A great deal of additional information on the European union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa. eu/.JRC85353 EUR 26579 EN ISBN 978-92-79-36782-3 (pdf) ISBN 978-92-79
Web of Science by Thomson Reuters...132 8. 4 R&d Centre Location by IHS isuppli...
innovation and business and have gained an enviable hub position in a usually very complex web of network connections.
in the Computer science area produced by organisations located in the observed region Unit of measurement Region's share in the total number of publications in Computer science to a region's share in the EU population Definition of ICT dimension Computer science as defined by Web
Web of Science by Thomson Reuters (Section 8. 3) Reference year (s) considered 2000-2012 59 Figure 33:
's share in the EU population Definition of ICT dimension ICT areas of the FP7 programme Based on HIS isuppli classification of the major"semiconductors influencers"Computer science as defined by Web of Science classification of Research
Web of Science b Thomson Reuters (Section 8. 3) Reference year (s) considered 2007-2011 2012 2000-2012 122 6. 1. 2
Web of Science by Thomson Reuters Web of Science is an online academic citation index provided by Thomson Reuters. It is designed for providing access to multiple databases, cross-disciplinary research,
In addition, literature which shows the greatest impact in a field covered by Web of Science,
Web of Science has indexing coverage from the year 1900 to the present. Regarding the coverage,
6311-Data processing, hosting and related activities, 6312-Web portals, 9511-Repair of computers and peripheral equipment,
A great deal of additional information on the European union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa. eu/.JRC85356 EUR 26264 EN ISBN 978-92-79-34484-8 (pdf) ISSN 1831-9424 (online) doi:
Web of Science by Thomson Reuters...33 5. 4 ICT R&d centre location: Design Activity Tool by IHS isuppli...
web portals 951 Repair of computers and communication equipment With respect to the technology, examples of the characterization used include:
FP7 data on FP participation from EC DG Connect, REGPAT by OECD, QS WORLD UNIVERSITY RANKINGS by QS, Web of Science by Thomson Reuters, Design Activity Tool by IHS isuppli, European
. 4) Computer science as defined by Web of Science classification of Research Areas Unit of observation NUTS 3 Source FP7 database by EC DG Connect (see Section 5. 2) ICT
Web of Science by Thomson Reuters (see Section 5. 3) Reference year (s) considered 2007-2011 2012 2000-2012 Data on the agglomeration of ICT R&d is extracted from information
of the research institutions in Europe for the period 2000-2012 from the Web of Science by Thomson Reuters. For a detailed description of the data source, see Section 5. 3. 20 Company-level
Web of Science by Thomson Reuters, 4. ICT R&d centres locations: Design Activity Tool by IHS isuppli, 5. European Investment Monitor by Ernst & young, 6. Patent data:
Web of Science by Thomson Reuters The Web of Science is an online academic citation index provided by Thomson Reuters. It is designed to provide access to multiple databases, cross-disciplinary research,
In addition, literature which shows the greatest impact in a field covered by the Web of Science,
The Web of Science has indexing coverage from 1900 to the present. 17 More information at:
the Web of Science encompasses over 11,000 journals selected on the basis of impact evaluations.
Google's Pagerank is a variant of the Eigenvector centrality measure (Spizzirri, 2011. In practical terms, eigenvector centrality is a measure of the importance of a node in a network,
Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification. Social networks, 1 (3), 215-239. Fujita, M, . & Thisse, J.-F. 1996).
Economics of Agglomeration: C. E. P. R. Discussion Papers. Fujita, M, . & Thisse, J.-F. 2002).
A great deal of additional information on the European union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa. eu/.How to obtain EU publications Our priced publications are available from EU Bookshop (http://bookshop. europa. eu),
A great deal of additional information on the European union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa. eu/.How to obtain EU publications Our priced publications are available from EU Bookshop (http://bookshop. europa. eu),
'but there was also a significant proportion of companies looking for partners by visiting trade expos and fairs or by browsing specialist magazines, following announcements and websites.
websites By visi+ng trade expos and fairs We tend to be contacted by others By using own social network 0%20%40%60%80%100%The share of R&d expenditure in the ICT sector
-080523 OECD Information and Technology Outlook (2010) http://www. oecd. org/internet/interneteconomy/oecdinformationtechnologyoutlook2010. htm OECD:
Key ICT Indicators http://www. oecd. org/internet/broadbandandtelecom/oecdkeyictindicators. htm Oslo Manual guidelines for collecting
through the National Innovation Office Kaleidoszkóp internet portal www. kaleidoszkop. nih. gov. hu. Figure 1: The EU's ICT sector in international comparison (2007.
info@nih. gov. hu Web: http://www. nih. gov. hu http://kaleidoszkop. nih. gov. hu/ISSN 2063-7748 ISBN 978-963-08-5934-9 NATIONAL
can be downloaded from the Kaleidoszkóp website: http://kaleidoszkop. nih. gov. hu/en Editing closed: 1 oct 2013 w w w. k a l e i d o s z k o p. n i h. g o v. h u/e
info@nih. gov. hu Web: www. nih. gov. hu National Innovation Oice (NIH) is the governmental body responsible for research, development and technological innovation. 18 Kaleidoszkóp Kaleidoszkóp's main objectives:
Global Internet consumer traffic growth trends over time 16 Figure 2: Global consumer Internet traffic 17 Figure 3:
The evolution over time of consumer bandwidth demand during the busy hour 20 Figure 4:
incremental CAPEX and OPEX needed to achieve 4 Mbps download and 1 Mbps upload speed 42 Figure 15:
Cost and ARPU per customer per month for FTTH P2p Ethernet at 70%penetration 45 Figure 18.
Internet households by average traffic per month 18 Table 2: Average and busy hour global consumer household bandwidth requirements 19 Table 3:
by 2020, to ensure that all Europeans have access to much higher Internet speeds of above 30 Mbps,
%or more of European households subscribe to Internet connections above 100 Mbps. 6 These goals would seem to be clear,
There are numerous projections of the growth in European Internet traffic over time, notably including the annual Cisco Virtual Networking Index (VNI).
8 Cisco analysts compile data from multiple sources in order to estimate current and future Internet traffic by region, by application,
Global consumer Internet traffic Source: Cisco VNI (2012). 9 Internet traffic growth trends in Western europe are expected not to differ greatly from global trends.
Western European IP traffic is forecast to grow at a CAGR of 27%per year over the period,
2015 2016 Voip Online Gaming File sharing Web/Data Internet Video 29%CAGR 2011-2016 Petabytes per Month 22%23%54%18
Internet households by average traffic per month Number of households by Traffic per Month (Millions of Households) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 CAGR Households generating more than 50
The Western European share of total Internet traffic is expected to remain fairly constant over the next five years,
and providers of Internet applications, services and content benefit by selling services to consumers or by selling advertising to a wide range of firms.
Impacts of Internet connectivity on irm productivity; Motu Working Paper 09-15; Motu Economic and Public Policy Research, October;
and Internet Policy (TPRC), Arlington, Virginia, September 23-25; 2005; revised January 17, 2006.25 Howell, B. and A. Grimes (2010:
Countries with large Internet economies, including the United states, Japan and Germany, are receiving large benefits from broadband.
Household Demand for Broadband Internet Service; Final report to the Broadband. gov Task force, Federal Communications Commission;
which aims to deliver fast broadband internet in the future network-based knowledge economy, with an ambitious target for universal broadband coverage with speeds of at least 30 Mbps for all Europeans by 2020.39 See Chapter 5 for more details. 40 Apart from the very different physical infrastructure,
which aims to deliver fast broadband internet in the future network-based knowledge economy, with an ambitious target for universal broadband coverage with speeds of at least 30 Mbps for all Europeans by 2020.42 Steady technological improvements are noteworthy.
State-of-the-art Mobile Internet connectivity and its Impact on e-commerce, presentation to the IMCO Committee of the European parliament, 28 june 2012, WIK and TNO, available at:
Cable Internet penetration as%of all households 2010 100%80%60%40%20%0%38 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE) We have done a detailed analysis of the Liberty
%100%Other cable Remainder of internet-capable network DOCSIS3. 0 Percentage of premises passed 39.4.2.4 The potential for wi reless solutions As noted in Section 4. 1. 3,
and OPEX that would be required to deploy broadband (with 4 Mbps download and 1 Mbps upload speed) to all households in the United states. Underserved areas tend to be mountainous
incremental CAPEX and OPEX needed to achieve 4 Mbps download and 1 Mbps upload speed Source:
PMP GPON, P2p Ethernet, P2p GPON, and FTTB P2p DSL. 55 Neither cable television infrastructure nor wireless was considered.
however, for a profitable deployment of FTTH P2p Ethernet covering the full national territory, an average ARPU of € 44 would be required (see Figure 17).
Cost and ARPU p er customer per month for FTTH P2p Ethernet at 70%penetration Source:
(2) P2p Ethernet is Point-to-Point fibre access network with single fibres per home
and Ethernet switches concentrating the customer traffic at the central MPOP (ODF) sites. 3) P2p GPON is Point-to-Point fibre access network as before,
but GPON splitters and OLT at the central MPOP sites, and (4) FTTB P2p DSL is Point-to-Point fibre access network with single fibre per building
The Cisco VNI report (2011) notes that Internet traffic demand contrary to what many have assumed, is becoming more asymmetric over time, not less.
