The economy is estimated to have shrunk in GNP terms by almost 18 per cent over the period 2007-2012 with significant adverse impacts on employment and incomes.
which accounts for more than 70%of private employment, is constrained by high propertyrelated debt, and has faced several years of weak profitability.
Enterprise and Innovation (DJEI) and Forfás over many years4 is to grow incomes and standards of living in Ireland through competitive and sustainable enterprise, innovation, productivity and employment growth.
and create employment for a range of occupations, across a number of sectors involved in services
Evidence demonstrates a positive correlation between entrepreneurship and economic performance in terms of growth, firm survival, innovation, employment creation, technological change,
In for example, the Agri food sector, focus is on the urban rural divide and retaining employment in rural areas.
and capacity and particularly areas that have the greatest potential to deliver economic return through enterprise development, employment growth and job retention in Ireland;
and fourth level qualifications in STEM disciplines for the purpose of securing employment in the knowledge economy.
export-oriented and likely to achieve significant growth in 3 years (Sales of €1m per annum and employment of 10.
The employment outlook for the sector depends critically on addressing domestic competitiveness factors and a favourable international trading environment.
The economy is estimated to have shrunk in GNP terms by almost 18 per cent over the period 2007-2012 with significant adverse impacts on employment and incomes.
which accounts for more than 70%of private employment, is constrained by high propertyrelated debt, and has faced several years of weak profitability.
Enterprise and Innovation (DJEI) and Forfás over many years4 is to grow incomes and standards of living in Ireland through competitive and sustainable enterprise, innovation, productivity and employment growth.
and create employment for a range of occupations, across a number of sectors involved in services
Evidence demonstrates a positive correlation between entrepreneurship and economic performance in terms of growth, firm survival, innovation, employment creation, technological change,
In for example, the Agri food sector, focus is on the urban rural divide and retaining employment in rural areas.
and capacity and particularly areas that have the greatest potential to deliver economic return through enterprise development, employment growth and job retention in Ireland;
and fourth level qualifications in STEM disciplines for the purpose of securing employment in the knowledge economy.
export-oriented and likely to achieve significant growth in 3 years (Sales of €1m per annum and employment of 10.
The employment outlook for the sector depends critically on addressing domestic competitiveness factors and a favourable international trading environment.
inclusive growth, fostering a high employment economy delivering economic, social and territorial cohesion. Investing more in research,
quantitative analyses calculate degrees of specialisation of regional economies on the basis of employment (or value-added) data.
growth of employment in knowledge-intensive sectors, R&d expenditure per worker, etc. 1) Indicators should be selected to reflect the programme's objectives
KETS are knowledge-intensive and associated with high R&d intensity, rapid innovation cycles, high capital expenditure and highly-skilled employment.
capable of generating economic growth and employment and strengthening the competitiveness of the EU economy. They bear enormous market potential.
Develop partnerships between national and regional authorities in charge of different public policies such as economic development, employment, higher education and culture.
DG Employment, Social affairs and Inclusion will also directly fund social experimentation projects through PROGRESS and the Programme for Social Change and Innovation to reform social policy.
Co-initiators of the SBI are DG Enterprise and DG Employment, Social affairs and Inclusion. Early December, the Commission proposed the Regulation on European Social Entrepreneurship Funds. 169 DG Enterprise has mobilised CIP funds for social innovation.
but also with regard to other relevant policies such as education, employment and rural development policies? Does it assess/take into account the existing level of policy coordination within the region?
Unemployment rates (ages 15 and over) and growth rates of employment (ages 15-64), 2000-2011.19 4 Table 3:
Second, economic activity is concentrated in a handful of sectors that represent about half the region's turnover and employment
and sharp drops in per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and employment during a 1 http://ec. europa. eu/research/innovation-union/index en. cf 6 crisis. Third,
employment, education, research and innovation, social inclusion and poverty reduction, and climate/energy. Each EU country has adopted its own national targets in each of these areas.
