within the economy of a country, sometimes facing particular difficulties. Precisely, in Spain about 99%of the companies could be classified as SMES1.
change creates greater uncertainty in the world economy, entrepreneurship is believed to offer ways to help to meet new economic, social and environmental challenges
the gradual shift to a knowledge-based economy. Knowledge creation and diffusion are broader than R&d since a large and growing share of innovations is not necessarily
role in the economy of a country by generating employment and contributing to the GDP.
that Spanish economy was affected more by the economic crisis from 2008 on, and it would be reflected in the growth rates
could be a key to access the export market in a global economy. In turn, innovativeness reflects the tendency to new-idea generation, novelty,
that one of the keys to generate a competitive advantage in a global economy is through innovativeness (Flor and Oltra, 2005;
with the situational uncertainty and the current economic crisis, large economies are facing difficulties due to recessions in their domestic markets.
global economy (Akman and Yilmaz, 2008. In this way, there is a large volume of empirical literature testing the effect of innovative activity on international business
The World Economy, 33,374-398 Da Rocha, A.,Kury, B. and Monteiro, J. 2009. The difusion of exporting in Brazilian
The World Economy, 30,618-646 Fernã¡ndez, Z. 1999. El estudio de las organizaciones (la jungla dominada.
knowledge economy EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Research and Innovation Directorate C †Research and Innovation
in the globalised knowledge economy Innovation Union Competitiveness papers Issue 2013/3 Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers
1. Europe†s position in the globalised knowledge economy...6 2. Technology profiles of the world†s major knowledge centres...
economy producing knowledge-intensive and high value -added goods and services. Porter, 1990 This paper presents an overview of technology
knowledge economy. It presents the latest data on the process of global technology development and future
at the same time transforming the broader economy. 2 An evidence-based approach is important for going beyond
Europe†s compet it ive technology prof i le in the g lobal ised knowledge economy
knowledge economy The total amount of knowledge produced every year grew remarkably in the first decade of the 21st century.
in the global knowledge economy The worrying trends for Europe are more in R&d investments
in Japan, China and other developed Asian economies 3 PCT: Patent Cooperation Treaty. †International†patent application seeking patent protection for an invention in several countries.
ii) Other Developed Asian Economies does not include SG and TW iii) BRIS does not include India and South africa
ii) Other Developed Asian Economies does not include SG and TW iii) BRIS does not include South africa
EU-28 United states Japan China Other Developed Asian Economies (KR+SG+TW) BRIS (BR+RU+IN+ZA) Rest of the World (5
At the same time, emerging economies such as China and India have increased their share of total world FDI inflows
emerging economies are increasingly acting as FDI investors Even though non-EU firms increasingly consider comparative advantages for investment in geographical
Europe†s compet it ive technology prof i le in the g lobal ised knowledge economy
etc. an increasing interest from emerging economies is seen in investments in technology and knowledge -intensive fields
The internationalisation of the economy has moved to cover the higher end of the value
Europe†s compet it ive technology prof i le in the g lobal ised knowledge economy
Europe†s compet it ive technology prof i le in the g lobal ised knowledge economy
Europe†s compet it ive technology prof i le in the g lobal ised knowledge economy
world†s knowledge economy in the decade to come Figure 12 presents a further step in disaggregation, in this case
share of Asian economies is also clear at this level. Already in 2008, Asia took the world lead in technology development for
Europe†s compet it ive technology prof i le in the g lobal ised knowledge economy
Europe†s compet it ive technology prof i le in the g lobal ised knowledge economy
Europe†s compet it ive technology prof i le in the g lobal ised knowledge economy
The demographic evolution in developed economies is leading to an ageing population, with public health systems under increasing cost pressure.
