Synopsis: Employment & working conditions: Employment: Employment:

"we can note their theory affirms it concerns"institutions whose conception focuses on employment, qualification, social security,

Europe 2020 aims to convert Europe into a social market economy delivering high levels of employment, social and territorial cohesion (European commission 2010.

More specifically in Europe, social innovation is central in meeting the EU2020 targets to increase employment,

The role of culture and creativity as drivers of growth and employment is high on the European commission's agenda.

affecting service provision and employment in most deprived communities over-proportionately (72%of social enterprises reported a negative trading outlook;

distribution and/or employment and so these factors will be important in facilitating or impeding social innovation.

OECD. 2012. http://www. oecd-ilibrary. org/employment/youth unemployment-rate. Oeij, P. R. A j. Klein Hesselink,

INTRODUCTION With the globalization of economies and competition, innovation has become the most important factor in development, employment,

Production, products, employment strategies and flexibility are part of the industrial support activities. To translate a successful innovation into a commercial success, multidimensional supports,

Schaart said that the Commission has promoted rightly digitalisation and its adoption by society as one of the most important sources for growth and employment.

and though it may not be the whole answer to the sector's employment problems, Higgins said,

saying employment issues in the sector Are continued from Page 1 Continued on Page 3 Euractiv ESKILLS FOR GROWTH SPECIAL REPORT 5-9 may 2014 3 much more sophisticated,

But European policymakers face considerable challenges in delivering a unified approach across the EU. Challenges The digital agenda already cuts across a number of different Commission directorate-generals, with responsibility for employment, industry and education.

DG Employment is also running an initiative called New Skills for New Jobs to develop better matching-up of skills and labour market needs.

and employment in the"hard-to-measure"sectors of the economy is immediately pertinent. The bloc of the U s. private domestic economy comprising Construction, Trade, Finance, Insurance,

Employment and Growth in the Knowledge-Based Economy,(OECD Documents. Paris: OECD, 1996. Abramovitz, Moses,

Employment and ICT training 25.1%of companies hired ICT experts and 11.1%hired new experts in 2013.

and employs up to 10%of the total workforce in Germany. 47 In other countries (as is the case in Greece) there is no data to be found on employment in the social economy.

employment; health; education; place making (community and local development; and the sharing economy and sharing society.

and this especially applies in the employment, place making and sharing economy cases where much of the rest of the value chain is implemented using traditional and physical activities.

For example, many education and employment cases improve personal and social skills, as well as make it easier for such skills to be used to find work.

and utilized by social groups affected. 88 Socially accepted social changes The OECD's LEED Forum on Social Innovations Social innovation deals with improving the welfare of individuals and community through employment, consumption or participation,

in particular regarding the sectoral and geographic distribution of their research and production activities and the related patterns of growth and employment.

Employment trends by regions and sector groups The companies listed in this year's Scoreboard employed 48.471 million people in 2012,1. 5%more than the previous year.

Trends on employment over the long-term are presented in figure 1. 6 for the main world regions.

Overall worldwide employment increased by 27.9%from 2004 to 2012 led by increases in high R&d-intensive sectors (42.0%)and medium-high sectors (29.9%).

%)For the EU companies, the overall employment growth was 22.6, %increasing by 49.2%in high R&d-intensive sectors, by 24. 2%in medium-high and by 18.5%in low sectors.

For the US companies, the overall employment growth (25.1%)greatly varies by sector group: a strong increase for high R&d-intensive sectors (43.7%)and a sharp decrease in low-tech sectors(-23.2%).

%)For the Japanese companies, the overall employment increase of 24.0%corresponded to an increase of 31.4%in low R&d-intensive sectors and of 28.5%in medium-high sectors.

The ratio of employment in high to medium-high R&d intensity sectors for companies based in Japan fell from 38%to 32,

The 2013 EU Industrial R&d Investment Scoreboard 29 Figure 1. 6 Employment trends by the Scoreboard companies for main world regions. 0 5 10 15

and Japanese companies and those from the Rest of the World that reported employment data for the whole period 2004-12.

