedia Economics and Finance 16 (2014) 512 †520 Figure 5:
519 Nelu Eugen Popescu/Procedia Economics and Finance 16 (2014) 512 †520 SMES have recognised gradually the advantages that the use of IT can have over their activities.
The economic downturn affected the SMES in the whole world and through globalization the negative effects
Under these circumstances in which the SMES sector is a potential key factor for future economic growth and
for economic growth, job creation and innovation can come from SMES (Wennekers & Thurik, 1999) so ensuring a
520 Nelu Eugen Popescu/Procedia Economics and Finance 16 (2014) 512 †520 References Acs, Z,
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011