Europe†s compet it ive technology prof i le in the g lobal ised knowledge economy
However, Asian economies are growing very swiftly and have already overtaken the technology lead of Europe and the US in certain sectors
security, while Asian economies have taken the lead in ICT and reached a technology position on par with
Asian economies are specialised in ICT, energy and the environment However, Europe has the potential to strengthen its
Europe†s compet it ive technology prof i le in the g lobal ised knowledge economy
Economy, Society and Cultureâ€, Volume I: The Rise of the Network Society Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford, UK
Europe†s competitive technology profile in the globalised knowledge economy Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European union
the context of a globalised knowledge economy and increasingly tougher world competition for the upper end of the global
Impact of E-commerce on the Economy page 16 GLOBAL B2c E-COMMERCE IN BRIEF page 17-19
influence on the European economy. Whereas the European Gross Domestic Product was more than â 16. 4trn in 2013,
Impact of E-commerce on the Economy Gross domestic product The total Gross domestic product (GDP) of Europe is estimated to have reached around â 16.4 trillion in 2013
Internet economy in the GDP at 2. 2%,a percentage that is set to double by 2016 and to triple by 2020
Strengthening the innovative performance of the EU economy is a main goal of both the
on a global level, it is critical for the EU economy to keep pace with the technological
to other sectors of the economy. Although new knowledge emerging in these technology areas may be acquired from sources outside the EU,
activities in an economy (see Helpman, 1998; see also van Ark and Piatkowski, 2004, on the
result from their spread through the economy which can take considerable time. A high rate of
particularly when the use of KETS affect many sections of the economy simultaneously. A prominent example of an escalating technical progress in the recent past was information and
KETS that exert less significant network effects are likely to result in lower economy-wide
Economies that are able to open up new KET-based markets earlier than others could gain a temporary
economies and can secure a long term lead in a certain KET History provides many examples for such cumulative technological advantages of economies
e g. the U s. in aircraft, space and defence technologies, Japan in microelectronic household applications, or Germany in mechanical engineering.
Provided that economy-wide productivity and wealth effects of KETS primarily depend on the speed and breadth of their diffusion, the issue of technological competitiveness could be
it is important for the EU economy to keep pace with the technological development in KETS.
Nevertheless, advancing KETS may require joint efforts of European economies, particularly in the areas of regulation and standardisation.
and technology) and METI (economy, trade and industry) are the main funding ministries and JSPS (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science), JST (Japan Science and Technology
METI (Japan†s Ministry of economy, trade and industry) accompanies cluster development in two ways.
cluster) economies (regional technology division, business environment promotion division and there are divisions to nurture technological development (research and development
ministries of technology and economy that combine technological development with regional cluster) development. This synergy could be seen as one of the success factors of this cluster
economy, trade and industry) are the main funding ministries, which initiated several governmental organisations to promote research programmes.
highly visible in the private economy Lack of entrepreneurial spirit, strong research focus Rules and regulations
nanotechnology-based innovations complain about high costs, a lack of scale economies and a lack of consumer acceptance (see Palmberg et al.
economy and society. The most prominent example is the U s. National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI; see Box below.
but when the economy recovers, semiconductor production does so as well. Nevertheless, long-term growth prospects are given very positive
components, primarily in advanced economies. At the same time, they rely on specialised manufacturers, so called semiconductor foundries, to make the products in locations with low
scheme of Western economies ($49 costs for $100 Â'R&d investment Network and collaborative research support
During economic downturns production drops sharply but when the economy recovers semiconductor production does so as well.
innovative when the economy catches up again. Policy should therefore be concerned with the smoothing of growth cycles as far as research and development activities are concerned
during this period as well as a rapidly growing global economy investing venture capital in high-tech industries have spurred the cluster†s growth.
-based bio-economy should be built by bringing together science, industry and other stakeholders In addition, financial support for spin-offs from public research can help to enlarge the
advanced economies. Within Europe for example, Germany accounts for 39 percent of European production volume, followed by France and the UK (12 percent each), the
Commission treats photonics as a key technology for the economy of the 21st century because
expected mid-term real growth of the world economy (between 4 and 5 percent) which is
regional economy in 2006 (the rest corresponds to services)( Biatour et al. 2010). ) From there the chemical industry represents a share of about 25 percent in relation to the whole industry
aiming to reinvigorate the regional economy. The government presented its objectives in a document entitled †Priority actions for the future of Wallonia††subsequently called the new
development for the Chinese government for the modernisation of their economy by 2050. By 2020 the goal is to get breakthrough developments in advanced materials,
economy grew at an annual rate of 15.1 percent and had a GDP per capita of about $6, 700.