27 of them have increased R&d by more than 100%and 15 companies increased employment by more than 100%.

an action plan for Europe"(COM, 2003)) and in further Communications of the Commission("More Research and Innovation Investing for Growth and Employment A common approach",COM (2005) 488 final,"Implementing the Community

Developingcountry 1. Introduction Small andmediumenterprises (SMESINFURTHERTEXT) are consideredtobetheengineofeconomicgrowthand employment. Oneoftheprimarymeansthroughwhich SMES areexpectedtoaccomplishthistaskisbydeveloping and commercializinginnovations. Innovationmaybeeven more importantforsmesthanforlargefirms:

Active labour market policy is a top priority to sustain employment, strengthen social cohesion and reduce the risk of poverty.

and wealth of cities, maintain employment and fight against poverty through employment generation, the optimisation of energy and water usage and savings,

but also bring The Impact of Innovation in Romanian Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises on Economic growth Development 420 Special Issue December 2013 more economic growth, employment,

which in turn can yield employment gains and contribute to the general economic health of a state, region,

These results are shown in Table 1. Firm size The definition for an SME was discussed based on definitions regarding employment;

which are a dominant driver of wealth creation and employment (Lee and Peterson 2000). Similarly, many Western nations such as some European countries, Japan, Australia,

(3) the percentage of the regional labour force employed in the primary sector,(4) manufacturing employment in the high-tech sector().

The endowment of human capital and the share of high-tech employment contribute to increase the potential of the local industry to generate knowledge

whereas the proportion of agricultural employment and the rate of long-term unemployment are major barriers for technological progress in a region.

0406) Long-term unemployment-0. 0774**-0. 0658*(0. 0369)( 0. 0393) Agricultural Employment-0. 0395-0. 0796**(0. 0331)( 0

. 0338) Employment in high tech industry 0. 129***0. 130***0. 0238)( 0. 0239) Time effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Observations 3, 047 3, 051 3

Employed people with tertiary education, Unemployment rate, Employment in high tech industry, Agricultural Employment. 14 Table 2 Robust fixed Effects estimation-Innovation and Qog components, 1995

In both Hungary and Romania, SMES indeed account for over 90%of all companies in business and around 70%of the overall employment in these countries;

and the overall management of the OI network largely determines the successful employment of OI in SMES. 5 In the existing OI literature there is a relatively thin knowledge base concerning the specific circumstances under

the SMES in our sample have reported also a number of drawbacks to OI (see Table 2). Some of these drawbacks are typical for the employment of OI practices in an SME context:

and expansion of required human capacity skills to maximise the impact of the infrastructure in the region in enhancing employment, goods and services.

Regional Development Commission of Algarve Miguel Angel Aguirre Spain Andalusia Adviser, Andalusian Regional Government, Ministry for the Economy, Innovation, Science and Employment Annex 1:

It looks at innovations in all sectors that are achieving high impact and productivity, particularly in relation to goals of better health education, employment or the environment,

care, housing and education) and opportunities for learning and employment. 8 Public sector Innovation growing social needs,

'A slightly different definition is offered by the OECD's LEED Programme (Local Economic and Employment Development),

This is done through employment, consumption or participation, with its‘expressed purpose'being to‘provide solutions for individual and community problems'.

whose impact is still being felt on building regulation, employment practices and public policy, as well as on popular culture, where stereotypes that were once acceptable are shown to be degrading and offensive. xxxiv As recently as 1979,22 it was legal for some state governments in the USA to sterilize disabled people against their will.

(which campaigns for women in informal employment), and the Forum Network in Asia for drugs projects.

and economic terms, accounting for a significant proportion of national expenditures and employment. In the 35 countries studied as part of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project between 1995 and 1998

Data from the Johns Hopkins study also found astounding growth 35 rates within the nonprofit sector in all European countries where the sector's share of total employment could be compared for 1990 and 1995.

and as such, the figures for total employment are in all likelihood significantly higher. lxix The WISE organisations in Germany are a good example. lxx Social enterprises can also be identified by the types of relationships they have with their beneficiaries, the way in

It was set up in 1985 to run a small number of employment measures funded by the regional labour office

and a small number of employment programmes were run by the regional labour office. It is now an independent nonprofit company limited by guarantee employing approximately 250 people on mainly fixed term contracts

and employment needs after the collapse of the communism. Using its philosophy of encouraging mutual self-help,

which help disadvantaged people create their own employment by setting up social cooperatives. Other organisations are now also founding such centres.

and employment paths in Urbanização Casal da Boba, in Amadora in Lisbon. The community of Urbanização Casal da Boba in the suburbs of Lisbon was created to rehouse families who were previously living in shanty towns.

enabling parents to stay in full time employment (60 pre school children are currently on this programme),

all of the 22 pupils who took part are in full time employment. This 53 project has become sustainable through the support of the municipality, and L'oreal.