With video growth, Internet traffic is evolving from a relatively steady stream of traffic (characteristic of P2p) to a more dynamic traffic pattern.
With the exception of short-form video and video calling, most forms of Internet video do not have a large upstream component.
Moreover, there are gateways to the PSTN (telephony equipment), gateways to the Internet (IP routers), and servers for providing a range of services. 60 Where there are multiple headends,
and can serve as the home of a 60 Examples are DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), games, web, e-mail (SMTP,
Optical Node 1 Bidirectional amplifier Residential Customer Internet International Gateways ON 2 ON n Fiber Ring HE1 Euro DOCSIS CMTS+Telephony equipment
+Router Connections Secondary IP Backbone Secondary Telephone Backbone Ring Primary Telephony Backbone Connections/Conversions Primary IP Backbone CM NIU Teleph
. modem Telephony Switch Gateway Server Farms NOC Router 52 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE) CMTS (Cable Modem Termination System.
In this section, we deal specifically with overall capacity upgradability within the existing frequency plan. 65 Moreover, DOCSIS 3. 0 supports Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPV6.
/67 Kabel Deutschland (KDG) recently showed in a field test that an 862 MHZ upgraded cable network is able to broadcast download speeds of up to 4. 7 Gbps. See KDG Press release May 31, 2012;
to a fully Internet-capable state-of-the-art Eurodocsis 3. 0 cable network, the first of which has long since been completed substantially throughout Europe:
Theoretical (advertised) download speed, with Internet centres in rural areas. Base: Theoretical (advertised) download speed. Advanced:
Actual (guaranteed) download speed. Maximum: Actual (guaranteed) download and upload speed. In all scenarios except the first minimum scenario, coverage to the household is assumed to be required.
These differing scenarios each implied different feasible solutions. For example, the Advanced scenario could be met with ADSL2, LTE, VDSL2, Eurodocsis 3. 0, FTTB,
and FTTH, while the Maximum scenario could be satisfied only with pure fibre solutions. The EIB analysis considers the incremental cost in each Member State of achieving each of the three DAE objectives under each of the four scenarios.
whether Europeans would accept the use of Internet centres (as envisioned in the Minimum scenario),
the Cisco VNI 2011 analysis finds that Internet data traffic is become less symmetric over time, not more,
With video growth, Internet traffic is evolving from a relatively steady stream of traffic (characteristic of P2p) to a more dynamic traffic pattern.
With the exception of short-form video and video calling, most forms of Internet video do not have a large upstream component.
meaning internet accessed over legacy telephone copper and TV cable networks. 70 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE) The Commission,
can be very cost-effective in delivering higher download capacity. 82 7. 2 Societal welfare benefits from facilities-based competition The values of competition are recognised well in the economic literature,
http://blogs. telekom. com/2012/08/16/telekom-bringt-wettbewerb-in-monopolstrukturen/./Auch auf diesem Markt sind die Kabelnetzbetreiber keine kleinen Spieler mehr:
Impacts of Internet connectivity on irm productivity; Motu Working Paper 09-15; Motu Economic and Public Policy Research, October;
and Internet Policy (TPRC), Arlington, Virginia, September 23-25,2005, revised January 17, 2006. Liebenau, J.,Atkinson, R.,Kärrberg, P.,Castro, D. and S. Ezell (2009:
State-of-the-art Mobile Internet connectivity and its Impact on e-commerce, presentation to the IMCO Committee of the European parliament, 28 june 2012, WIK and TNO;
Household Demand for Broadband Internet Service; Final report to the Broadband. gov Task force, Federal Communications Commission, 3 february.
A great deal of additional information on the European union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa. eu/.JRC83502 EUR 26601 EN ISBN 978-92-79-37793-8 (pdf) ISSN 1831-9424 (online) doi:
portals, websites, blogs and wikis; promotional literature; video clips; and slideshow presentations. In parallel, a number of consultation rounds with key educational stakeholders (policy-and decisionmakers, teachers, researchers, IT developers etc.
and an online survey with 74 etwinning teachers who took part in a webinar was organized by the etwinning Creative Classrooms Group. 7 Findings from the workshops
and one in Hong kong, in January 2013) offering valuable insights and evidence on effective policies 7 http://groups. etwinning. net/web/creative-classroom/welcome 10 and implementation
10 the Future of Learning Linkedin Group; 11 the etwinning Creative Classrooms Group; 12 the 10 http://groups. etwinning. net/web/creative-classroom/welcome 13 European Civil Society Platform on Lifelong Learning;
13 the European Forum on Learning Futures and Innovation; 14 the European Forum of Technical and Vocational education and Training;
16 and the SCALE CCR website. 17 Survey analytics showed that most of participants entered the survey through a direct link from the around 250 personal invitations sent by email.
A small subset of the participants came from other dissemination channels such as Linkedin, SCALE CCR webpage and etwinning Creative Classrooms Group.
which stabilised after the Organisation and leadership area with 120 respondents. 11 http://www. linkedin. com/groups/Future-Learning-2266966/about 12 http://openeducationeuropa. eu/en
/blogs/join-jrc-ipts-line-consultation-policy-recommendationsmainstreaming-ict-enabled-innovation-le 13 http://www. eucis-lll. eu/news/public-consultations
in order to reform assessment practices (e g. cloudbased e-portfolios that follow a web 2. 0/social media model).
or go to a licensed library to download) or (b) because they do not know that this research exists
%Last but not least, policy should support the application of various research methods (e g. teacherled research, control groups, experimental research, longitudinal studies, social networks analysis, learning analytics, big data research, etc.
Supporting the application of various research methods (e g. teacher-led research, control groups, experimental research, longitudinal studies, social networks analysis, learning analytics, big data research, etc.
Policies are needed that help learning organisations to promote networking with other organisations and stakeholders across sites and also within the same organisation,
from Centre for Strategic Education http://www. innovationunit. org/sites/default/files/Only%20connect%20-%20a%20new%20paradigm%20for%20learning%20innovation%20in%20the%2021st
in order to reform assessment practices (e g. cloudbased e-portfolios that follow a web 2. 0/social media model).
Supporting the application of various research methods (e g. teacher-led research, control groups, experimental research, longitudinal studies, social networks analysis, learning analytics, big data research, etc.
please enter your email address (e g. john@email. com). 42 Annex 2 Workshop participants Participants in the expert workshop'Scaling up ICT-enabled innovation for learning:
in order to reform assessment practices (e g. cloud-based e-portfolios that follow a web 2. 0/social media model).
, experimental research, longitudinal studies, social networks analysis, learning analytics, big data research, etc. to the study of complex'ecosystems'of ICTELI..
in order to reform assessment practices (e g. cloud-based e-portfolios that follow a web 2. 0/social media model).
While some low-income countries have been able to attract technical and financial resources to install patient information systems at some sites,
It is essential that their individual patient information be available at all points of care and all sites for analysis. In order for this to work,
with the result that many sites are unable to share data thus limiting the flow of information.
and community health sites and primary health care centres. These are the first points of care
and retrieve clinical data across care boundaries and sites, and consists of over a million medical concepts.
action concerning online child safety, Internet pharmacies, health information on the Internet, and spam; and governance and organization of ehealth in countries. 67 Table A1 shows the seven themes of the survey.
Review government action to provide for child safety on the Internet. ehealth policies a systematic review Identify the uptake of ehealth policies across the globe
Data Collector Data Collector, Datacol, is based a web tool that simplifies online form creation for data collection
Country coordinators were responsible for completing the forms after obtaining agreement from the expert informant group. 12 Web-based tool for online creation of forms in surveys developed by WHO. 13 http://www
45 4 5 The Internet has opened a new world to us. Any kind of information is out there
a) to explain what is being done to help micro and small business by the EU Institutions b) to list the most important websites that are relevant to micro and small businesses We are not claiming to be all inclusive,
For more information on the SME definition, please visit the European commission website at: http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/sme/files/sme definition/sme user guide en. pdf 2. 2 Why is this relevant?
as well as the links to the relevant websites and points of contact. The European union has three key funding instruments to support SMES.
which are published once a year by the European commission on FP7 website. Certain topics are dedicated to SMES
and to apply for grants you can visit the website of the European Research Council:
The European commission issues calls for project proposals, experts and competitive calls on the FP7 website. http://cordis. europa. eu/fp7/dc/index. cfm.
Several contact points are provided for each Member State and associated states on the website of the FP7 programme.
http://ec. europa. eu/regional policy/images/map/cooperat2007/crossborder/crossborder27 eu 07. pdf The following web link will give you information on transnational cooperation and eligible regions:
Calls for proposal are published on the Marco polo website at the beginning of each year. http://ec. europa. eu/transport/marcopolo/about/index en. htm 4. 4. 3 European Lifelong Learning Programme This programme,
You can write to the EU SME Envoy at the following email address: entr-sme-envoy@ec. europa. eu In February of this year, the Small Business Act for Europe was reviewed thoroughly.