and R&d bodies take the necessary measures to surpass the national targets, at least those related to employment,
The national Europe 2020 targets Employment rate(%)R&d(%of GDP) Emissions reduction (compared to 2005)(%Renewable Energy(%)Energy efficiency reduction(%)Early school leaving(%)Tertiary education(%)Reduction
8. promoting employment and supporting labor mobility; 9 In order to promote the harmonious, balanced and sustainable development of the Union,
1. Improving human capital through higher employment, and better social inclusion and education policies, 2. Developing modern infrastructure for growth and jobs, 3. Promoting economic competitiveness and local development,
Employment (in 1000 persons) by NUTS 3 regions (nama r e3empl95; Gross value added at basic pricesby NUTS 3 regions (nama r e3vabp95) 34.
but actually coincided with significant declines in overall regional employment. But it does not help explain how falling employment levels could coincide with a very tight regional labor market.
Unemployment rates (ages 15 and over) and growth rates of employment (ages 15-64), 2000-2011 Unemployment rate Employment Growth (CAGR) 2000 2007 2011 2000-07 2007
Employment by sex, age and NUTS 2 regions (1 000) lfst r lfe2emp 20 35. In addition, demographic and migration trends also help to understand falling employment levels despite increases in productivity and low rates of unemployment.
Activity, employment and ILO unemployment rates, at territorial level, by educational level, by sex and area, in 2009;
Gazelles, firms with at least a 25%turnover growth for 3 or more years, are of particular interest both because of their contribution to employment and as an additional indicator of entrepreneurship.
Specialization defined as the sectors with the highest location quotient for employment relative to the national context. 53.
and 55%of employment in 2010 and the concentration of the West Region economic activity around them has increased between 2008 and 2010.26 25 Sectors are defined as 2-digit groups according to the NACE Rev 2 classification. 26 Drawing on the World bank
Main Economic Sectors in the West Region(%total) Turnover Employment Nace 2-digit sector 2008 2010 2008 2010 Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semitrailers
The auto industry is by far the biggest employer in the region among manufacturing sectors with an importance in terms of total employment that is similar (17%)to the combined share (16.8%)of employment represented by all the other manufacturing sectors
although transportation and construction are also relatively important in terms of employment (4. 1%and 3. 7%respectively).
First, observations for which information on employment, stock of fixed assets, material costs or value added are missing
But more importantly these firms dominate the landscape, accounting for 90 percent or more of value added, employment,
firms with foreign ownership account for almost one quarter of all businesses in the West, around half of output and employment,
and the potential to gain employment experience and opportunities abroad. 73. It is worth stressing
over and above the employment they create. This comes from the spillover of knowledge and technology into the regional economy.
employment growth and value added growth) are examined for each of the top 10 sectors. The 35 In this assessment
and simultaneously show a positive performance for at least two of the remaining outcome variables under analysis (employment,
and that they are successful in finding employment. Skills (3: Entrepreneurial and business management skills 95.
Second is by extending the scope and strengthening the role of the Regional Pact for Employment and Social Inclusion.
lower food processing costs and help to provide more robust employment in rural areas. 121. Public policy should also strengthen basic and applied research.
and has the potential to maximize output and employment growth. 146. Small and medium sized enterprises in the West Region need support to become competitive.
i) contribute to the EU 2020 strategy by increasing the level of employment;(ii) support access to international markets;
and innovation process Contribute to EU 2020 strategy by increasing the investments in research and development Contribute to EU 2020 strategy by increasing the level of employment Supporting access to international markets Promoting the diversification of activities with modern technologies National,
Third, economic activity in the region is concentrated in a handful of sectors that represent about half of the region's turnover and employment
increase energy efficiency and the use of the renewable energy in the West Region (priority Axis 2and increasing the level of employment and education, by improving skills and competences required in labor market (priority Axis
growth, innovation, research and development, as well employment. This regional fund could support public-private infrastructure investments and guide the available funding towards innovative projects.
The parliaments in Europe and around the world are struggling to counter the effects of one of the worst financial and economic crises for decades, with its severe negative impact on growth, trade, investment and employment across the globe and untold social and human consequences.
