have enhanced greatly the competition spurred by the globalization of the world economies. Even small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) are no more immune to the challenges that the
SMES play a key-role in most economies, in that they constitute the largest business block and
5. 2 Cost Explosion in Booming Economies...22 5. 3 Protection of Intellectual Property rights...22
economies. Even small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) are no more immune to the challenges that the globalization brings about.
worrisome, situation since SMES play a key-role in most economies, including in Germany in that they constitute the largest business block
-oriented competition from low-cost producers from emerging economies, on home turf and abroad (Tiwari et al.
while elaborating the crucial role that SMES play in the economy 2. 1 Innovation Innovation, according to Rogers (2003), is â€oean idea, practice,
though SMES play an important role in the national economy as discussed in the following
exemplarily demonstrate the key-role which SMES play in Germany†s economy. For detailed discussions on SMES€ role in the German economy see Hamer (1997), Bundestag
2002), GÃ nterberg and Kayser (2004), and Idw (2004 2. 3 Connecting SMES to Innovation
from emerging economies in Asia and Eastern europe 1 Ifm Bonn works with a definition of SMES that differs from the official definition
economy like that of Germany Besides, the globalization does not bring in only challenges but also presents an
elsewhere in Germany and other developed economies we conducted a new set of investigation. The methodology and selected results of this study are explained in the
Manufacturing, Maritime Economy, Medical Equipments, Logistics, and Services sector To reduce the time needed to fill out the questionnaire,
Unsaturated, emerging economies in Asia are rapidly taking over the role of â€oelead markets†by their openness for consumption and the willingness to spend money on technological
more people in emerging economies are having financial resources to buy high-end products (EIU, 2004), and the number of the middle class consumers is growing rapidly in
alia in advanced economies. These â€oechances††though realistic †are fraught with certain challenges that need to be addressed
felt in the booming economy of China, where German firms are finding it increasingly difficult to recruit local technicians,
5. 2 Cost Explosion in Booming Economies The cost advantage of many â€oeemerging†nations with booming economies is disappearing
in many respects, for instance, wages of highly skilled labour in India reportedly grow by 10 to 15%and above per annum on average;
often faced by SMES in Germany, the EU or anywhere else in industrialized economies At the same time these â€oeglobal†opportunities are associated invariably with challenges
development, Economist Intelligence unit Ernst, D. 2006: Innovation Offshoring: Asia†s Emerging Role in Global Innovation
today†s global economy 2. Innovation is a broad term that encompasses virtually any new development in firms.
creating a more dynamic economy and greater employment opportunities. In fact, the national climate for private sector innovation has an impact on businesses of
more generally for providing a competitive foundation for national economies. Because they often lack the resources to engage in in-house training,
Malaysia is one of the fastest growing economies of the world and is based largely on SMES that contribute almost
maintaining the growth of the Malaysian economy and the role of innovation in the overall performance of the SMES
Economy, LICOS Discussion Paper, No. 150 26 Hyytinen, Ari; Toivanen, Otto (2003: Do financial constraints hold back innovation and growth?
The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy ETLA), No. 820 27 Salim, I. M, . & Sulaiman, M. B. 2011).
3-Capturing innovation impulses from emerging economies...30 4-Capabilities for Design-Driven Innovation in European SMES...
Small, innovative companies create the majority of new jobs in the European economy. A strong rationale exists for public support to SMES€ innovation activities in order to overcome
jobs, and progress towards a resource-efficient economy ï Further leverage and complement support for innovation in SMES and other funding
3-Capturing innovation impulses from emerging economies During the next decades growth of the world economy will be concentrated in emerging
economies with a small but steeply rising purchasing power of individuals, compared to European standards.
An increasing number of multinational companies orient their product and service innovation activities towards the needs of clients in emerging economies and
identify new business opportunities for such product even in mature markets. Govindarajan 20 documented many such cases
preferences in emerging economies, guides to cooperation with local science, technology and innovation agents, tools to support the enterprise in identifying gaps and building-up internal
To capture the growth opportunities notably in developing countries and emerging economies enterprises innovate specifically for these markets building on local expertise and
IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY TOWARDS A MORE RESPONSIBLE AND INCLUSIVE GLOBALISATION EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE BACKGROUND REPORTS
in a Global economy Towards a More Responsible and Inclusive Globalisation Executive Summary of the Background Reports
stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the world economy †to contribute to sound economic expansion in member as well as nonmember
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY Â OECD 2004 3 Table of contents Preface...5
SMES in the Global economy...25 Enhancing the Role of SMES for Development...32 Evaluation of SME Policies and Programmes...
