economy in general across different sectors of the economy in the enlarged European union, EEA and Accession countries.
a successful economy: they play a major role in national economies and are significant contri -butors at both the national and local level
Transport and logistics underpin the economy enabling the movement of goods, services and people as efficiently as possible.
The transport sector in Europe plays a significant role in its economic development. It currently generates
growth, fuel economy, the reduction of emissions, safe and healthy lifestyles and social inclusion (see Section 2. 3
This chapter has been developed mainly by economists from DIW Berlin, who used econometric statistical methods to explore how ICT capital and e
of electronic business practices in different sectors across the European economy. It represents the continued effort of the European commission, DG Enterprise and Industry
industries and the economy in general to highlight barriers for ICT uptake, i e. issues that are hindering a faster and/or
one of the largest contributors to productivity and growth throughout the economy 4"eeurope 2005:
economy. Policy-makers in this area will require thorough analysis of ICT uptake based on accurate and detailed information on the most recent developments.
-business studies on about 25 sectors9 of the European economy, annual comprehensive synthesis reports about the state-of-play in e-business in the European union, statistical
economy'†started in 2001, the former internet hype was replaced suddenly by a widespread disappointment with e-business strategies.
economy, has been a strong driver for ICT adoption. Firms are constantly searching for opportunities to cut costs and ICT holds great promise in this respect as it increases the
current phase of development of European economies. Competing in mature markets requires not only optimised cost structures, maximal efficiency,
when the'new economy'bubble burst in 2001, it had the merit of pointing towards the role of ICT in cooperations between enterprises and the
paramount importance for growth and competitiveness of the European economy Strengthening the competitiveness of European transport companies is therefore a
leverage European and national policy makers could use to enhance the economy in general. While the transport industry services other sectors, ICT and e-business have a
Transport and logistics are key components of a successful economy, and governments worldwide seek to increase competitiveness through new or replacement infrastructure
The transport and logistics sector plays a major role in nationals†economy and is a significant contributor at both the national and local level.
It underpins the economy enabling the movement of goods, services and people as efficiently as possible.
growth is mainly due to changes in the European economy and its system of production In the last 20 years, we have moved from a †stock†to a †flow†economy.
The abolition of frontiers within the Community has resulted in the establishment of a †justin-time†or
manufacturing scale economies, and rationalisation of production facilities have also increased freight movements The expected increase in road freight of 38%until 2010 will far outstrip the existing and
growth, fuel economy, the reduction of emissions, safe and healthy lifestyles and social inclusion 18 Although a major contributor to growth, transport also involves a cost to society.
4. 3 million people. 20 The whole economy and society depends heavily on efficient road
transport system and of the economy 2. 2. 2 Rail transport Rail is a contrast:
for the competitiveness of the European economy. Co-modality32 and high efficiency in the transport system are also indispensable for Europe to manage the increasing flows of
the economy and the daily lives of citizens, and because of its impacts on oil supply
influence on the transport sector and the economy as a whole Exhibit 3. 1. 1 EC activities towards ICT for Clean and Efficient Mobility
dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world, capable of sustainable economic growth, with more and better jobs and greater social cohesionâ€) 61 are to be achieved. 62
success for enterprises and individuals in a knowledge-based economy. The development of human capital, research and adaptation of new knowledge and skills is
the source of growth in the competitiveness of the economy, labour force and in the quality of life.
In a knowledge economy driven by rapid technical change, investments in high-skilled labour, training and skill-formation become more important than investments in ICT.
innovations in other sectors of the economy, in particular in the service sectors. 69 Although this asseveration is true in general,
69 Strohmeier R. Speech) ICT and innovation in a globalised economy, YES event, European Parliament, Brussels, 24 november 2006
the Internet economy to companies to more tightly integrate their processes, the next wave of business communication centres around cross-enterprise application integration
economy. Because every activity involves the creation, processing, and communication of information, ICT has a pervasive influence on the supply chain.