Another potential field for action is in employment creation during the downturn. In principle the model is likely to work best in the short to medium term where there is a reasonably short gap between interventions and measurable results;

and the Ministry of Employment to bring together government, private enterprises and the research community under one roof to promote user-centred innovation.

breaking down barriers to employment faced by young immigrants. c SILK, UK Another kind of innovation unit is SILK-the Social Innovation Lab Kent.

The other 78 residencies will be dedicated to employment, health, democracy, social networks, universities, transport and food systems. cii Another project run by the 27th Region is Atelier 27,

'enabling those in receipt of employment and social security benefits to work for the park's enterprises without losing their benefits and;

means that strategic intentions cannot be realised fully. cxxxiii A survey of countries in the Western Balkans reports that finding well-qualified staff for long-term employment poses a key challenge in the NGO sector.

The OECD's LEED Programme (Local Economic and Employment Development which includes a Forum on Social Innovations,

if it makes one of its goals the attraction and effective employment of a wide range of volunteers.

So while familiar data on income, employment, diseases or educational achievement continues to be gathered, there is growing interest in other types of measurement that may give more insights into

and the Ministry of Employment, to bring together government, private enterprises, and the research community under one roof to promote user-centred innovation.

and compulsory targets for the employment of people with disabilities. This is also the case with household-generated innovation.

Employment Zones allowed contractors to innovate new methods for getting unemployed people into work, with payment linked to outcomes rather than inputs and outputs. 379) Differential tax,

including the employment of people with disabilities, regulations for renewable energy, fiscal measures, and planning conditions. 383) Creation of new legal forms

such as the Fire brigades Union in the UK which helps firemen find part-time employment as benefits advisors alongside their roles as firemen,

who work for a day a week with the public workforce to develop innovative service ideas. 397) Secure employment innovation models

and employment for the rural poor. 420) Venture philanthropy focused on innovation in particular sectors, such as the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's (RWJF's) Pioneer Portfolio which specialises in health and IT. 421) Philanthropic mutual funds such as the Acumen Fund and the Global Fund for Women. 2 SUPPORT IN THE GRANT

and to their terms of funding and employment? Who will provide the necessary tools and platforms?

or the rights to sabbaticals provided in some professions. 505) Flexible terms of formal employment to enable a sustainable informal economy,

and solutions creates more technically qualified employment and a framework of competence which stimulates the market,

promoting better policies for employment, education and training, immigration to attract world-class researchers, making research careers more available for various categories of the local population,

Local association of entrepreneurs City office of business and industry Local business development organizations Business incubators Employment and Economic Development Center (regional office) Five

Data collection and availability problematic. 4 Relative rate of graduate (un) employment The rate of unemployment of graduates 18 months after graduation as a percentage of the national rate of unemployment

and definitions of‘staff'10 Relative rate of graduate (un) employment The rate of unemployment of graduates 18 months after graduation as a percentage of the national rate of unemployment of graduates 18

Data available. 7 International graduate employment rate The number of graduates employed abroad or in an international organization as a percentage of the total number of graduates employed Indicates the student preparedness on the international labor market.

The indicator‘international graduate employment rate'was dropped from the list for focused institutional rankings because a large majority of stakeholders judged this to be insufficiently relevant.

graduate employment; staff: fte and headcount; international staff; technology transfer office staff; income: total; income from teaching;

Problems emerge however with some output-related 92 data elements such as graduate employment, where often data is collected not at the institutional level.

Feasibility score Data availability Conceptual clarity Data consistency Recommendation Graduation Rate A b Time to Degree B b Relative Rate of Graduate (Un) employment

Most comments were regarding graduate employment. The fact that in many countries/institutions different measurement periods (other than 18 months after graduation) are used seriously hampers the interpretation of the results on this indicator.

A number of institutions did not have information on graduate employment/unemployment at the field level.

use different time periods in measuring employment status (e g. six, 12 or 18 months after graduation).

As normally the rate of employment is increasing continuously over time, particularly during the first year after graduation,

Here the problems concerning the availability of comparable information on graduate employment in general and the problems with the definition/delineation of`region'add up.