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY Preface At the first OECD Conference for Ministers Responsible for SMES, hosted by the
and nonmember economies adopted the â€oebologna Charter for SME Policiesâ€. They envisaged the Bologna Conference as the start of a policy dialogue among OECD
member countries and nonmember economies and that it would be followed up by a continuous monitoring of progress with the implementation of the Bologna Charter
arrangements and political context across the economies participating in the Bologna Process, now more than 80, means that not all parts of specific policies and
promoting innovative SMES in the global economy. In broad terms, these policy messages and recommendations elaborate on the themes developed in the Bologna
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY Introduction Ministers have the opportunity to assess priorities
50 nonmember economies at Ministerial level to exchange views on â€oepromoting Entrepreneurship and Innovative SMES in
economy and hence the general business environment in which SMES must operate. Other issues relate to policies and
Growth Project (The New Economy: Beyond the Hype, OECD, Paris 2001) which underlines the need for micro-policy reforms to
economies. These relate in particular to the four main micro -drivers of growth: entrepreneurship, innovation and
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY 8 SMES, especially in developing economies, to take best
advantage of this process This report summarises the background reports prepared for this conference The main messages emerging from the preparatory
â SMES in the global economy â Enhancing the role of SMES for development The final two sections summarise work relating to two
dynamism of modern economies. New firms attract resources to new activities, and when they prosper and are
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY innovative firms once they establish themselves. There is
improvements in the economy as a whole. While in the short term cost reductions and increased competitive pressure can lead to job shakeouts,
affect the economy as a whole but impinge importantly on potential entrepreneurs and SMES. These include sound
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY 10 way these structural policies affect enterprise creation and
advanced countries than in developing economies, limits management flexibility and leads to smaller firm size and
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY instruments for encouraging entrepreneurial behaviour in societies, and evidence suggests that such programmes can
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY 12 of these programmes and policies are designed and
impinge on SMES and innovation in knowledge-based economies â Ensure the reduction and simplification of administrative regulations and costs
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY †and based on evidence to the degree that
women in developing economies. Furthermore, as women behave differently from men, their entrepreneurship provides society with different, and often innovative
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY 14 Figure 1. Female employers and own-account workers
Selected APEC economies, 1998 Â OECD 2004 PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY
The empirical basis for informed policy design needs to be improved†Reliable data and analysis relating to women†s
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY 16 specifically. Such policies are part of the wider package of
economic and social arrangements in any economy and there is no simple relationship between such policies and
Economies in transition and the Nordic countries, for example, have some of the best provisions for working women but do not stand
both within economies and internationally to support the diffusion of knowledge and experience within the private
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY Tools for SME Innovation Financing for innovative SMES
in a global economy â Periodically evaluate the impact of any SME-related policies on the success of
role of women entrepreneurs in the economy. This requires strengthening the statistical basis for carrying out gender-related cross-country comparative analyses
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY 18 capital. First, the returns to innovative activities are highly
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY accessing finance are most acute (Figure 2). It should also be
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY 20 Basle II agreement on innovative SMES and on SMES in
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY Recognition and measurement of intangible assets should
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY 22 †and geographically concentrated clusters of
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY development, the regional attractors of knowledge -intensive foreign direct investment, and the governance
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY 24 Key policy recommendations â Improve SMES access to information about networking opportunities.
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY SMES in the Global economy Facilitating SMES€ access to global markets
Globalisation offers SMES opportunities†The globalisation of business has drawn increasingly SMES into global value chains through different types of
and some nonmember economies is that of a low, although increasing, level of activity by SMES in international
-operation (APEC) economies suggests that SMES account for less than 30%of total exports in the region. 3
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY 26 â In Europe, exporting activity rises with firm size.
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY across borders. This applies especially to access to information
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY 28 business-to-business interact ion and real-t ime
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY technologies to encourage interoperability and innovation and to expand choice.