-gies and services among firms in the economy at large is a striking example of the
it has been labelled by some economists as a measure of ignorance. It is a residual between growth of an output indicator like gross
was one of the first economists who pointed out the significance of disembodied technical change for economic growth opposite to the classical view that in particular capital
advanced economies; unskilled jobs have long been declining in absolute terms in Europe and growing only slowly in the US,
economy driven by rapid technical change, the ability to empower the work force is a necessary complementary measure to ICT adoption.
economy The resource planning system has helped ALSA to reduce costs of â 4-5 million
interrelation with almost all other European economy sectors, any improvements to the competitiveness and effectiveness of European transport and logistics enterprises will
the European economy as a whole. Based on the results of the E-business Survey presented in Chapter 3,
knowledge economy driven by rapid technical change, the ability to empower the work force is a necessary complementary measure to ICT adoption.
the European economy The ebsn (European E-business Support Network for SMES) is an e-business policy coordination platform, bringing together decision-makers in the field of e
The New Economy in a Growth Crisis, in: The Regional Divide, Promises and Realities of the New Economy in a Transatlantic Perspective, ed. Kurt HÃ bner, Routledge
Erber, G.,Sayed-Ahmed, A. 2005), Offshore Outsourcing-A Global Shift in the Present IT Industry, in
Economy, London/New york: Routledge, 1999, pp. 1228-1231 Hagsten, E, Karpaty, P.,Svanberg, S. 2006), Effects on productivity from Swedish off-shoring.
The Global Internet Economy Helpman, E. and Trajtenberg, M. 1998a. A time to sow and a time to reap:
Eurostat Conference â€oeknowledge Economy †Challenges for Measurement†PLUME, PLANNING and Urban Mobility in Europe Synthesis Report:
A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy Harvard Business school Press Solow, R. M. 1957), Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function.
Strohmeier R. Speech) ICT and innovation in a globalised economy, YES event, European parliament Brussels, 24 november 2006
Europe†s economy †the overall market for purchases of goods, services and works by the EU public sector
politics, society, economy and debate them with politicians and peers across Europe The results of the trials will be communicated to the relevant public administration
Indeed, our economy and society are now highly dependent on Information and Communication Technology (ICT. We have grown accustomed
economy The Future Internet will provide an environment in which a diverse range of services
decarbonisation of the economy and promoting their interoperability •an agreement between Member States on common functionalities for smart
throughout the developed economies of the world. Although this concern was focused on negative environmental externalities of the transport sector in the early 1990s, the term has a
and vehicle models differ in their fuel economy, but in general the greater the vehicle miles driven by a countries motor vehicle fleet, the greater the
•As part of the move towards a smart economy, the government directs Enterprise Ireland to establish a healthcare technology cluster.
will establish valuable assets for the new smart economy ICT€ s Role in Healthcare Transformation
are the indirect benefits to The irish economy through the positioning of healthcare ICT as key component of the development of the †smart†economy
6. 1 Direct Benefits ††The Patient and the Individual†The purpose of this section is to position Information technology in the context of the
6. 2. 2 Indirect Benefit to the Economy In addition to the benefits which will accrue to the indigenous health service, indirect
benefits can be generated for the economy as a whole. Healthcare is increasingly becoming an internationally traded service, where countries may be either net providers
further inward investment and support the development of the smart economy Achieve a leadership position in Healthcare ICT:
for a new growth engine within the smart economy In order to prepare for this journey we make the following nine recommendations
•As part of the move towards a smart economy, the government directs Enterprise Ireland to establish a healthcare technology cluster.
will establish valuable assets for the new smart economy ICT€ s Role in Healthcare Transformation
continues to evolve in line with a rapidly changing global economy This paper will offer a comprehensive assessment of Italy†s external competitiveness
perhaps be augmented in the context of an increasingly integrated global economy. The following sections will then focus on the evolution of Italy†s export share;
Over the past two decades, discussion of the Italian economy has centered increasingly on the key themes of weak growth and competitiveness.
has produced a stagnant economy and a labor market in which average earnings are largely decoupled from productivity and demand conditions.
economy as a whole may have faced difficulty integrating and exploiting new technologies to boost performance†reflecting perhaps a broad range of structural and administrative
The Conference Board, Total Economy Database 6 0 %20 %40 %60 %80 %100 %1995 2007 2011
Using a total-economy ULC-based measure, Italy†s competitiveness appears to have deteriorated by up to 5 percent
technologically competitive economy. As a sign of deteriorating competitiveness, therefore such cost-based measures may tend to overstate the problem.
In a stable world economy, changes in competitiveness might indeed be captured by changes in relative prices.