EUMIDA could contribute to improve the data situation regarding employment-oriented outcome indicators. An open question is how far EUMIDA is able to go into field-specific data;

Employment Commerce contributes significantly to social inclusion by bringing opportunities to those with limited qualifications who often find it difficult to find employment.

to have at least 75%of people aged 20-64 in employment; to invest 3%of GDP in research and development;

and the Member States to apply an impact test for commerce when considering measures, especially on employment, the Single Market and international trade:

For instance, 75%of the people aged 20-64 in employment seems a high target at first sight; de facto countries are still far below.

The sector is a major source of employment creation: 29 million Europeans work in commerce, which is one of the few remaining job-creating activities in Europe.

For example, the system integration of Ministry of Education with Ministry of Manpower and Public Authority for Social insurance is necessary for e-government system to verify employment history and social security status seamlessly 22.

Over the past three years, they have grown revenue by 56%and increased employment by 64%creating much needed jobs.

and yes employment. Only by considering all those dimensions together can high-impact entrepreneurial ventures develop their full potential.

using the criteria of entrepreneurial spirit, innovation, personal integrity, financial performance, future plans and strategic direction, employee retention and employment practices, market impact, community impact

and employment as an outwardly comparable measure to comprise 20%or greater annual growth in revenue and 20%or greater annual growth in employment over a three-year time period for enterprises with 10 employees or more.

while revenues and employment are clear validations of high-impact, we believe there is more to the story

Breaking down the Eoy sample by age reveals that employment gains sustain momentum as these companies mature,

) 15,20) 20,25) 25,30) 30,35) 35,40) 40,45) 45,50) COMPANY AGE RANGE YEARS Fig. 2. 4. Employment and job creation by company age Impact on wealth

policy makers should take note of its strong contributions to employment. This is of course not to denigrate the other two industry groups,

Prosperity, employment, innovation. On the other hand, more than other business forms, it is hard to pin down what an entrepreneur actually is, let alone a highimpact one.

Within the report, we utilized the OECD's definition of highimpact for entrepreneurs who exhibit 20%or greater annual growth in employment and 20%or greater annual growth in sales over three years for entrepreneurs with 10 employees

SMES experience high levels of organizational and employment churn, symptomatic of the real but volatile growth,

and making a significant difference to growth and employment across Europe. 7 Figure 3: SMES Struggling to Reach

or Exceed the 2008 Level of Employment and Value Added5 Source: Project Team based on Eurostat This report focuses on the challenge of scaling innovative entrepreneurial organizations.

in particular identifying and realizing win-win opportunities for collaboration between market leaders and market disruptors Employment (2014e relative to 2008 level) Valueadded (2014e relative to 2008 level) 0. 9 1

number of companies per country Increase in employment or value-added Decrease in both dimensions Increase in employment and value-added 10 Enhancing Europe's Competitiveness In the following pages,

as well as those mechanisms that help protect against the employment and financial risks of creating or joining a new venture.

and entrepreneurship is the driving force behind employment and job creation in Portugal. A recent success in fostering entrepreneurship:

and Employment, introducing an assertive agenda along three key intervention areas (human capital, R&d and financing),

helping up to 1. 25 million businesses cut their employment costs, and supporting apprenticeships. Develop new ideas by helping businesses accelerate innovation and by improving intellectual property protection.

and a critical driver of productivity, growth and employment in both developed and developing countries.

While still employing 100,000 people as America's second largest market for industrial metal employment,

surpassing the national average in employment and job growth and providing lessons on how to be more economically competitive.

The centrally located zone is also the seventh largest in Turkey in employment generated. Electronics, machinery and automotive have now become Manisa's leading industrial sectors.

Efforts have been made to promote high-quality employment. In 2013,43, 300 new jobs were created. The unemployment rate is under 2. 28%.

But manufacturing employment has shrunk to about 10%of the workforce. Explaining Competitiveness: Applying the Four-Part Taxonomy 1. Institutions (how to reform) Singapore provides a textbook example of leadership and vision.

without the intrusive and bureaucratic employment legislation that characterizes the West and many developing countries.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) account for half of GDP and the bulk of employment.