Economist, 2010 Chapter 7 Advanced Materials EN 281error! Unknown document property name. EN fourth fifths of the assets in the Chinese banking system is controlled by 17 institutions (from
through over the past hundred years from a centrally planned economy (until 1978), the reform period (1978-2000) and after that the opening of the economy (Liu and White, 2001
The differences in the type of interaction in the command era versus in the transition era are
firms in China have a lesser position in the economy, giving them less power and hence less
patents) though smaller European economies were able to increase their patent output in recent years substantially
lessons could be transferred to European economies as we do not have a tradition of more
The more hierarchical structures that characterise their economies can form an obstacle for innovation as these lack the trust and openness for open knowledge exchange
they do not allow for leveraging scale economies Small firms need open markets to develop. Dominant firms that are blocking the market for
when compared to the efforts of emerging economies (such as China, India and may south -east Asian countries) to catch up with Western economies in education levels
System failures that hinder KET development System failures relate to those factors in the system that hinder innovation (Klein Woolthuis
on the wider economy -KETS are strongly research driven. Maintaining a strong research base is thus essential
Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization Dobson, W.,A e. Safarian (2008), The transition from imitation to innovation:
economy, Birmingham: School of Public Policy University of Birmingham Gouvernement RÃ gion wallonne (2005a), Contrat d'avenir pour les Wallonnes et les Wallons, Namur
 economy  media  co- †working      Introduction
 economy  as  a  whole  can  be  recognised Â
 Economist  21st  Sept  2013  p  30  3  See
 economy  through  investment  employment  infrastructure  and  profitability  Cluster
 economy  could  respond  to  addressing  a  problem  meeting
 economy  and  ecosystems  and  is  our  third  case
 economy  could  be  benefit  from  connecting  the  two
 (Economist  21st  Sept  2013  p30  Figure  Four  below
 economies  there  is  a  discernible  interest  by  various
economies  Various  credible  sources  have  offered  data  and
Economist  21st  Sept  2013  p  30  Tech  Nation
Economists have shown that the growth of amore complex division of labour is closely bound to the growth of total production
When closed innovation prevailed, the economy of specialisation was largely conï ned within ï rms 74.
economies Such networks are popular in NSI research. However, many scholars have noticed that even when they include other types of
national economies. In this study, we examine how open innovation practices in ï rms have an impact on the regional or national
NBER Innovation Policy & the Economy, 2 (1), MIT Press, Cambridge MA, 2002, pp. 51†77
Knowledge-Based Economy OECD, Paris, 1996 64 M. E. Porter, The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Free Press, New york, 1990
The Economist, 27 may 2013 Further reading •Ready for take off? How to make the business fly, EY
in the capital markets and in economies the world over. We develop outstanding leaders who team to deliver on our promises to all of our
Academy of Economies Studies from Bucharest Oncioiu Florin Rï¿zvan University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary medicine of Bucharest Romania
The creation of new businesses is necessary for the renewal and modernization of the economy
tied connection between the work tax and the suburb economy, comparing that between the income tax and gray economy.
The Northern states with large amount of social expenses in the brut profit have increased also suburb economies.
Suede, Norway and Finland, have gray economies of 19, %while USA or Switzerland †only 8, 8%of the total economy.
In spite of reducing the income tax and those on the profit to 16%,Romania with assistance expenses of
38,6%has a suburb economy of 34,4%.%It is very logical why a company manager to be very
reticent to legalize his affair, as long as due to the â€oefiscal reform†it has a reduction for taxes
resources for stimulation of knowledge-based economy and only a few companies proved able to compete through innovation.
considered to f make the economy more †competitiveâ€. Innovation will not only support the development of new products or increase the productivity of labor and capital, but also bring
This is especially the case in a small open economy operating in this type of market as is illustrated by the case of Romanian
structural adjustment within the regional economy and the region†s unique locational factors including a dispersed urban configuration with a less than dominant regional Gateway and for
purchases of â 2bn in the economy. These enterprises account for 9 percent of EI clients and
The project is being undertaken by the Centre for Enterprise Development and Regional Economy CEDRE), School of business, WIT in partnership with the School of management and Business
These improvements are linked most likely to the decline in the economy, with many students seeing an increased emphasis on school completion in 2009/2010 compared to those that may
of occupations is highly dependent on personal expenditure in the local economy, which is directly impacted by employment losses more widely
14 Irish Maritime Transport Economist, April 2011 15 According to Cruise Ireland, cruiser traffic to Ireland created an economic benefit of around
The MOU sets out the development objectives of the campus to host the knowledge economy
find increased application in the context of opportunities in the green economy  The region benefits from strengthened road access, most recently with the completion
local economy and increased pressure on state services. A particular challenge in reskilling those who have lost employment from sectors that have declined
Bio-economy 21 CSO, QNHS. Includes the following subsectors: Agriculture and Food Production and Beverages
Fishing Ports are an important part of the economy along the South East coast, with Duncannon, Kilmore Quay and Dunmore East among the top 20 fishing ports in the country.
sectors of the economy like energy generation and supply, transport, creative industries, high-value services and architecture and construction by identifying challenges, establishing priorities and
spillovers into other aspects of the region†s economy and society, such as quality of life improvements for the region†s permanent residents,
economy Access road improvement projects such as the M9 and M8 have enhanced greatly access to the South East.