%and generates about the 30%of the employment in the region. Tourism is the main economic engine of the islands
and initiatives that generate wealth and employment. Participatory governance Entrepreneurial discovery Action Plan implementation Strategy improvement Monitoring and evaluation (2015-2022)* The monitoring of the strategy is a mechanism that ensures continuous improvement
Research methodology APPROACH DATA METHOD Quantitative Statistical data from Spanish National Statistics Institute (INE) on number of establishments, GDP, employment and Input-Output regional
DIRCE (1 enero 2012) With respect to employment generated by the industry in Asturias, in 2010 53,636 people were employed in the sector,
representing a 2. 51%of the total sector employment in Spain (around 2. 1 million).
with the construction sector most affected with a reduction in employment of around 40%.%It is followed in order of relevance in the industry with a reduction of 18.6,
Three industries are concentrated in Asturias that cover 82%of turnover and 75%of industrial employment.
number of enterprises, turnover and employment from 2000 to the present, in the three main branches of the industrial sector in Asturias.
Note the importance of the metal sector in manufacturing employment in the region. As a summary, Asturias represents approximately 2. 40%of the Spanish total population, 2. 15%of the companies, with 0. 97%of the technological innovation spending and 1. 30%of private R & D expenditure.
but also with regard to other relevant policies such as education, employment and rural development policies. There is no evidence that the strategy includes a clear reflection/proposal on how to exploit synergies between different European, national and regional funding sources.
y alta tecnología Recogida de datos Datos disponibles en Eurostat (Indicador Employment in technology and knowledge and sex (from 2008 onwards, NACE Rev. 2) Cálculo
which are needed for sustaining employment and economic wealth. Clusters which are benefited from global trends in fields where Castilla y León have important technology capacities or comparative advantages.
Clusters with historic relevance in the employment and economy of Castilla y León, now under restructuration Automotive Agro-food Tourism Wood and forniture Natural stone Fashion-textile Oncology
) Due to these growth rates, Castilla y León has left the condition of objective 1 region in the European union, becoming objective employment and competitiveness region as of the 1st of January 2007,
becoming evident in macroeconomic variables such as the employment market (while the unemployment rate remains below the national average) or in the number of active companies in activity sectors such as those linked to construction, road transport and business-linked activities.
Employment and sustainable economic growth Social and territorial cohesion Improved quality of life 7 Introduction of Castilla y León's work on research and innovation (III) 8 Coordinator:
traceability & coherence Employment & sustainable economic growth Social & territorial cohesion Quality of life Cooperation Open innovation (business) Research platforms (critical mass) Identiaication of companies'needs
and improve the well-being of individuals, communities and territories in terms of social inclusion, creation of employment, quality of life (OECD:
employment and education (CEC, 2013a), community and urban development, including in cultural and arts practices (Moulaert, et al, 2013a) 4, corporate change and workplace innovation (Drucker, 1987;
Social policy (poverty, employment, urban regeneration, education, etc. social cohesion Academic disciplines: STI, Economicindustrial, Regional Development, Economic geography often policy focused Academic disciplines:
So, for example, in the field of employment, the European Statistical Office projects that by 2060 there will be only two people of working age (15-64) in the EU for every person aged over 65,
thus freeing up younger people for employment in the formal economy. A cadre of volunteers will also be essential to some of the social innovations envisaged by policymakers (CEC, 2012d.
Conducted by TNS Opinion & Social at the request of Directorate-General for Employment, Social affairs and Inclusion.
It draws in particular on the expertise and analysis of the OECD's Working Party on SMES and Entrepreneurship and the Directing Committee of the Local Economic and Employment Development Programme.
and accepted by the delegates to the OECD's Working Party on SMES and Entrepreneurship and the Directing Committee of the Local Economic and Employment Development Programme.
%all employment (approximately two-thirds) and all value added (over one-half). These shares vary significantly by country.
Among those presented in Chapter 2, SME activity shares range from minima of 47.2%of employment in industry in the Slovak Republic, 52.6%of employment in services in the United kingdom and 49.9%of value added in Ireland
, to 85.4%of employment in industry, 88.8%of employment in services and 75.2%of value added in Greece,
and charities such as the Silai for Skills women's training and employment initiative in Bristol, United kingdom. Social enterprises, like associations or cooperatives, often need different support from that provided to traditional businesses.