African americans from the South migrated to Detroit in search of employment, making Detroit the fifth largest populated city in America in 1950 with over 1. 8 million residents.

leaving thousands of individuals fundamentally unprepared for post-secondary education or basic employment training. Innovative programmes such as the Detroit Scholarship Fund,

Such attraction will depend on its ability to appeal to an inbound population that sees Detroit as a destination of opportunity, for quality of employment and education,

connectivity and innovative access to new sources of employment and welfare has made up the soft vector of strategies of Bilbao.

The recovery in the United states seems to be grounded comfortably with strong output and employment figures.

and a very rigid labor market (136th) that hinders employment creation. Overall, Italian companies most notably small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) continue to suffer from weak access to financing (139th) that

and 90 percent of its employment. 4 It is therefore urgent that the government create the right incentives for businesses to register

The services sector accounts for just 28 percent of employment but for 56 percent of the economy.

These endeavors will help drive private-sector employment that, in turn, is necessary to provide sufficient numbers of gainful and sustainable jobs for the countries'populations.

and efficient (139th) would allow the country to increase employment in the medium term and provide new entrants to the labor market with enhanced opportunities.

and providing the region's (young) population with the necessary skills to carry out higher-value-added employment.

and creating sufficient employment also present considerable challenges. The health of the workforce is ranked 132nd out of 144 economies as a result of high rates of communicable diseases and poor health indicators more generally.

and Kaplan 2009 for country studies demonstrating the importance of flexible labor markets for higher employment rates and,

the agricultural sector in GDP remains high at 25%,accounting for more than 60%of employment on average and for more than 80%in many countries.

Labor Regulation and Employment in India's Retail stores. Journal of Comparative Economics 37 (1): 47 61.

The question of how to unlock new sources of productive employment and strengthen the contribution of economic growth to improvements in broad living standards is becoming an increasingly important concern for political and business leaders in developed and developing countries alike.

When workers have access only to short-term contracts or vulnerable employment, they are exposed to negative shocks

Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all 7th pillar (labor market efficiency) Goal 9:

Vulnerable employment as a percentage of total employment, the Extent of the informal economy, and Social safety net protection.

The vulnerable employment indicator measures the percentage of people who are self-employed in a small business

From an economic standpoint, high youth unemployment Access to basic necessities Vulnerability to economic exclusionsocial cohesion Access to sanitation Access to improved drinking water Access to healthcare Vulnerable employment

The country does not report data related to youth unemployment or vulnerable employment; these indicators cannot therefore be assessed.

In terms of social sustainability, the most critical area remains the significant share of the population in vulnerable employment,

Assessing Progress toward Sustainable Competitiveness 72 The Global Competitiveness Report 2014 2015 employment to poverty risk.

In terms of social sustainability, the country's main challenges are the insufficient coverage of its social safety nets in the context of large segments of its population living with vulnerable employment and low social mobility.

Social sustainability is hindered mainly by the population's very uneven access to sanitation (still only 36 percent of Indians have access to these basic services) and high rates of vulnerable employment.

Access to healthcare servicesd S06 Social safety net protection S07 Extent of informal economy S08 Social mobility S09 Vulnerable employment*Environmental sustainability

or most recent Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force aged 15 24 without work but available for and seeking employment.

S09 Vulnerable employment Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment 2012 or most recent Vulnerable employment refers to unpaid family workers and own-account workers

as a percentage of total employment that is, the share of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment.

and find new areas of growth and employment creation; emerging and developing economies need to build their resilience against turbulence in the markets

generate new employment, and create business opportunities. Information and communication technologies (ICTS) continue to rank high on the list as one of the key sources of new opportunities to foster innovation and boost economic and social prosperity, for both advanced

generate new employment, and create business opportunities. Information and communication technologies (ICTS) continue to rank high on the list as one of the key sources of new opportunities to foster innovation and boost economic and social prosperity, for both advanced

In several economies, the ICT industry has become increasingly important and now accounts for a significant share of value-added and employment.

information-rich societies and that are crucial for employment. In society ICTS allow citizens to participate more actively

and digitization can represent one of the main sources of potential economic growth and employment generation for Europe,

and the rise of big data can yield in generating growth and high-quality employment in a rapidly changing context.

on new organizational models*9. 04 Employment in knowledge-intensive activities,%workforce 10th pillar: Social impacts 10.01 Impact of ICTS on access to basic services*10.02 Internet access in schools*10.03 ICT use and government efficiency*10.04 E-Participation Index

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