 Master of science in Sustainable Energy Engineering-The Green Economy (Level 9) †30 Places  Higher Certificate in Good Manufacturing Practice and Technology Biopharma
As a developed economy, the sustainability of the sector in Ireland requires that companies based here continue to evolve to deliver the more complex, sophisticated services required
value-creating performance, of an economy. However, GVA is an imperfect value creation 71 The value of the region†s output less intermediate materials and services used in its production
The irish economy is operating within tough budgetary conditions and fiscal constraints. The Government†s response includes its Building the Smart Economy which
identifies the importance of returning to export-led growth3, and budgetary steps taken in December 2009
service oriented economies, what actually happens at the level of the regions will increasingly account for the success of the national economy in the first place10
Sustainable Recovery and Growth: The Enterprise Agenda The Government†s Building the Smart Economy identifies the importance of returning to
export-led growth and the enterprise agencies have a crucial role to play in leading and
10 NESC (2008: 178) The irish Economy in the Early 21st Century FORFÃ S REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AGENDAS:
As a developed economy (facing significant challenges in the current economic downturn successful enterprise development is premised upon enhanced skills and innovation, leading
economy of the West. Manufacturing employment declined however over the 1998-2008 period in line with the decrease nationally
of the Southeast economy. Strong international players in the food processing industry provide a solid platform for future growth
for the local economy and encourage and promote a strategic response from existing local FORFÃ S REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AGENDAS:
Bio-economy 10ï -Food 10ï -energy 12ï 13ï Traded Services (excluding ICT) 15ï †Services & Software 16ï
The Government†s'Building the Smart Economy'document identifies the fundamental importance of returning to export-led growth.
economies driven by consumer demand, increased disposable incomes and a demand for †personalised†solutions. Within the business to business (B2b) sector, companies are
The Bio-economy In its long term strategy, Towards 2030 Teagasc†s Role in Transforming Ireland†s Agri
wider Bio-economy 13 Although this does not take into account contributions toward corporation tax Significant Future Potential
wider Bio-economy FORFÃ S REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AGENDA: REALISING POTENTIAL: SOUTHEAST 11 As with many other sectors of the economy, agribusiness faces difficult trading conditions
today. Commodity prices are low for agricultural goods with strong competition arising from low cost production locations.
positive spillovers into other aspects of the region†s economy and society, such as quality of
economy Access: Ongoing road improvement projects such as the M9 and M8 will greatly enhance access to the south-East.
Ireland†s ambition as outlined in the Smart Economy, the business environment needs to continuously evolve to meet these changing needs †to provide a dynamic environment that is
As in the rest of the economy, the Southeast is facing a major skills deployment issue over
economy and that can operate competitively in global markets from an Irish base ï¿Building links between international businesses and third level education, academic and
Pursuing Ireland†s policy of becoming a knowledge-based economy by actively building world-leading clusters of knowledge-based activities
Compiling up-to-date statistics and facts for research into industry, the economy and foreign direct investment in Ireland
absence of scale economies (Lewis et al 2002). ) Considered from the resource -based view of the firm (Barney 1991
) The Small Business Economy A Report to the President on Small Firms Prepared By the U s. Small Busi
in a Service Orientated Economy, †Journal of Services Research 5 (1 5†20 Trott, P,
for a number of selected economies in each of the five following regions: Europe and North america, Asia and
most competitive economies. Along with the United States, three Asian economies also figure in top 10
with Singapore remaining the second-most competitive economy in the world, and Hong kong SAR and Japan
placing 9th and 10th Switzerland retains its 1st place position again this year as a result of its continuing strong performance
economies continue to struggle in this area While Switzerland demonstrates many competitive strengths, maintaining its innovative capacity will require
all 144 economies as well as an interactive data platform are available at www. weforum. org/gcr
skills needed for a rapidly changing global economy Finland moves up one place since last year to
economies. Finland†s macroeconomic environment weakens slightly on the back of rising inflation (above 3
with other euro-area economies Sweden, overtaken by Finland, falls one place to 4th position.
the most productive and competitive economies in the world The netherlands continues to progress in the rankings, moving up to 5th place this year.
economies. Last but not least, the quality of its infrastructure is among the best in the world, reflecting
features continue to make its economy extremely productive, a number of escalating and unaddressed weaknesses have lowered the US ranking in recent
As the second-placed Asian economy behind Singapore (2nd), Hong kong SAR rises to 9th position
below levels found in other advanced economies 53rd). ) Improving educational outcomes will also help boost Hong Kong†s innovative capacity, which remains
European economies have faced a number of challenges in the past few years. Although they had been recovering from the significant difficulties brought about by the
most competitive economies in the world. As described above, six of them are among the top 10.