://ec. europa. eu/solvit/site/index en. htm SOLVIT is designed to solve problems encountered by both citizens
EU information and assistance services http://ec. europa. eu/publications/booklets/others/83/index en. htm On this website you can find booklets issued by the Commission answering questions you may have both
or related to your business. 42 43 Managenergy http://www. managenergy. net/smes. html The website provides you with a guide with thematic and sectorial access to locally relevant energy information for SMES
National contact points can be found through the web link. European Documentation Centres http://europa. eu/europedirect/meet us/directory/index en. htm European Documentation Centres offer online access to EU sources for research
Each national representation's website provides the address of regional representations as well. http://europa. eu/whoiswho/public/index. cfm?
The following website helps you to find the representations of the EU institutions in your country. http://europa. eu/euinyourcountry/index en. htm 44 45 Understanding the processes
/cosme/index en. htm 9 http://www. wheel. ie/sites/default/files/Consultation%20process%20on%20partnership%20agreement%202014%20-%202020. doc 17
Abbey street, Nenagh, Co. Tipperary Email: info@mwra. ie Tel: 067 33197 www. mwra. ie
Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 2014 ITU International Telecommunication Union Place des Nations CH-1211 Geneva
Over the past year, the world witnessed continued growth in the uptake of ICT and, by end 2014, almost 3 billion people will be using the Internet, up from 2. 7 billion at end 2013.
and route metres per capita (right), selected regions, 2013.9 1. 8 Total International Internet bandwidth (Gbit/s), by level of development (left) and regional share (right
), 2004-2013.10 1. 9 International Internet bandwidth (bit/s) per Internet user, by region, 2004 and 2013.10 1. 10 Percentage of households with Internet access, by level of development
13 1. 15 Individuals using the Internet, by level of development, 2005-2014 (left) and by region, 2014 (right...
14 1. 16 Growth in daily Google searches, 2007-2013.16 1. 17 Growth in Facebook monthly active users, 2004-2013 (millions of users...
17 1. 18 Wikipedia articles total and English language, 2003-2013 (thousands of articles...17 1. 19 Fixed-broadband access in enterprises using the Internet, selected countries, 2005-2012.19 1. 20 E-government Development Index (EGDI),
2003-2014.20 ix 1. 21 E-government services provided by countries (transactional services, left, and e-participation services, right)..
regional and developing/developed-country averages, Europe, 2013.98 3. 11 Percentage of Individuals using the Internet,
177 5. 2 How Twitter helps understand key post-2015 development concerns...179 5. 3 How mobile operators currently use data to track service uptake, business performance and revenues...
193 List of tables 1. 1 Rural population covered by a mobile-cellular signal, 2012.4 1. 2 Total Internet domain registrations by world region, 2003,2008
The data also show a continuous increase in Internet usage, with growth in the number of Internet users in all countries and increasing availability of online content,
much of which is created user through social media applications and platforms (e g. Twitter, Youtube, Whatsapp. With more and more applications now available through mobile platforms (mobile apps),
and the strong growth in mobile Internet uptake, an increasing number of people are joining,
and participating actively in, the information society. While the information society is growing worldwide, digital divides remain and are even widening in some segments.
affordable high-speed Internet services and the higher levels of skills required to make effective use of online content and services,
as Chapter 1. Recent information society developments 2 well as growth in online content and particularly social media.
and mobilebroadband markets Infrastructure deployment providing access to broadband Internet continues to be a priority for telecommunication service providers and governments in most countries.
Backbone and bandwidth The growth in broadband subscriptions is accompanied by continuous growth in national backbone capacities and international Internet bandwidth.
and speed of networks is the amount of international Internet bandwidth available in countries and regions,
Over the past decade, international Internet bandwidth has climbed sharply, from around 1 600 Gbit/s in 2001 to 60 400 Gbit/s in 2010 and more than 140 000 Gbit/s in 2013
Europe leads by far in terms of international Internet bandwidth, accounting for more than 50 per cent of the world's total (2013),
Europe's leadership in international Internet bandwidth is explained by the advanced level of broadband adoption and usage in the region,
and depend on international connections to reach the global Internet. As a result, the Internet backbone network in the region is interlinked by means of several Internet exchange points (IXPS) that interconnect national networks
and give them access to the global Internet. Indeed, some of the world's largest IXPS are located in Europe
and have an international reach, such as for instance the German Commercial Internet Exchange (DE-CIX), the Amsterdam Internet Exchange or the London Internet Exchange. 6 The United kingdom stands out as a prominent global hub for international 3
%2%85%4%6%Africa Arab States Asia & Pacific CIS The americas 0. 4 0. 7 2. 6 1. 6 1
Total international Internet bandwidth (Gbit/s), by level of development (left) and regional share (right), 2004-2013 Source:
as do several cables linking Western Africa and the Arab States with Europe. 7 International Internet bandwidth in the UK accounts for almost twice as much as Africa, Arab States and CIS combined,
In order to understand better the impact of available international bandwidth on Internet 0 20'000 40'000 60'000 80'000 100'000 120'000 140'000
160'000 Africa Arab States CIS Asia & Pacific The americas Europe International Internet bandwidth (Gbit/s) 2004200520062007200820092010201120122013-20'000 40'000
60'000 80'000 100'000 120'000 140'000 160'000 World Developed Developing International Internet bandwidth (Gbit/s
which differs widely across regions and countries, Chart 1. 9 shows bandwidth per Internet user. This indicator has increased significantly between 2004 and 2013.
Households with Internet access Household access to the Internet is the ultimate way of guaranteeing an inclusive information society in which all people, irrespective of age, gender, employment status,
etc. or possible level of disability, can access the Internet within the privacy and proximity of their own home.
A policy aimed at universal access to broadband Internet will eventually ensure access for all households nationwide.
International Internet bandwidth (bit/s) per Internet user, by region, 2004 and 2013 Source: ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database. 221 420 1'213 702 4'384 11'572 8'074 19'037 21
'000 2004 2013 161'027 International Internet bandwidth (bit/s per user) Africa Arab States Asia &pacific CIS The Americaseurope 11 Measuring
only 11 per cent of households in Africa have Internet, and growth remains at a high 18.4 per cent,
The Asia and the Pacific region boasts the highest number of households with Internet Chart 1. 10:
and some two-thirds of the household in the region are connected not yet to the Internet.
with differences ranging from 4 per cent (meaning that household Internet penetration in urban areas is 4 per cent higher than in rural areas) in highly developed countries such as Japan and the Republic of korea to 35 per cent in developing countries
In Guatemala, urban households are 12 times more likely to be connected to the Internet than rural households (Partnership
thus preventing rural households from purchasing Internet services. At the same time, the benefits brought by ICTS and the Internet are especially impactful in rural areas,
which often also lack access to other infrastructure and public services. Therefore, connecting rural households to broadband networks should remain a priority for policymakers in all countries.
public access to the Internet plays a greater role in those areas. Data on public access is collected by ITU through its household questionnaire
such as privately operated Internet cafes, as well as community-type facilities, which typically provide Internet access free of charge. Schools also constitute an important location for Internet access, especially in rural areas,
and post offices can play a major role in terms of providing access to the Internet: they are open to the public,
For example, worldwide, only 10 per cent of post offices provide public access to the Internet, even though 31 per cent of post offices have a broadband Internet connection (Chart 1. 11), with major differences across regions (Chart 1. 12).
These numbers refer to 2012, and have increased most probably somewhat today. Nevertheless, there is huge potential
if all post offices were provided with broadband Internet and offered this as a service to the public.
2014 small towns had access to the Internet, while with 60 per cent coverage half of all rural areas would be connected. 9 The World Report series published by the International Federation of Library Associations
and Institutions Committee on Freedom of Access to Information and Freedom of Expression (IFLA/FAIFE) contains information about the extent and growth of public access to the Internet in public libraries from 2007 to 2009.10 While the results point
in order to provide incentives for operators to make the investments necessary to bridge the infrastructure gap between developing and developed countries. 1. 5 Use of ICTS Internet users ITU estimates that, by end 2014,
almost 3 billion people will be using the Internet, corresponding to a global penetration rate of 40.4 per cent (Chart 1. 15).
The numbers also show that there are still 4. 3 billion people worldwide who are not yet using the Internet, 90 per cent of
Nevertheless, Internet usage is growing steadily, at 6. 6 per cent in 2014 3. 3 per cent in developed countries and 8. 7 per cent in developing countries.
in developing countries, the number of Internet users will have doubled in five years (2009-2014), and two-thirds of today's Internet users live in the developing world.
Growth rates are highest in LDCS (13 per cent in 2014), but they are starting from low Chart 1. 15:
Individuals using the Internet, by level of development, 2005-2014 (left) and by region, 2014*(right) Note:*
Internet usage varies considerably across regions. In Europe, Internet usage on average is approaching saturation levels, with almost 75 per cent penetration and low growth of 2. 3 per cent during the past year.