In an evolving global economy, however, a country†s competitiveness may also reflect the ability of its exporting firms to adapt successfully to a
impediments that have helped stifle growth in the broader Italian economy; and which are now weighing even on this once-dynamic sector.
detail, a comprehensive treatment of Italy†s main economy-wide bottlenecks is provided in the most recent
Ministry of the Economy and of Finance Crafts, N, . and M. Magnani, 2011, â€oethe Golden age and the Second Globalization of Italy, â€
Globalised Economy, †Occasional Paper Series, No 94,(European central bank 22 Eichengreen, B.,2011, â€oethe Big Cannoli, †Euro Intelligence, October 17, 2011
affecting the developing and transitional economies, provides a forum for the advocacy of policies leading to robust, equitable and environmentally
of modern economies due to their multifaceted contributions in terms of technological innovations, employment generation, export promotion, etc.
industries and ultimately, economies. Therefore, technological innovation has the potential to spur growth of individual enterprises at the micro level and aggregate
industries and economies at the macro level Given the above, this paper attempts to understand issues such as what factors drive
economy to economy and from time to time Lehtimaki (1991) attributed the emergence of new ideas for product innovations in SMES
such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy
heavy toll on the local economy Fortunately, of the stroke cases, approximately 86%are ischemic strokes and readily amenable to clot busting drugs like tpa.
growth of the economy than stimulation of the production of innovations. This covers e g procurement initiatives to bring innovation
Opportunities and challenges in the global economy...2 Australia has succeeded by playing to our strengths and through economic reform...
Strategy to build a strong, prosperous economy and a safe, secure Australia We†ve already scrapped the carbon tax
the stronger economy that we all want The Hon Tony Abbott MP Prime minister of Australia
Opportunities and challenges for the Australian economy The increasing economic strength of Asia and growing integration of the global economy present
great opportunities for Australia. Asia is driving huge demand for a diverse range of goods and
of Asian economies are climbing up the value chain, shifting from largely low skilled industries
are aggressively reforming their economies. They are reducing barriers to trade in goods and services, reining in inefficient public spending, reducing taxes, deregulating and improving
future as a high wage economy with a strong social welfare safety net in the face of this vastly
and equipping our economy for the challenges ahead, to prevent Australia†s economy from drifting
The Government†s vision is of a nimble economy, capitalising on Australia†s strengths. It includes
businesses and workers equipped with the skills and incentives to adapt to changing economic conditions and able to seize new opportunities
These types of businesses benefit the broader economy by testing new ideas, developing new products and implementing new business models.
More generally, in an increasingly globalised economy, it will be critical that all businesses have the people
world†s major economies have committed to undertake ambitious reforms with the goal of lifting collective G20 GDP by more than 2 per cent above the current trajectory over five
economy to greater domestic and international competition business environment TPO00007 An action plan for a stronger Australia
•improving access to international markets and opening up the economy to greater domestic and international competition
Regulation is necessary for a well-functioning economy and society, but too often the first
which society and the economy depend, but this comes at a cost to individuals, businesses and
the economy. The Government will work to reduce taxes, simplify the tax system and increase certainty
The Government will further open our economy to domestic and international competition and investment to improve access to high-quality, low-cost goods and services.
Highly skilled migrants contribute to a strong and vibrant economy, bringing know-how innovation and entrepreneurship and also helping to plug short-term skills gaps.
changes taking place in the international economy also present further challenges to our living standards.
Opportunities and challenges in the global economy The economic strength of Asia is changing the world.
Economies like China, India, Indonesia Vietnam, Malaysia and the Philippines have grown dramatically over the past 30 years and
China will be the largest economy in the world and the GDP of emerging Asia1 will be around
economies combined (Au-Yeung et al, 2013. Emerging Asia represented around 9 per cent of the global economy in 1985.
By 2025 it will be around 40 per cent Au-Yeung et al, 2013 1 Emerging Asia includes:
Meanwhile, many Asian economies are becoming major new suppliers of these same goods and services, bringing serious competition to the global stage
) As Asian economies invest in education, skill up (Chart 3 and move up the value chain,
backdrop of a global economy that is becoming increasingly integrated Advances in technology have made communication and transportation faster
The global economy is also becoming more integrated as governments negotiate free trade agreements and unilaterally reduce trade and investment barriers.
OECD economies have halved in the past 30 years, falling from around 4 per cent in 1988
This will require a flexible economy that can absorb declines in some sectors and quickly expand into others as opportunities emerge
Australia†s economy. Many of the massive scale projects that have underpinned the resources investment boom, like the
economy, they have brought also new technology and human know-how; better cheaper and more varied goods and
Economist Intelligence Unit, 2014. We speak the language of business †English †but our citizens
to reform our economy. In the early 1970s the Australian economy was volatile, insular and inflexible.