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY 30 †and digital content, including increased use
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY Key policy recommendations â Move beyond policies for basic connectivity and ICT readiness to facilitate more
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY 32 Enhancing the Role of SMES for Development
economies need to strengthen their capacity to take advantage of trade and investment opportunities Recent assessments of growth recognise an
global economy through trade and investment. Enterprises in transition and developing economies face major challenges in strengthening their human and institutional
capacities to take advantage of opportunities in these areas While governments make trade and investment policies, it
make up a relatively small part of the economy, contributing less to employment and output than the informal sector
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY development and poverty reduction strategy of transition
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY 34 Trade and investment capacities of SMES
host economies include sources of external capital technology and knowledge transfer, job generation, skills enhancement and enterprise development through linkages
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY competitors who set new standards and necessitate greater
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY 36 Governments in advanced economies should promote policy
coherence and greater effectiveness of development assistance Finally, overall policy coherence is essential for the
economies. These have to go hand in hand with market access and improved policy co-ordination among donors
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY Evaluation of SME Policies and Programmes Systematic
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY 38 SME policy makers should develop an â€oeevaluation
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY delivering the programme. Their detailed knowledge of the
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY 40 Towards More Systematic Statistical Measurement of SME Behaviour
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY â Available high-quality empirical analysis, notably cross
economies should be involved in this work where possible â Develop an integrated business statistical register. This requires that countries
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY 42 â It is desirable to contain costs at statistical agencies and
more prominent role in the economies of most European and Asian countries The type of customers that SMES serve also influences the type of innovation they undertake
nations from product-based to service-based economies, research agendas have not kept pace 23 Indeed, the research literature on innovation divides strongly into two separate areas of
The interviewees varied greatly in their opinion about the role of MEP in the economy
Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and the Global economy. G. I. Susman. Northampton Edward Elgar Describes small firm collaboration and networking
Competing in a Service Economy: How to Create a Competitive Advantage Through Service Development and Innovation.
IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY: STRATEGIES AND POLICIES Workshop 1 ENHANCING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF SMES THROUGH INNOVATION
SME INNOVATION IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY...3 Introduction...4 Globalisation Challenges...4 Globalisation...4 The Emergence of Knowledge as the Source of Comparative Advantage...
SME INNOVATION IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY â This paper serves as the background document for the Workshop on â€oeenhancing the Competitiveness of SMES
of scale economies which small firms face in all aspects of business --Flexible specialisation has proven to be a particularly successful model of industrial organisation:
This explains why economists have reopened the debate on whether some market and systemic failures disproportionately affect small firms,
3. Both scale economies and research and development have become more important instruments for competitiveness in the global economy.
Since SMES seem to be at a disadvantage for both these factors, many experts predicted the demise of SME competitiveness as globalisation increased.
what triggered the wave of globalisation reshaping the economy at the end of the 20th century.
machines and electronic communication superhighways, The Economist recently proclaimed â€oethe Death of Distance†on its front page. 2 While the telecommunications revolution has brought the cost of
â€oethe Death of Distance, †The Economist, 30,september 1995 3 â€oethe Downsizing of America, †New york times, 3 march, 1996, p. 1
By contrast, the rest of the economy experienced fairly steady growth at around 3%over this period. 5 Innovative activity of in the United states has jumped, as evidenced
competitiveness in a globalizing economy. This background paper discusses some of the strategies open to SMES as they try to become more productive and shift more knowledge-based activities
â€oethe Valley of Money†s Delights, †The Economist, 29,march 1997, special section, p. 1 5 Kortum and Lerner 1997, p. 1
the majority of SMES manage the transition to a global, knowledge based economy Competitiveness Strategies
given industry†s underlying technological conditions, scale economies, and demand. Where scale economies are important,
the revolving door model is more common. While start-ups and new entrants may not be deterred by the presence of high scale economies,
a process of firm selection ensures that only those firms that grow will be able to survive beyond more than a few years
mechanism-the extent of scale economies-may ultimately be forced to exit out of the industry.
untapped in the economy The Information technology Strategy 37. A second strategy SMES can use to improve their competitiveness in global markets involves the
and the microprocessor, help mitigate economies of scale and the gains traditionally associated with large-scale production.