America feature among the most competitive economies worldwide, with the United states occupying the 7th position and Canada the 14th
compared with other advanced economies (it is ranked 7th for health and primary education and 15th for
economies has continued relentlessly to grow, hindering the capacity of the country, its banking system, and
in the world†which allows for significant economies of scale. However, Italy†s overall competitiveness
structural weaknesses in its economy. Its labor market remains extremely rigid†it is ranked 127th for its labor
The country†s economy grew by 8. 4 percent in 2011 and benefits from considerable progress in a
European economies, Portugal continues to suffer from a deteriorating macroeconomic environment (116th) †despite the recent progress in curbing public deficitsâ€
the country to transform its economy and move toward higher-value-added activities 6 The Global Competitiveness Report 2012†2013:
higher levels of productivity in the economy. Moreover as the country moves toward a more advanced
economies have improved greatly their competitiveness over the past years. The excellent performance of some of the regional champions is reflected in the presence
where the economy ranks 8th; its solid educational performance (9th; and its sophisticated business sector 13th), which is inclined to innovate (14th.
economies last year, Australia retains its rank of 20th and score of 5. 1, just behind Korea.
the third lowest ratio among the advanced economies behind only Estonia and Luxembourg. The main area
as other economies move ahead. The most notable advantages are found in Malaysia†s efficient and
region where many economies suffer from the lack of transparency and the presence of red tape, Malaysia
economy by the end of the decade China (29th) loses some ground in this year†s
economies by a wide margin, 2 ahead of second-placed Brazil (48th) by almost 20 ranks.
advanced economies. Moreover, China receives relatively high marks in health and basic education (35th) and enrollment figures for higher education are also on the
of the economy. Additional productivity gains could be reaped by boosting technological readiness (85th), which
and ill-adapted to the needs of the economy (84th Indeed, the Indian business community repeatedly cites
economies, coupled with good macroeconomic management have allowed the countries in the region to put their short-and medium-term growth outlooks
economies, and the sovereign debt crisis in Southern Europe that is affecting the economic growth forecast in
remains the most competitive economy in Latin america A very solid macroeconomic framework (14th) with very low levels of public debt (10th) and a government
As the economy steadily moves toward a higher stage of development, many economic activities will require higher levels of skills and
position as the most competitive economy in Central America. Panama leverages its traditional strengths with
national economy. However, little progress is observed in Panama†s institutional setup, where public trust in politicians (101st) is low,
a service-oriented economy despite the low R&d investment (72nd) and technological innovation capacity 91st
the competitive edge of the economy. The functioning of public institutions is assessed still poorly (100th) because
that spills over into most sectors of the economy Finally, Mexico†s innovative potential is hampered by
Furthermore, as the economy moves to higher levels of development and explores ways to diversify away from its large mining sector, its low quality
As the economy continues to improve steadily, with a growth rate of 4. 5 percent, unaddressed challenges in these areas that
As Uruguay†s economy moves toward higher levels of development, some doubts arise about the ability of the traditionally praised educational
Morocco move up in the rankings, while economies that were affected more significantly by unrest and political
competitive economy in the region by moving up three places to 11th position, sustained by improvements in
diversification into other sectors of the economy and reinforcing some areas of competitiveness. Qatar†s
its economy, which will require a more skilled and educated workforce. Last but not least, although some progress has been recorded over the past years, the
continues to lag behind other Gulf economies The United arab emirates gains three places in the GCI to take the 24th position.
would trigger efficiency gains in the domestic economy as well as transfer of knowledge and technology. Tariff
across the domestic economy. According to the GCI three areas are of particular importance. First, the
and contribute to energizing the economy by allowing for new entrants. And third, making labor markets flexible
While some African economies improve with respect to national competitiveness this year South africa and Mauritius, the two African countries
third-placed among the BRICS economies. The country benefits from the large size of its economy, particularly
by regional standards (it ranks 25th in the market size 14 The Global Competitiveness Report 2012†2013:
most competitive economy in the region. However in order to further enhance its competitiveness, the country will need to address some weaknesses
of the top five economies in the region. Among the country†s strengths are its relatively reliable and
The economy is also supported by financial markets that are developed well by international standards (24th) and a relatively efficient
does not support a competitive economy because of concerns about the protection of property rights ethics and corruption, undue influence, and government
environment†including the dollarization of its economy in early 2009, which brought down inflation and interest
improvements across many areas to lift the economy onto a sustainable growth and development path
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