In Africa, the region with the lowest Internet penetration rate (19 per cent), Internet usage is growing strongly at 13 per cent,
and almost twice as many people will be online by the end of this year compared with only four years earlier.
The Asia and the Pacific region includes the two most populous countries China and India.
Therefore, it comes as no surprise that 45 per cent of the world's Internet users live in this region.
The two countries combined are home to around 860 million Internet users, almost 30 per cent of the world's total and 66 per cent of Internet users in the Asia-Pacific region.
while the percentage of Internet users in China is 46 per cent, it is only 18 per cent in India.
Internet usage in The americas region is relatively high: with almost 66 per cent penetration, it is much higher than household Internet access (57 per cent.
with 19 per cent Internet penetration compared with 11 per cent of households with Internet access.
In view of infrastructure limitations and a lack of affordable services, people are more likely to use the Internet at locations outside the home,
Internet content and use of social media The growth in Internet users has witnessed a parallel, steep growth in the volume of Internet content.
and using social media and other Internet-based applications, covering a large range of topics and sectors.
While measuring online content and website use is a challenging task on account of the sheer volume of information available,
which includes an assessment of Internet content (Partnership, 2014). Some key findings featured in the report are presented below.
Over the past decade, the number of websites has been growing at exponential rates and, according to estimates by Netcraft, there were over 850 million hostnames and approximately 185 million active sites at the beginning of 2014.
Google remains the leading search engine in most countries, and accounts for around 90 per cent of the search market. 16 The number of daily Google searches reached almost 6 billion by end 2013 (Chart 1. 16)
and the total number of searches made through Google in 2013 exceeded 2 trillion. Social media sites have become the most accessed websites by users in both developed Chart 1. 16:
Growth in daily Google searches, 2007-2013 Source: Partnership (2014), based on http://www. statisticbrain. com/google-searches/.
/0 2'000 4'000 6'000 8'000 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 Millions of searches 17 Measuring
the Information Society Report 2014 and developing countries. Since its creation in 2004, Facebook has grown to comprise 1. 3 billion active users by end 2013, a growth of 22 per cent over the past year (Chart 1. 17),
although a single user could be operating several accounts and therefore the numbers do not represent unique Internet users (ITU, 2011).
Twitter, the leading international microblogging service, founded in 2007, has grown to comprise 646 million active registered users by end 2013 (and 115 million active monthly users),
and some 58 million tweets were posted daily in the past year. 17 The Chinese microblog service Tencent Weibo accounts for a further 507 million subscribers, out of an estimated 582 million Chinese Internet
subscribers (Partnership, 2014). More than 6 billion hours of video are being watched each month and more than 100 hours of video content are uploaded every minute on Youtube, the leading international videofilesharing site with services in 61 countries.
As of early 2014, Youtube boasted more than 1 billion unique visitors monthly. Other top popular websites include Amazon,
Wikipedia and Linkedin as well as various news and online e-market sites at the national level (see below on e-business).
Wikipedia, the largest and most widely used online encyclopaedia, featured more than 30 million articles by end 2013 (Chart 1. 18).
Articles are now available in 287 languages across 30 million pages of content. By February 2014, Wikipedia registered more than 20 billion page views per month by Internet users.
At the same time, the proportion of articles in English has decreased significantly from 46 per cent in 2003 to 15 per cent in 2013
while those in other languages have increased accordingly, although pages viewed are still predominantly in English
While these numbers illustrate the huge increase in Internet content and usage overall a more nuanced analysis needs to be carried out to identify digital divides.
Growth in Facebook monthly active users, 2004-2013 (millions of users) Source: Partnership (2014), based on http://www. theguardian. com/news/datablog/2014/feb/04/Facebook-in-numbers-statistics, accessed 6 march 2014.
Data sourced from Facebook. 0 500 1'000 1'500 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Millions
of users Chart 1. 18: Wikipedia articles total and English language, 2003-2013 (thousands of articles) Source:
Wikipedia statistics at http://stats. wikimedia. org/EN/Tablesarticlestotal. htm. 0 5'000 10'000 15'000 20'000 25'000
30'000 35'000 Total English Chapter 1. Recent information society developments 18 content generated by countries and regions and highlight the differences.
The proportion of businesses with websites was lower, accounting on average for 71 per cent and ranging from 36 per cent in Romania to 91 per cent in Finland.
a recent Eurostat survey revealed that more and more enterprises are making use of social media. In 2013
around 30 per cent of European enterprises used social media, ranging from 15 per cent of enterprises in Latvia to 55 per cent in Malta. 18 Activities are mostly related to social networks (e g.
Facebook), followed by multimedia content sharing websites (e g. Youtube) and blogs (e g. Twitter. In the developing world, data on ICTS in enterprises are scarce
and only collected by few countries. The proportion of businesses with Internet access varies between 48 per cent in Azerbaijan and 97 per cent in Lebanon. 19 Of these,
Total Internet domain registrations by world region, 2003,2008 and 2013 Source: Partnership (2014. Data supplied by Zooknic,
backbone connectivity and international Internet bandwidth is still lacking in many regions of the developing world.
but governments are also increasingly using the Internet to provide services to their citizens. E-government contributes to increased efficiency
governments of all countries have established central websites and that more than 50 per cent of countries provide links to local and/or regional government agencies'sites (UNDESA, 2014).
Efforts are needed still to connect lower-tier administrations in countries. When it comes to the provision of e-services,
For example, online information and services on government website portals increased threefold, with 70 per cent of countries providing a one-stop shop portal in 2012,
By 2014, all countries had a government web presence, and almost all countries in Europe and the majority of countries in The americas and Asia provided online information on education,
Fixed-broadband access in enterprises using the Internet, selected countries, 2005-2012 Source: UNCTAD Information Economy Database, 2014, available at unctadstat. unctad. org.
ICT use in schools Providing schools with Internet access (in particular broadband Internet) is a basic infrastructure requirement in today's information society.
Access to high-speed Internet is necessary to enable students to use the Internet for educational purposes,
in remote and rural areas schools are indeed often the only place where young people can use the Internet (see section 1. 3 above).
In developing countries, school access to Internet is lower on average, although much progress has been made in recent years.
Percentage of schools Americas 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Internet Fixed broadband Internet Percentage of schools
resulting in 78 per cent of schools being connected to the Internet in 2013, compared to just 44 per cent in 2009 (Partnership, 2014).
Internet connectivity in schools also depends on the development of the national telecommunication infrastructure and on whether service providers have reached out to rural and sometimes geographically difficult areas with low population density (Partnership, 2014).
While connecting schools to the Internet and other ICTS is essential in order to foster e-education,
there are more comparable data on ICT infrastructure, household access and Internet users. For example, at the beginning of the century, only around a dozen developing countries collected data on Internet users,
while today there are almost 50 developing countries collecting this indicator through official surveys (Chart Box 1. 2). Data on household access to the Internet
or a computer are now being collected by more than 100 economies worldwide, and data on Internet use in businesses by almost 70 countries,
although not on a regular basis (Partnership UNSC 2011). Similarly, whereas no data were available on ICT access
Number of countries collecting Internet user data through official surveys, by level of development Note: Chart shows countries that have collected data on the number of Internet users through official national surveys.
Data are presented in three-year intervals and include countries that have collected data for at least one year within those intervals.
Worldwide, 55%of households should have access to the Internet by 2020 Target 1. 2:
Worldwide, 60%of individuals should be using the Internet by 2020 Target 1. 3: Worldwide, telecommunication/ICTS should be 40%more affordable by 2020a Goal 2. Inclusiveness Bridge the digital divide
In the developing world, 50%of households should have access to the Internet by 2020 Target 2. 1. B:
In the least developed countries (LDCS), 15%of households should have access to the Internet by 2020 Target 2. 2. A:
In the developing world, 50%of individuals should be using the Internet by 2020 Target 2. 2. B:
In the least developed countries (LDCS), 20%of individuals should be using the Internet by 2020 Target 2. 3. A:
Gender equality among Internet users should be reached by 2020 Target 2. 5. B: Enabling environments ensuring accessible telecommunications/ICTS for persons with disabilities should be established in all countries by 2020 Goal 3. Sustainability Manage challenges resulting from telecommunication/ICT development Target 3. 1:
provided by, for example, Internet and telecommunication companies. Second, the spread and use of ICTS allow public and private entities across all economic sectors to produce,
in the fixed, mobile and Internet sectors. Delegates attending the eleventh World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Symposium (WTIS) in Mexico city in December 2014 recommended that ITU should further examine the challenges and opportunities of big data,
http://submarine-cable-map-2014. telegeography. com. 8 For further discussion on progress made towards connecting rural households to the Internet,
http://www. statisticbrain. com/twitter-statistics/./18 Eurostat news release of 16 december 2013 and http://epp. eurostat. ec. europa. eu/statistics explained/index. php/Social media -statistics on the use by enterprises. 19 Data refer mostly to the year
and includes five infrastructure and access indicators (fixedtelephone subscriptions, mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions, international Internet bandwidth per Internet user, households with a computer,
and usage indicators (individuals using the Internet, fixed (wired)- broadband subscriptions, and wireless-broadband subscriptions).
characterizing intense Internet use, and is included therefore in stage 2 (as an indicator in the use subindex).