Secure conducive conditions for both high-employment-growth firms and innovation in the bulk of new and small firms.
and entrepreneurship that have made them essential drivers of innovation, growth and employment creation. The major feature of the knowledge economy is increased the importance of knowledge as a factor of production.
and data is not commonly available for non-technological innovation as a proportion of firm employment or turnover.
The managed economy was a mass production society based on stable employment in large firms and a central role of unions and employers in regulating the economy and society in partnership with government.
but is also about employment. As unemployment rates rise, it is critical that new firms are able to enter
the creation of jobs in SMES in response to an aggregate demand stimulus or targeted employment
High-employment-growth firms. One of the contributions of new firms and SMES to the economy is breakthrough innovation.
They make up an important component of the high-employment-growth firm sector. Facilitation and support for breakthrough innovation in this group may promote both innovation
focused on improving the welfare of individuals and communities through employment, consumption or participation. The social entrepreneur is an agent of social innovation but not the only one.
as measured by employment, are enterprises with average annualised growth in employees greater than 20%a year over a three year period and with ten or more employees at the beginning of the observation period.
as measured by employment, are enterprises which have been employers for a period of up to five years,
High-Growth Firms and their Contribution to Employment in the UK, NESTA, London. Archibugi, D. and S. Iammarino (1997), The Policy Implications of the Globalisation of Innovation, University of Cambridge ESRC Centre for Business Research, Working Paper 75, ESRC Centre
Building Inclusive Economies, OECD, Paris. OECD (2002), High-growth SMES and Employment, OECD, Paris. OECD (2003), The Nonprofit Sector in a Changing Economy, OECD
Information was collected by national experts and delegates to the OECD Working Party on SMES and Entrepreneurship and OECD Local Economic and Employment Development Committee.
number of enterprises/establishments and employment; number of persons engaged/number of employees. The dataset follows the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) Rev. 3 for the classification of economic activities (see Annex 2. A1.
2006 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
2. AUSTRIA SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 51 Austria A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added
, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
population, 2008 Number of business establishments Total employment Industry Services Total Industry Services Total No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Micro 136 788 72.1
CZECH REPUBLIC SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 57 Czech republic A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 59 Denmark A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry
which increases the SMES'share by 5-8%.The Ministry of Employment and the Economy (TEM) is building a modern growth entrepreneurship policy that seeks to create first-rate conditions for Finnish growth ventures.
population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged
, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
who can cash it from the funding authorities. 2. GREECE SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 67 Greece A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment
indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms
2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services
employment Value added Industry Services Total Industry Services Total Industry%%%No. engaged%%%Micro1 117 231 45.4 725 025 8. 4 4
Number of establishments Total employment Value added Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. engaged%%%Industry Services Total Micro1 59 223 49.4
of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
and thereby increase Mexico's competitiveness. 2. MEXICO SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 83 Mexico A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2003 Number of establishments Total employment
which starters operate, particularly in the universities. 2. THE NETHERLANDS SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 85 The netherlands A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment
Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total Micro
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 91 Poland A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry
2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms
97 Spain A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services
employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total Micro 123
Further, according to selected firm variables (profit, turnover, employment growth, third-party funding and profit turnover ratio),
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 101 Switzerland A. Structural indicators on enterprise population Number of enterprises, 2005 Total employment, 2001 Industry Services Total Industry
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 103 Turkey A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2006 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 105 United kingdom A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry
The firms achieved fast growth in terms of employment, sales revenues and export after being funded. By the end of 2006,145 provincial governments and municipal governments across China had set up their own funds to support innovation of SMES.
2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and Value added,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories D, E,
For total employment, Industry includes NAICS 2002 categories 21,22, 23 and 31-33 while Services includes NAICS 2002 categories 42,44-45,48-49,53, 56 and 72.