reach scale economies. This notion has received considerable attention in the popular press. Management consultant Tom Peters claims that,
10 Tom Peters,"New Products, New Markets, New Competition, New Thinking,"The Economist, 4 march, 1989
â€oein the physical world, scale economy and standardisation plays a major role. The digital world enables individual product customization†The
local economy. The Mittelstand companies also espouse a strategy whereby they insist on the same high
In particular, SMES are disadvantaged clearly by scale economies and other size related ownership-specific advantages. Similarly, they may have more difficulty obtaining inputs on favoured
SMES who want to remain innovative in a global economy Policy implications: Broadening Government Support and Coping with the Diversity of Needs
Economy, 100,1126-1152 WK1 34 Gomes-Casseres, Benjamin, 1997, â€oealliance Strategies of Small Firms, †Small Business Economics, 9 (1
Jacobs, Jane, 1969, The Economy of Cities, New york: Random House Jaffe, A.,1989, â€oereal Effects of Academic Research, †American Economic Review, 79,957-970
the economies of nations (Stanworth and Gray 1993, NUTEK 2004, Wolff and Pett 2006 They are a major source of job creation (Storey et al. 1987, Castrogiovanni 1996, Clark III
Due to the significance of SMES to local economies, it is necessary to study and evaluate their performance (Acs 1999.
creation of an entrepreneurial economy (Schumpeter 1934. Studies related to the 1 SMES are defined as firms with less than 250 employees (NUTEK 2004, p. 15
realities of the current, dispersed economy (Polenske 2002 In this thesis, I used the EU definition of SMES (NUTEK 2004) when I selected
It is important to discuss â€oesmallness†in the context of the new economy, since this
economy is influenced by the Information technology (IT) revolution. When assessing the current system, the numerical, clear-cut, artificial borders used in the past should be
In order to judge an economy, a firm performance model that considers the innovative input within SMES is required.
and even through the economy of an entire region Etzkowitz and Klofsten 2005) or a country.
•The models must account for the nature of the modern economy, as Information and Communication Technologies (ICTS) drive the organizations to adapt an open
The fourth challenge stems from the nature of the modern economy, and has to do with the kind of enterprise structure generated in company build up.
As the modern economy becomes increasingly diffused (Polenske 2002), the agility and flexibility of SMES gives them a competitive edge over larger firms
Innovation is regarded as the instrument through which entrepreneurial economies are realized (Drucker 1985. Schumpeter (1934) identified five sources of innovation:
innovativeness of an economy can be augmented through a system of specialization where larger or more mature firms acquire innovative and successful smaller firms (Lindholm 1994
Higher productivity of economies was attributed to â€oeinvestment in capital, †which is mainly related to knowledge (Schultz 1959.
and political economists of the modern era, the German writer Max Weber. The bureaucratic theory is limited actually a contribution to a much more encompassing work of analysis of the
technology generation and absorption on economies 74 We often wondered why some countries lack entrepreneurial drive
the innovation vitality of an economy from the perspective of individual firms†needs and external environments.
In that paper, we argued that economies have different levels of entrepreneurial activities depending on the availability of tangible and intangible
IBAM is an analytical tool that classifies economies based on their entrepreneurial conditions. IBAM was used to look specifically at Arab countries using a
of innovation capital must be in balance in order for an economy to be innovative and
total innovative environment of the economy The IBAM analysis produced two types of economies, one in which firms and
their founders are entrepreneurial and the other in which firms and individuals in them are less
entrepreneurial economies in that region is the â€oeadditive solution. †We felt the need to continue the arguments presented in the previous paper
Furthermore, the paper looked at basic factors shaping the economies of the Arab countries, including the negative impact of e-globalization on Arab countries
and the competitiveness of the Arab economy. The paper considered the characteristics of the Arab world economy and compared them to the characteristics necessary for an e
-globalized economy. The paper was closed with a discussion about the best strategies to achieve the â€oeadditive Balance Solution. †The recommendation was to begin a gradual
assimilation process encompassing several steps in order to create a single Arab market. The strategies presented seek to reflect a pragmatic, action-oriented sense of the possible
Thus, the analysis suggested in the paper can be used to assess any economy or group of economies
Contribution of paper 5 to the purpose of the thesis A model is needed that connects the performance of SMES in relation to the
All entrepreneurial relevant characteristics such as the nature of the local economy the high degree of fragmentation and dispersion of the economic structure, the narrow scope
required can help us to understand the innovation dynamics in economies as relates to the
the degree of richness of the entrepreneurial environment in an economy. However, the issue of accessibility and openness in the innovation process was reflected not in the innovation
Innovation activities in modern economies tend to be interconnected and open in their natures, and our understanding of the innovation process
Neglecting the networking nature of modern economy is a major weakness in classical performance models for SME, especially as concerns innovation issues.