The definitions of the following core indicators of the Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development included in the IDI were revised at a meeting of EGH held in Brazil in June 2013.3 Percentage of individuals using the Internet:
The suggested reference period for latest Internet usage was changed from the last twelve months to the last three months.
considering that Internet usage is now sufficiently frequent that the majority of users will be captured with the shorter time-frame.
agreed that the reference values for the indicators international Internet bandwidth per Internet user and mobile-cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants would be reviewed.
For international Internet bandwidth per Internet user the methodology used in previous IDI calculations was kept, as there is no limit to the maximum value that could be achieved by a country.
In view of the methodological difficulties in collecting harmonized data on international Internet bandwidth a review of the definition of the indicator is currently under discussion in EGTI.
Revision of the definitions of the indicators percentage of individuals using the Internet (changing the reference period to the last three months)
2. Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 3. International Internet bandwidth (bit/s) per Internet user 4. Percentage of households with a computer 5. Percentage of households
with Internet access 60 120 787'260*100 100 20 20 20 20 20 ICT use Reference value(%)6. Percentage of individuals using the Internet
The Danish Internet service provider (ISP) TDC is making investments to provide access to ultra-fast speeds for over half a million households. 9 Denmark enjoys abundant international Internet bandwidth of more than 260 000 bit
/s per Internet user in 2013. Denmark tops the IDI use sub-index. The country's broadband market is advanced particularly well.
International Internet bandwidth is relatively low compared to other top IDI countries, at just over one Tbit/s in 2012.
and domestic Internet bandwidth was compared ten times higher with international bandwidth. Third-placed Sweden records an IDI value of 8. 67 in 2013.
Luxembourg ranks first in the IDI access sub-index with its state-of-the-art infrastructure and large amounts of international Chapter 2. The ICT Development Index (IDI) 48 Internet bandwidth.
Data from the EU confirm that household access is correlated highly with regular use of the Internet
which underlines the importance of household access. 14 All European countries included in the top ten of the IDI have a household ICT penetration (both households with a computer and households with Internet) of at least 88 per cent.
of Internet connectivity at home and the availability of mobile Internet translate into high degrees of Internet usage in the IDI's top ten countries.
The Nordic countries stand out with the highest percentage of Internet users globally. In Iceland, 97 per cent of the (in-scope) population is using the Internet and 95 per cent of Norwegians,
Swedes and Danes are online. 19 The availability of international Internet bandwidth is critical for ICT development.
All IDI top performers benefit from the abundant availability of international Internet bandwidth. Bandwidth is highest per Internet user) in such hubs as Luxembourg, Iceland,
Sweden and the United kingdom. Hong kong (China) made its entry into the top ten of the IDI 2013, up from 11th position in 2012.
The economy ranks in ninth position, with an IDI value of 8. 28. Hong kong (China) is particularly strong on the access sub-index of the IDI,
in which it ranks fourth. As an international financial hub, the regulator has made the provision of international Internet bandwidth a policy priority
in order to secure reliable and low-latency Internet connectivity (see MIS 2013). In 2013, international Internet bandwidth stood at 1. 7 million bit/s per Internet user,
which is the second highest value after Luxembourg's. Hong kong (China) has the second highest fixed-telephone penetration globally, at 63 per cent,
and relatively high levels of household ICT connectivity, at 80 per cent of households with Internet and 82 per cent with a computer.
Both fixed-broadband (31 per cent) and wirelessbroadband (95 per cent) penetration are very high in Hong kong (China.
which added significant amounts of international Internet bandwidth and increased international Internet bandwidth per Internet user from around 6 000 bit/s in 2012 to close to 12 000 bit/s per user
It provides international Internet connectivity, which is of particular importance for enabling an island state such as Cape verde to join the information society.
uptake is ascribed also to the growing popularity of social media and increased availability of smartphones. 26 Bolivia is among the most dynamic countries on the access sub-index(+4 ranks),
The country reported an important increase in international Internet bandwidth. International Internet bandwidth per Internet user27 almost doubled between 2012 and 2013, climbing to 9 000 bit/s per user.
While this is still one of the lowest absolute figures in The americas region (only Cuba has a lower bandwidth per Internet user),
it indicates that good progress in being made in improving connectivity in the country. Bolivia has seen an important increase in wireless-broadband penetration, from 7 per cent in 2012 to 14 per cent in 2013.
and a high amount of international Internet bandwidth (close to 82 000 bit/s per Internet user). 30 It is well-connected to its neighbouring countries in the CIS region
In particular, the country was very successful in connecting households to the Internet penetration increased from 27 per cent in 2012 to 35 per cent in 2013
The proportion of households with Internet stands at 96 per cent and the proportion of households with a computer at 97 per cent in 2013 (see Chart 2. 4). A report by ICTQATAR shows that Qataris are not only almost all very well-connected at home,
While virtually all Qataris and westerners have an Internet connection at home, penetration stands at 85 per cent for the overall population.
Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptions Fixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions
Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptionsfixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions broadband
-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed
-telephone subscriptionsfixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolmentliteracy Bosnia and herzegovina 2012 2013 0. 0 0. 2 0
. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone
subscriptionsfixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolmentliteracy Burkina faso 2012 2013 0. 0 0. 2 0. 4
0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptionsfixed
-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolmentliteracy Cape verde 2012 2013 0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 0
. 6 0. 8 1 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a
computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptionsfixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolmentliteracy Estonia 2012 2013 53
. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptions Fixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active
. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptionsfixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions
Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet
Fixed-telephone subscriptionsfixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolmentliteracy Gambia 2012 2013 0. 0 0. 2
0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed
-telephone subscriptionsfixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolmentliteracy Mali 2012 2013 0. 0 0. 2 0
. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone
subscriptionsfixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolmentliteracy Oman 2012 2013 0. 0 0. 2 0. 4
0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with
a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptionsfixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolmentliteracy Qatar 2012 2013 Chapter
In December 2012, licences were awarded finally to three Thai operators, 34 providing high-speed mobile Internet connectivity to users.
ITU. 0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user
Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptions Fixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolmentliteracy Thailand 2012
2013 0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user
Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptionsfixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolmentliteracyunited Arab Emirates 2012
where around threequarters of households are connected not yet to the Internet, leaving ample room for growth.
This also holds true for international Internet bandwidth which is still at very low levels in many developing countries.
In 2014, close to 4. 3 billion people, most of them living in the developing world, were not using the Internet.
International Internet bandwidth availability is limited very, thus constraining Internet connectivity and driving up ICT prices,
which in turn hampers usage of ICTS. Few households (less than 5 per cent in the majority of LCCS) are connected to the Internet
and fewer than 5 per cent of households in all LCCS have a computer. Basic voice services are more widely available although LCCS like Eritrea (6 per cent),
Today, in the majority of LCCS, few people use the Internet: an estimated less than 2 per cent the population is online in Eritrea, Myanmar, Guinea, Niger and Ethiopia.
Access to the Internet (be it narrowband or broadband, fixed or wireless) is extremely low for rural households in developing countries,
they also often lack the economic means to pay for broadband Internet services, as well as the skills to make effective use of ICTS.
and enrolment in primary education) and Goal 8 (fixed-telephone and mobile-cellular penetration and percentage of Internet users) were considered not,
support the development of multilingualism on the Internet; and ensure access to ICTS for more than half of world's inhabitants.
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 8. 16 Internet users per 100 inhabitants+++Note:****Significant at 0. 01 level.*
Furthermore, ICTS such as mobile phones and the Internet can help inform people and allow them to share information on the use
and facilitating the monitoring of health via SMS and increased availability of information thanks to the Internet.
https://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/sites/digital-agenda/files/DAE%20scoreboard%202013%20-%20 3-INTERNET%20use%20and%20skills
. eu/digital-agenda/sites/digital-agenda/files/DK%20%20-%20broadband%20markets. pdf. 10 http://www. gsma. com/spectrum/wp
/digital-agenda/sites/digital-agenda/files/DAE%20scoreboard%202013%20-%202-BROADBAND%20 MARKETS%20. pdf. 13 http://europa. eu
/pdf/ppp/5g factsheet. pdf. 14 https://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/sites/digital-agenda/files/DAE%20scoreboard%202013%20-%203
-INTERNET%20 USE%20and%20skills. pdf. 15 Qatar (ranked 34th) has 97 per cent of households with a computer by end 2013.15 https://ec. europa. eu
and the European union define superfast services as those delivering download speeds of 30 Mbit/s or more. 18 https://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/en/pillar-4-fast-and-ultra
the in-scope population for data on Internet users is aged individuals 16-74.20 Refers to the indicator active mobile-broadband subscriptions.
Mozambique (from 35 per cent to 48 per cent) and the Republic of the Congo (from 31 per cent to 44 per cent)( see Chart 3. 3). A lack of international Internet bandwidth is seriously hampering ICT development
African countries are lacking international Internet connectivity. Chart 3. 3: Mobile-cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, 2012 and 2013, Africa Note:
Rep.),Chad and Nigeria have less than 1 000 bit/s of international Internet bandwidth per Internet user at their disposal.