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D,
and K. For Total employment Industry and Value added includes NACE categories D, E, and F. Services includes categories G h i and K. Estonia:
E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and Value added,
E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and Value added,
E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and Value added,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories D
In Table A, for Number of enterprises and Total employment, Industry includes NACE categories D,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of establishments, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C
D and E and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and for Value added,
In Table A, for Number of establishments and Total employment, Industry includes NACE categories D
E and F. For Total employment it includes NACE categories D, E and F. For Value added it includes categories D
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
E and F. For Total employment and Value added it includes NACE categories D and F. Services includes NACE categories G h i and K. Slovak Republic:
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total Employment and Value added,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises and Total employment, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
and F and Services includes NACE categories G h i and K. For Total employment NACE categories C,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
and that the level of patenting is correlated strongly with GDP per capita, with students in higher education and with employment in high-tech industries.
and the latter being concentrated around large urban areas where business service employment is abundant (Duranton and Puga,
c) an employment growth indicator (average rate of employment growth; d) profitability (average return on total assets;
employment of high-skilled workforce; co-funding of research activities. Government Express strategic research interests; set up laws that enable the other actors to carry out their functions;
although rigid university employment practices and the very university incentive structure (e g. the pressure to publish on peer review journals) can render this specific type of labour mobility difficult.
OECD (1997), National Innovation Systems, OECD, Paris. OECD (2002), High-growth SMES and Employment, OECD, Paris. OECD (2004), Global Knowledge Flows
growth rates according to turnover, value added or employment; productivity growth. Profitability indicators, e g. profit margin; return on capital employed;
and with the same magnitude in all territorial areas the standard location quotient (LQ) tends to neutralise these sources of bias in the input data Dynamic territorial indicators, such as employment or labour productivity
and may benefit from training provided before employment or in lifelong learning activities whilst in employment.
are more likely to find employment and have enhanced social psychological development (self esteem, self efficacy, etc.)(
they thus fuel innovation and growth of the firm and employment. These activities are performed largely in-house with external actors such as business consultants or other professionals from the SME's network and/or its value chain.
OECD (2002), Management training in SMES, OECD, Paris. OECD (2003), OECD Employment Outlook, OECD, Paris. OECD (2005), SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook, OECD, Paris
including data on nonprofit finances, employment and wages, and volunteering. The website of the project (www. ccss. jhu. edu/index. php?
Nonprofit employment is much larger than expected and much more widely dispersed, outdistancing many major industries in its contribution to state employment and payrolls;
Nonprofit employment is dynamic, growing more rapidly than overall employment; Nonprofit employment is spreading to the suburbs and rural areas;
Nonprofit wages actually exceed for-profit wages in many of the fields where both sectors operate;
Despite their growth, nonprofits in many states are losing‘market share'to for-profit firms in many fields where both sectors are operating.
To complete the overview and to have an idea of the economic weight of cooperatives in the United states (not included in the nonprofit sector in that country but belonging to it in Europe),
thus contributing to the local employment of individuals from groups who may find it difficult to get jobs.
and employment project based in the inner city area of Easton in Bristol, England. This innovative social enterprise (a registered charity) has as its main objective to help build women's skills,
The OECD definition In 2000, the Local Economic and Employment Development Committee (LEED) of the OECD provided a definition of social innovation, in the framework of its Forum on Social Innovations (FSI.
The key distinction is that social innovation deals with improving the welfare of individuals and communities through employment, consumption and/or participation,
are likely to have a positive impact on local development in terms of social capital, sustainable employment,
charter schools, community-centred planning, emissions trading, fair trade, habitat conservation, international labour standards, socially responsible investing, supported employment (for disabled and disadvantaged workers) and individual
for example to encourage the employment of long-term unemployed or disadvantaged people. Involving social enterprises in public service delivery can bring many community benefits.
The key distinction is that social innovation deals with improving the welfare of individuals and community through employment, consumption or participation,
new production factors such as atypical employment and involvement in governance, mixing voluntary and paid employment, as well as new market relations such as the changing welfare mix,
new production factors such as atypical employment and involvement in governance, mixing voluntary and paid employment, as well as new market relations such as the changing welfare mix,
Secure conducive conditions for both high-employment-growth firms and innovation in the bulk of new and small firms. 2. Embed new firms
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