economy, the high degree of fragmentation and dispersion of the economic structure, the narrow scope of economic development due to policies that focus on only a few sectors, the
Neglecting the networking nature of modern economy in relation to innovation issues is a major weakness in classical SME performance models.
required can help us to understand the innovation dynamics of economies. In that sense, using an SME performance model that incorporates innovation activities in its build up is a
performance in an economy There are wide variations in the natures of SME models. Some of the models are
capital is concerned more with societal input into the innovation activities of an economy I also addressed the issue of firm openness
entrepreneurial drive of the economy. The optimal situation is one where the four components of innovation capital are relatively abundant at the same level.
variations of innovation capital levels in an economy, I introduced the Innovation Balance Matrix (IBAM.
a performance input indicator to build models at the aggregate level of the economy Implications for SME research policies
of SMES in a given economy, and even to study several possible progressions scenarios for
economy. Presented at the 7th Uddevalla Symposium, à stfold University college Fredrikstad, Norway, 17†19 june Abrahamsson, M. and Brege, S. 1997.
The Global economy. Ann arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 164†173 Adams, J. D. 1980. Relative capital formulation in the United states. Journal of Political
Economy 88 (31), 561†577 Adizes, I. 1987. Organisations livscykler. Malmã, Liber 104 Ahmed, N. R. and Retzloff, C. D. 1995.
Regional innovation systems and knowledge economy. Industrial & Corporate Change 10 (4), 945†974 Cooley, C. H. ed.)(1956.
Economy 95 (4), 657†674 Fayol, H. 1949. General and industrial management. London, UK: Pitman (Trans.
returns in the Internet economy. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 14 (1 141†164
Promoting entrepreneurship and innovation in a global economy: Towards a more responsible and inclusive globalization. 2nd OECD Conference of Ministers
versus dispersal economies. Presented in The Uddevalla Symposium 2002, Innovation Entrepreneurship, Regional Development and Public Policy in the Emerging Digital
Economy. University of Trollhã¤ttan, Uddevalla, Uddevalla, Sweden, 6†8 june, 393†411 Porter, M. E. 1980.
Economy and society: An interpretive sociology, 2 volumes. G. Roth and C. Wittich (eds..New york, New york:
Socio-Organizational Challenges of the Knowledge Economy Tà lã-universitã/Universitã du Quã bec à Montrã al
Challenges of the Knowledge Economy. She is professor and director of research at the TÃ lã-universitã of the Universitã du Quã bec.
perspective of evolutionary economists. We will reconstruct an explanation of social innovation as a cognitive process confronted with localized social resistance, thus posing
introduces this discovery into the firm, the industry, the economy, that is, strictly speaking the person responsible for its diffusion.
â€oeevolutionary†economists who completed their work by proposing a global vision of innovation. For this movement, innovation is a process (Freeman et al.
According to evolutionary economists, the innovation process occurs in an organization or a firm; thus, their vision is closer to that of Schumpeter (Dosi, 1988.
However, for the evolutionary economists these two places (SMES and large enterprises) do succeed not necessarily one another in
evolutionary economists and authors who have drawn on their work. Thus, writings by Chambon, David and Deverey (1982) on social innovation, by Flichy (1995) on technical
recalled that Polanyi defines the economy as a dynamic set of social processes which are
determinism is organized itself into a hierarchy around the reality of the global economy Our vision of innovation emphasizes the social construction of innovation and the
Knowledge Based Economy: Policy Issues for Canada and beyond. Vancouver: Centre for Japanese Research, UBC Press. 89-107
Innovation Dynamics in a Diverse Economy. Montreal and Kingston: Mcgill-Queen†s University Press and School of Policy Studies, Queen†s
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