Kenya has the highest amount of international Internet bandwidth, both in total and per Internet user,
Seychelles (24 000 bit/s) and Mauritius (24 500 bit/s) also have relatively high amounts of bandwidth per Internet user, partly because of their very small populations and hence small number of Internet users.
by end 2013, on average, less than 10 per cent of households in the region had access to the Internet at home,
Africa was home to 150 million Internet users by end 2013. This corresponds to around 17 per cent of the population in the region.
The Arab States region and in particular the GCC countries are well-connected to submarine Internet cables.
The United arab emirates boasts the highest amount of international Internet bandwidth per Internet user (around 52 000 bit/s per user) in the region.
Furthermore, the country almost doubled its Internet bandwidth between 2012 and 2013. Oman, too, saw a significant increase in total international Internet bandwidth, up from 17 792 Mbit/s in 2012 to 82 010 Mbit/s in 2013.
In 2013 the Europe-Persia Express Gateway that connects the United arab emirates and Oman to Germany via the Islamic Republic of Iran went live,
increasing the region's international Internet connectivity. 6 Furthermore, the Gulf Bridge International (GBI) system completed its North Route terrestrial link in 2013,
Morocco was able to connect a significant number of households to the Internet in 2013,
Omantel provides discounted broadband Internet offers for eligible customers. 8 Wireless-broadband penetration levels vary considerably across the region.
also reach Internet user penetration rates of 50 and 56 per cent, respectively. On the other hand, in the LCCS Mauritania and Djibouti, less than 10 per cent of the population are online. 3. 3 Asia
Hong kong (China) has the highest amount of international Internet bandwidth in the region, and indeed one of the highest volumes in the world, at close to 9. 5 million Mbit/s12 by end 2013.
As a regional hub and international financial centre, Hong kong (China) relies upon a secure and low-latency Internet connection,
international Internet connectivity was boosted in these countries. Additional international Internet bandwidth is of particular importance for sustaining ICT growth
and ensuring Internet connectivity for an increasing number of users in populous countries such as China (with an estimated 600 million Internet users) and the Philippines (with an estimated 36.5 million Internet users by end 2013).
Within the Philippines, domestic connectivity was improved further by connecting some of the Chart 3. 6:
which went live in the summer of 2013.15 Regional Internet connectivity was enhanced further when the Tonga Cable, connecting Fiji and Tonga,
a number of countries in Asia and the Pacific have very low levels of international Internet connectivity;
these include, in particular, the landlocked and least connected countries Afghanistan, Bhutan and Nepal, with less than 4 000 bit/s per Internet user.
This includes around 600 million Chinese and 200 million Indian Internet users. Comparing the two the proportion of the population using the Internet is much higher in China (44 per cent) than India (15 per cent.
India has one of the lowest rates in the region (and globally: only Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Lao P. D. R.,Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan and Solomon islands recorded a lower proportion of Internet users.
Japan (86 per cent), the Republic of korea (85 per cent) and Australia and New zealand (both 83 per cent) exhibit the highest rates in the Asia
with less than 10 per cent of households in the country having access to the Internet.
Total international Internet bandwidth is by far highest in the Russian Federation, which is connected through a number of terrestrial links to both Europe
in terms of bandwidth per Internet user the country is below most other CIS countries. International Internet bandwidth per Internet user is highest in Moldova (115 845 bit/s per user),
followed by Belarus (94 797 bit/s per user) and Georgia (82 094 bit/s per user).
which hampers Internet connectivity and hence further development of the ICT sector in those countries.
further Internet connectivity. LTE services were launched in the Russian Federation in 2012.22 The highest growth in wirelessbroadband penetration from 2012 to 2013 took place in Georgia from 9 per cent in 2012 to 17 per cent in 2013 placing it among the most dynamic
The region benefits from an abundant supply of international Internet bandwidth. The highest levels are reached in international hubs such as Germany, Luxembourg and the United kingdom. High amounts of bandwidth per Internet user,
as registered in most European countries, ensure that a large number of Internet users can go online at high speeds.
Around three-quarters of European households have access to the Internet at home. The highest proportions of households connected to the Chart 3. 10:
IDI values compared with the global, regional and developing/developed-country averages, Europe, 2013 Source:
Czech Republicportugal Polandslovakia Hungary Bulgariaserbiacyprusromaniatfyr Macedoniamontenegro Turkey Albania Bosnia and herzegovina 99 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 Internet are found in Iceland (96 per cent), Luxembourg
Among the countries that made the most progress in connecting households to the Internet from 2012 to 2013 are Italy (from 63 to 69 per cent), Czech republic (from 65 to 73 per cent) and Estonia (from 75 to 80 per cent.
Percentage of Individuals using the Internet, Europe compared to global and developedcountry average, 2013 Note:
Data on Individuals using the Internet for Eurostat members are sourced from Eurostat. Eurostat collects data for Internet users aged 16-74 years old.
Source: ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database. World Developed 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100%101 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 penetration stands
A well-developed ICT infrastructure and the availability of high-speed broadband Internet access and relevant content are reflected in a higher proportion of Internet users in the region.
Iceland has the highest proportion of Internet users globally at 96.5 per cent, followed by three other Nordic countries Norway,
Sweden and Denmark with 95 per cent of the population using the Internet. Turkey has the lowest proportion of Internet users, at below 50 per cent.
In Romania, too, less than half of the population are online (Chart 3. 11). 3. 6 The americas The United states
International Internet connectivity, measured in bit/s per Internet user, is ample in the United states and Canada,
Colombia managed to quadruple its amount of international Internet bandwidth from around 20 000 bit/s per Internet user in 2012 to close to 80 000 bit/s in 2013.
The americas region has a relatively high household ICT penetration. By end 2013, on Table 3. 8:
per cent of households had Internet, which is the second highest regional average after Europe (76 per cent).
In addition, however, some of their Latin american neighbours boast a significant proportion of households connected to the Internet:
while Mexico and the Dominican republic both improved by five percentage points to 31 per cent and 19 per cent of households with Internet by end 2013, respectively.
reaching 42 per cent and 36 per cent of households with Internet by end 2013,
Close to 1 billion people are using the Internet in The americas region. While the highest proportion of individuals using the Internet is to be found in the United states and Canada,
more than half of the population is online in countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Uruguay and Venezuela. 105 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 1 See:
itmid=110.8 http://www. omantel. om/Omanweblib/Individual/Internet/pc initiative. aspx? linkid=3&menuid=420 and http://www. ita. gov. om/ITAPORTAL/Pages/Page. aspx?
Internet user data from Gulf countries are not comparable, as they refer to different populations. Data from Bahrain and Qatar refer to the overall population,
://www. submarinecablemap. com/#/submarine-cable/boracay-palawan-submarine-cable-system. 16 http://web. nso. go. th/en/survey/data survey/560619 2012 information-pdf. 17 http
/18 http://file. eu-chinapdsf. org/Internet/PUB/Activity4/Results%203/Broadband%20china%20introduction yu%20xiaohui. pdf. 19 Belarus, Moldova, Russian
In Brazil, for instance, 44 per cent of all households with a computer did not have Internet in 2013
although not having Internet at home may be more attributable to other factors, such as lack of interest,
In the European union, around one in five households without Internet cite cost as the reason,
and seven out of ten of those who have Internet state that price is the most important factor
high-capacity and reliable Internet services. Despite the growth of mobile-broadband subscriptions, less than 3 per cent of global IP traffic corresponded to mobile networks by end 2013 according to CISCO estimates (CISCO, 2013.
fixed broadband remains the de facto option for accessing high-volume Internet applications such as file sharing (less than 1 per cent of total filesharing traffic was transmitted through mobile networks in 2013)
and Internet video (2 per cent of total Internet video traffic was transmitted through mobile networks in 2013).
where there was only 20 000 Mbit/s of international Internet bandwidth to share among more than 300 000 fixed (wired)- broadband subscriptions in 2013.
The scarcity of international Internet bandwidth is confirmed further by the fact that the entry-level plan in Uzbekistan is capped at 1. 2 GB of usage per month,
USD 6. 1, by far the cheapest price offered by an incumbent operator in the Arab States for an Internet service at speeds above 512 kbit/s. The relatively low fixed (wired)- broadband 119
international Internet bandwidth is limited very in the country: 620 Mbit/s in 2013, more than 40 times less than any other Arab country included in the comparison of fixed-broadband prices.
This means that if one-third of fixed (wired)- broadband subscriptions in Mauritania try to access the international Internet at the same time,
As a result, dial-up (narrowband) Internet remains the de facto technology for Internet access by residential customers in the island. 19 Asia
Because of their geographic situation, one of the main challenges facing these countries is international Internet bandwidth.
e g. by concentrating international traffic in a regional Internet exchange point and sharing the cost of building a high-capacity international link from there.
particularly for postpaid plans where it is sometimes cheaper to buy a package including Internet, voice and SMS than to contract only Internet.