Today, thanks to the hard won reforms of the decades that followed Australia†s economy is more stable, open
and flexible. Australia floated the dollar introduced independent monetary policy deregulated the financial and wage-setting
economy, particularly in trade-exposed sectors, through its effects on domestic costs and the exchange rate.
Economic reforms of the past allowed the economy to smoothly absorb the resources boom. The
monetary policy stopped the economy from overheating. This contrasts sharply with the last terms of trade boom in the 1970s.
A number of private sector economists have identified industry sub sectors with growth potential. While the growth estimates differ in the details,
Services have grown already to be the mainstay of the economy contributing over 70 per cent of output
contribution to Australia†s economy. Australia exported around $58 billion worth of services in 2013-14, accounting for around
This highlights the need for a nimble economy, with workers and businesses equipped with the
that our economy will need in the future. Much will also be required of our workforce, to bring the skills and generate the ideas needed for
increasingly changing, globalised economy, it will be critical that all businesses, small and large, have
our economy by 2020, particularly through students from China and India (International Education Advisory Council, 2013
Australian economy, professional, scientific and technical industries accounted for more than 7 per cent of value add in 2011-12 (Australian Workforce and Productivity Agency
acting to bring their economies into line with international best practice. Advanced economies are reining-in inefficient government spending, reducing corporate tax rates, deregulating and
improving competition, making investments in infrastructure and skilled workforces, and giving research a greater commercial focus.
Australia has many of the fundamentals required for a productive and competitive economy. The OECD ranks Australia around the average of its member nations on most aspects of government
sectors, employment outside the public related sectors of the economy has been weak Box A3 •Profiting from ideas â€
sector of the economy, on which long term economic growth and government revenues depend, have grown even more slowly, averaging just 0. 9 per cent annually (Chart 9). For
The Government†s Economic Action Strategy is about strengthening the economy and delivering benefits to the community, including through less reliance on government, freeing up business
Free trade Agreement alone will add $650 million to the Australian economy every year from 2030 (Centre for International Economics, 2014
The world†s major economies have committed to undertake ambitious reforms with the goal of lifting collective G20 GDP by
broadly through the economy. The competition that this elicits challenges incumbent firms to do better.
Entrepreneurs are important in building a dynamic and innovative economy. However entrepreneurs are less likely to pursue opportunities
The Government intends to scale back intervention in the economy to restore the balance Lower government spending will allow taxation to be reduced sustainably over time.
the economy. This is why small business entrepreneurs are important to future economic growth, improved job prospects and better living standards
compete in a digitalised, global economy. It will help entrepreneurs reinvent and evolve their businesses as technologies change
and the economy restructures The Government is committed to fostering an innovative culture among small businesses
•improving access to high-quality, low-cost inputs to business by opening the economy to greater domestic and international competition
Regulation is necessary for a well-functioning economy and society, but there are costs that should not be ignored.
regarded regulators in other advanced economies not being recognised in Australia. For example, in assessing medical devices, Australia†s Therapeutic
economy and society depend on, but taxes impose direct and indirect costs on businesses and individuals.
23 cents of value is lost to the economy (KPMG, 2010. Although dividend imputation reduces the burden of company tax in Australia for domestic shareholders, at 30 per cent our company
economy would benefit from a shift toward less mobile and distorting tax bases (OECD, 2010b This is because Australia is more reliant on corporate
costs on the economy. Changes to tax law should not be seen as a †quick-fix†solution and
Reinvigorating competition across the Australian economy will help bring down costs for businesses and consumers. Many Australian industries already face strong competitive pressures
economy to improve Australia†s international competitiveness Australian businesses use a range of domestic and international inputs.
opened up the economy to international trade and investment, lifting our competitiveness and living standards (Productivity Commission
Hilmer Review in the 1990s had a significant and positive effect on the Australian economy
the most competitive outcomes, given the changes to the Australian economy in recent decades and our increased integration into global markets.