Fixed-broadband and mobile-broadband Internet prices follow different pricing structures, and therefore the analysis of mobile-broadband prices cannot be based on the same parameters used for fixed broadband.
In the case of fixed Internet access the progress from narrowband (dial-up to broadband brought not only a change in speed but also in pricing.
whereas fixed-broadband Internet usually follows a flat-rate arrangement, whereby the customer pays a monthly fee
and has unlimited access to the Internet at a given speed, with neither time nor data volume constraints.
if it was advertised on the website of the dominant operator or prices were provided to ITU through the ICT Price Basket Questionnaire. 25 Source:
where in one in four countries the cheapest postpaid handset-based Internet plans included free minutes and SMS in 2013.
with mobile-broadband subscribers consuming much less than 500 MB of Internet data per month, supported by the fact that several African operators offer discount plans for occasional use.
However, such low-volume short-validity plans allow only limited use of the Internet, and therefore restrict the benefits that can be obtained from broadband.
For instance, Internet video cannot be consumed on the basis of such limited data allowances, and even Internet radio would need to be limited.
This suggests that, if mobile broadband is to bridge the broadband gap between Africa and the other regions,
such as the lack of international Internet bandwidth, also constrain mobile-broadband services. There are four countries in The americas that attain the 5 per cent affordability target by virtue of cheaper mobile-broadband prices:
Therefore, the extent to which Internet users turn to mobile broadband as an affordable alternative to fixed broadband will only be seen in the coming years.
Secondary trading allowed 9. Unbundled access to the local loop required 8. Co-location/site sharing mandated 7. Infrastructure sharing mandated 6. Infrastructure sharing for mobile operators allowed 5. Qos
IT 9. Internet content 8. Broadcasting content 7. Broadcasting (radio and TV transmission) 6. Universal service/access 5. Spectrum monitoring
i e. the marginal cost of additional Internet data beyond 1 GB is still nonnegligible in many countries.
CD. 4 Voice over internet services, such as Skype or Voipbuster, are excluded from the analysis in this section because they require an Internet connection
and do not have guaranteed a quality of service. They are considered under broadband services. 5 Source:
http://www. cck. go. ke/news/downloads/MVNO. pdf. 12 Although four international operators compete in the Kenyan mobile-cellular market,
see http://www. eircom. net/efibreinfo/map. 16 The most visited websites in Tunisia by December 2011 were predominantly in English.
and the role of competition 170 18 Mauritel reported 7 352 fixed Internet subscriptions by end 2013,97 per cent of which trhough ADSL (source:
/page=internet conectividad&sub=internet. 20 For instance, the latest Computer literacy Survey in Sri lanka (2009) found that only 20 per cent of the household population (aged 5-69) could use a computer on their own (Department of Census
TEAMS'website (http://www. teams. co. ke) and EASSY's website (http://www. eassy. org.
see http://www. rogers. com/web/content/share-everything? asc refid=shareeverything. For the details of Verizon's MORE Everything plan, see http://www. verizonwireless. com/wcms/consumer/shop/shop-data-plans/more-everything. html. 24 The details of the different‘4g'plans
offered by Tigo can be found on the following websites: http://www. tigo. com. bo/personas/planes-y-promociones/Internet-movil-en-tu-modem, http://www. tigo. com. co/4g
, http://www. tigo. com. gt/personas/internet-movil/internet-movil-tigo-4g and https://www. tigo. com. py/contenido/para-navegar
-con-el-modem. 25 Data for mobile-broadband services have been collected since 2012 through the ITU ICT Price Basket Questionnaire,
and for Orange Côte d'ivoire mobilebroadband plans, see http://www. orange. ci/menu-mobile-3g/pass-internet-3g. html. 28 The UMTS auctions took place in 2000 and 2001
and consumption expenditure as welfare indicators, see for instance the World bank's website on measuring poverty:
Consequently, not enough data are available about the types of activity that the Internet is used for,
and little is known about the Internet user in terms of age, gender, educational or income level, and so on. In other areas, such as education, health or public services, even fewer data are available to show developments over time
which includes not just telecommunication companies but also over-the-top (OTT) service providers such as Google, Twitter, Facebook, Whatsapp, Netflix, Amazon and many others, captures a wide array of behavioural
At the same time, almost 3 billion people 40 per cent of the world's population will be using the Internet.
Online activities/social media Online search activities Online page views Blogs and posts and other authored and unauthored online content and social media activities Audio/images/videos Source:
and activities carried out by users on the Internet (including searches and social media content)( Table 5. 1). Big data is not just about the volume of the data.
One of the earliest definitions, introduced by the Gartner consultancy firm, describes big data characteristics such as velocity and variety,
Google, for example, is running about a thousand experiments at any given point in time (Varian, 2013a. Telecom network operators make extensive use of such techniques when rolling out new services, among other things for the purpose of pricing.
This broadly includes data captured directly by telecommunication operators as well as by Internet companies and by content providers such as Google, Facebook, Twitter, etc.
In the EU, for example, a number of directives require data producers to obtain users'consent before gathering any of their personal data. 5 One of the best-known examples of leveraging the online population's digital breadcrumbs for development purposes is Google Flu Trends (GFT.
The Internet has also been a rich source of big data beyond the realm of user search terms.
and humanitarian action, has been mining Twitter data from Indonesia (where Twitter usage is high) 9 to understand food price crises.
In fact, it was able to use predictive analytics on the Twitter data to forecast the consumer price index several weeks in advance (Byrne, 2013.
UN Global Pulse is also using Twitter data to understand and compare the relevance of different development topics among countries (Box 5. 2). Box 5. 2:
How Twitter helps understand key post-2015 development concerns As the process of formulating the post-2015 development agenda continues,
Users can select a country to see the number of tweets generated by its Twitter users in regard to the highlighted topic,
Using Twitter to visualize trends in global development topics In fact, the ICT sector is itself using the Internet as a source of big data for monitoring purposes.
Regulators and others are now using the Internet to crowdsource quality of service (Qos) data on broadband quality.
For example, the United states Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has released mobile apps that enable consumers to check their broadband quality.
60 per cent of the world's population is still not using the Internet. Household Internet penetration in developing economies is expected to reach 31 per cent by the end of 2014,
as against almost 80 per cent in developed economies. In addition as Internet penetration rates remain limited,
Internet users are not yet) representative of the population at large. For example, Internet users tend to be younger, relatively well educated,
with men still more likely to be online than women, especially in developing countries11 (ITU, 2013).
Depending on the source of Internet data, results may also be biased more or less. A 2013 study into the characteristics and behaviour of Facebook users, for example, revealed that
while in many ways Facebook users have real-life behaviour and characteristics, in many ways the social network fails as a representation of society.
On the one hand, for example, the American Facebook user's relationship status of married on Facebook is very similar to real life (census) data on the average age
when American people get married. On the other hand, however, the average American Facebook user is much younger than the average citizen. 12 This is just one example
but it highlights the need to take account of particular characteristics and the limitations of producing representative results
when extracting information from online users'behaviour. Given the popularity of mobile-cellular services, non-Internet-related mobilenetwork big data seems to have the widest socioeconomic coverage in the near term,
and the greatest potential to produce relatively representative information globally, particularly in developing countries. By the end of 2014, the number of mobilecellular subscriptions is expected to be nearing 7 billion,
and the number of mobilecellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants is expected to reach 90 per cent.
accessing the Internet or recharging a prepaid card). Since the service with the widest coverage and greatest uptake and popularity is the mobilecellular service,
including the measurement of Internet data volumes, call, SMS and MMS volumes, and value-added service (VAS) volumes.
data upload volumes, data download volumes, level of use of different VAS, and level of use of different OTT services.
Chapter 5. The role of big data for ICT monitoring and for development 184 Customer profiles include details about customers'mobility patterns, social networks and consumption preferences.
DPI can also be used to categorize interests based on sites visited (as opposed to content accessed.
This often calls for an understanding of the level of influence of each subscriber's social networks, both on-network (i e. within the same operator) as well as off-network (i e.
For example, by understanding their customers'relationships to their social networks (and their relative importance within them),
Furthermore, social network insights can be used by an operator to market its services to the off-network contacts that are connected to its customers
fraud detection Social network analysis marketing Agent monitoring Enhanced credit Algorithmic liquidity needs prediction Income and poverty assessment Mapping social divides GDP estimates
bad harvest Ag yield/shock predictions Campaign effectiveness Social network delineated market areas Predictive algorithms to anticipate prod. churn Social network targeted marketing Post-disaster refugee reunification
geolocated Twitter messages and the census showed very similar results, and although the representativeness of the Twitter geolocated data was lower than the (real-time) mobile-phone and census data,
the degrees of consistency between the population density profiles and mobility patterns detected by means of the three datasets were significant (Lenormand et al, 2014).
They combined this analysis with a study of users'social networks with two users being considered as connected
for example on Internet users and mobile-phone users, do not entail the same issues as subscription data.
one of the core indicators reflects the types of online activity pursued by Internet users, and includes response categories such as seeking health information,
or participating in social networks. Survey-based data can also be broken down by individual characteristics, including gender, age, educational level and occupation,
therefore, potentially identify Internet and VAS usage patterns between rural and urban areas, and identify the kinds of application or webpage that mobile-Internet users access.