Australian economy (ABS, 2014b. As G20 president in 2014, Australia is focusing the G20†s efforts on delivering key aspects of
enhancing competitiveness and growing an economy. For example, one estimate is that scientific and technological advances have produced roughly
demanded by the Australian economy. A survey of employers by the National Centre for Vocational education Research (2013b) indicated that satisfaction in the ability of the system
emerging opportunities, opening export markets and emerging economies. Larger companies may apply to access the Fund,
Skilled migration is critical for a strong and vibrant economy. As well as building the skills of the
The Australian economy continues to adapt and change as the world changes and our workplace relations system must do the same, otherwise
stable, fair and prosperous future for Australia†s workforce, businesses and the economy. To this
for a competitive economy. The Government is rolling out the National Broadband Network to bring high speed broadband within the reach of
performance in knowledge-based economies The quality of management is particularly important to enable quick adaption to
emerging economies. Larger companies may apply to access the Fund, but will be expected to make greater contributions towards the cost of training.
new jobs generated in OECD economies since the global financial crisis were in small, young businesses
succeeding and keeping Australian companies competitive in an international economy which includes giving entrepreneurial start-ups the chance to employ the best people
broadly through the economy. Enabling small businesses to reach their potential will therefore promote Australia†s competitiveness and prosperity
The Strategy is about strengthening the economy and delivering benefits to the community, including through less reliance on government, freeing up business
economic strength of Asia and integration of the global economy While the Economic Action Strategy is wide-ranging,
Economist Intelligence Unit. 2014). ) The Learning Curve. Pearson Elborgh-Woytek, K.,& et al. September 2013.
Women, Work and the Economy: Macroeconomic Gains from Gender Equity. International monetary fund Elms, D. K, . & Low, P. 2013).
Importance to the Economy. Employee ownership Australia and New zealand Farquhar, S. 2014, February 18. Atlassian co-chief executive Scott Farquhar quoted in, †Keep
a more gender-balanced economy. OECD, ILO, IMF and World bank Group Office of the Chief Scientist.
The Conference Board Total Economy Database Retrieved May 2014, from The Conference Board Total Economy Database:
http://www conference-board. org/data/economydatabase /Times Higher education. 2014, October. Times Higher education World University rankings
) Chief Economist Goldman sachs, quoted in †Cost of gender gap put at $195bâ€. Retrieved July 2014, from The Sydney Morning Herald:
Country/Economy Highlights. Geneva: World Economic Forum World Economic Forum. 2014b). ) The Global Competitiveness Report:
sector constitutes an important part of the norwegian economy the government wants to have a sustainable, efficient and accessible public sector that
in a global economy, with its societies increasingly dependent on knowledge and communi -cation, progressing efficiency, effectiveness and appropriateness of our products, processes
economies of the future will be those which excel at generating and disseminating knowledge and exploiting it commercially†(see â€oeinnovation into Successâ€, UKSPA, Issue 1, 2003) or in
and initiative that support innovation in business and the economy Since the Green Paper on Innovation in 1995 the European commission has been furthering the de
Economy (2004) has identified Innovation Management Techniques (IMT€ s) defined as the range of tools, techniques and methodologies that support the process of innovation in firms
key to survival and success in the new knowledge economy. Whether you are an R&d professional, a
They also wanted recommendations for economies or process improvement in technical support help desk and staff development areas.
ï Volumes, production, economies ï Seasonal, weather, fashion influences Threats ï Political effects ï Legislative effects
ï Economy-home, abroad ï Seasonality, weather effects "Innosupport: Supporting Innovation in SMES "-2. 2. SWOT Analysis
economists. Usually, the former submit a development proposal and the latter assess it based on the cost of the proposal and the future profit after its materialisation.
Economy and efficiency ï A cost-effective and timesaving way of applying for patent protection in several different coun
growth of the national economy through employment creation, investments and exports. Despite the importance of SMES for the vitality of the economy and the potential offered by the IP system for en
-hancing SMES competitiveness, SMES often under utilise the IP system The linkage between an organisation†s overall strategy and its IP strategy will be more significant in
In the new economy, one of the preconditions for being able to compete is that an organisation can create,
most important development in business and communication in the history of the global economy However, because the Internet is developing at such an amazing rate those companies who put off
ï Campus 02 Fachhochschule †Studiengã¤nge der Wirtschaft (Courses for Economy in Campus 02 Polytechnic
globalised economy, foreign language and intercultural competencies have become decisive factors Products, services and information are moving fast between continents
operating in a knowledge based economy have to rely increasingly on the interrogation of non
development opportunities of developing economies and to assist their efforts to integrate into the world economy
ï The World Economic Forum (WEF) www. weforum. org is a private not-for-profit foundation
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