Combined with individual subscriber characteristics, this information could provide new and rich insights into the digital divide
and intensity of use with respect to different Internet activities carried out by individuals. This information is collected currently only by countries that carry out household ICT surveys.
In addition, mobile-operator data could be combined with customer information from popular online services, such as Facebook, Google or other, local (financial, social etc.
OTT providers and other Internet content providers to work together and share information. This technique is, currently, probably the least developed one, also because of the lack of a good ontology and of privacy issues.
In addition, if websites could be classified individually in terms of the information they provide, then Internetuser activities, including their frequency
and by taking into account usage patterns or data from popular Internet companies such as Google or Facebook.
and release additional big datasets containing weather, public and private transport, energy, event and social network data.
For instance, a recent study showed how Facebook likes could accurately predict a range of behavioural attributes such as, inter alia, sexual orientation, ethnicity, religious and political views,
Encryption, virtual private networks (VPNS), firewalls, threat monitoring and auditing are some potential technical solutions that are employed currently,
the subsequent social network analysis could contain errors (overstating or understating tie strength, for example). While it may not be possible to establish data provenance as envisaged by scientists,
Not everyone uses Twitter, Facebook or Google. For example, ITU estimates suggest that 40 per cent of the world's population uses the Internet.
In other words, more than four billion people globally are not yet using the Internet, and 90 per cent of them are from the developing world.
Of the world's three billion Internet users two-thirds are from the developing countries. Even though mobile-cellular penetration is close to 100 per cent,
this does not mean that every person in the world is using a mobile phone. This issue of representativeness is of high relevance
For example, the famous Google pagerank algorithm has spawned an entire industry of organizations that claim to enhance website page rankings,
and search-engine optimization (SEO) 38 is established now an part of website development. Changes in behaviour could also partially explain the declining veracity of Google Flu Trends (GFT),
researchers having found influenza-like illness rates as reflected by Google searches to be no longer necessarily correlating with actual influenza virus infections (Ortiz et al.,
2011). ) Recent research has shown that since 2009 (when GFT failed to reflect the nonseasonal influenza outbreak),
The point is that the underlying real-world actions of the population that turned to Google with its health queries,
with more and more people turning to Google with their broader health questions, thereby introducing additional search terms (due to different cultural norms
As Google's Chief Economist, Hal Varian, notes, there are often more police in precincts with high crime,
social networks and consumption among men and women, and between different socioeconomic groups, which would not have been possible using only the call records.
and telecommunication operators and Internet companies, including search engines and social networks, on the other, is necessary
Operators and Internet companies Business interests will naturally provide operators and Internet companies with the incentive to talk to commercial vendors of big data analytics.
In addition, operators and Internet companies can benefit greatly from engagement with academia and researchers to understand how to leverage big data for different purposes.
Operators and Internet companies need to take advantage of their existing customer relationships to elicit a greater understanding of consumer concerns
operators and Internet companies may hesitate to pool and share their data with those from other sources (including from competitors),
ITU and UN Global Pulse), the Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development, ICT industry associations and producers of big data (Google, Facebook, etc.)
both uplink and downlink volumes for Internet traffic can be captured at various levels of disaggregation down to the individual subscriber,
and recipient Internet protocols (IPS), is captured for a variety of purposes, including to manage the network
and understand the demand for particular applications and websites. Service access detail records Whenever a user utilizes a telecommunication service,
Furthermore, devices used to access the Internet (mobile handsets, routers, modems) also have a unique identifier known as a media access control46 (MAC) address.
http://policyreview. info/articles/analysis/big data-big-responsibilities. 6 See https://www. google. org/denguetrends/.
first time online jobs and jobs reposted from the previous month for over 16 000 Internet job boards,
corporate boards and smaller job sites in the United states. More information can be found at http://www. conference-board. org/data/helpwantedonline. cfm. 8 See http://bpp. mit. edu
/.9 According to Peerreach. com, 20 per cent of Indonesia's online population uses Twitter, the second highest ratio in the world.
See http://www. ibtimes. com/twitter-usage-statistics-which-country-has-most-active-twitter-population-1474852.10 See http://www. broadband. gov/qualitytest/about/.
http://www. itu. int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid. aspx. 12 See http://blog. stephenwolfram. com/2013/04/data science-of-the-facebook-world/.
For further information, see http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Deep packet inspection. 16 It should be noted that there is not a harmonized methodology for the allocation of revenues from bundled packages to each specific service Taking into account the increasing trend towards the bundling
in order to understand which sites were accessed, in what order and how much time was spent at each. Endnotes 211 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 18 Comments by SK TELECOM CEO Jinwu So to Mobile Asia Expo attendees-http://www. lightreading. com
doc id=703298.19 For more information on Cignifi, see their website at http://www. cignifi. com/.20 The full report can be accessed at http://unstats. un. org/unsd/statcom/doc14/2014
see http://web. worldbank. org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/ORGANIZATION/EXTHDNETWORK/0,,contentmdk: 23154296 menupk: 2880846 pagepk:
whereby a website's structure and content are optimized to make the site more visible to the webpage-indexing process of one or more search engines,
thereby ensuring that the website and/or webpage appears higher up in the results of a search query. 39 In a power-law distribution,
For further information, see http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Deep packet inspection. 43 Based on interviews between LIRNEASIA and operators in South and Southeast asia. 44 For example
of the sample regulation on the Indian Department of Telecommunications website (http://dot. gov. in/sites/default/files/Unified%20licence 0. pdf). Chapter 5. The role of big data for ICT monitoring and for development
For more information, see http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sector antenna. 46 A media access control (MAC) address is a unique identifier that is assigned to network interfaces mostly by a hardware manufacturer.
or router or handset that accesses its network and maintains the mapping of this network interface to a particular customer.
For more information, see http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/MAC ADDRESS. 47 An international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) number is a 15-digit number unique to the particular SIM in a subscriber's handset.
For more information, see http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/International mobile subscriber identity. 213 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 List of references Arpce (2011), Agence de Régulation
Wired Magazine, 16 (7). Askitas, N. and Zimmermann, K. F. 2009), Google econometrics and unemployment forecasting.
Byrne, C. 2013), How The UN's New Data Lab in Indonesia Uses Twitter to Preempt Disaster, Fast Company.
http://static. googleusercontent. com/media/research. google. com/en//archive/papers/initialclaimsus. pdf. Choi, H. and Varian, H. 2012), Predicting the present with Google trends.
http://www. cck. go. ke/regulations/downloads/interconnection determination no2 2010. pdf. CCK (2013), Communications Commission of Kenya:
http://www. cck. go. ke/resc/downloads/Sector statistics report q2 201314. pdf. David, T. 2013), Big data from Cheap Phones.
http://www. ibmbigdatahub. com/sites/default/files/infographic file/4-Vs-of-big data. jpg. ICT Qatar (2014), Qatar's ICT landscape 2014 households and individuals.
http://www. ictqatar. qa/en/documents/download/Qatar's%20ict%20landscape%20report%202014-Household%20and%20individuals 12. pdf. ITU (2006), Security in Telecommunications
The parable of Google Flu: traps in big data analysis. Science (New york, N y.),343 (6176), 1203 5. doi:
a comparison of traditional surveillance systems with Google Flu Trends. Plos One, 6 (4), e18687. doi:
. 2011), Out of sight out of Mind-How Our Mobile Social network Changes during Migration. 2011 IEEE Third Int'l Conference on Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust and 2011 IEEE Third Int
Web search query volume as a measure of pharmaceutical utilization and changes in prescribing patterns.
http://www. whitehouse. gov/sites/default/files/docs/big data privacy report 5. 1. 14 final print. pdf. UN Global Pulse (2012), Taking the Global Pulse:
Journal of Web Librarianship, 6 (4), 305 320. doi: 10.1080/19322909.2012.730358. WEF (2013), Unlocking the Value of Personal data:
voice services using Internet Protocol (IP) delivered over fixed (wired)- broadband infrastructure (e g. DSL fibre optic), and voice services provided over coaxial-cable television networks (cable modem.
radio paging and telemetry services. 3. International Internet bandwidth (bit/s) per Internet user International Internet bandwidth refers to the total used capacity of international Internet bandwidth,
in megabits per second (Mbit/s). It is measured as the sum of used capacity of all Internet exchanges offering international bandwidth.
International Internet bandwidth (bit/s) per Internet user is calculated by converting to bits per second and dividing by the total number of Internet users. 4. Percentage of households with a computer A computer refers to a desktop computer, a laptop (portable computer or a tablet or similar handheld computer.
It does not include equipment with some embedded computing abilities, such as smart TV SETS, and devices with telephony as a main function, such as mobile phones or smartphones.
or ITU carries out the necessary research to obtain them, for example from NSO websites. There are certain data limits to this indicator,
the quality of the indicator will improve. 5. Percentage of households with Internet access The Internet is a worldwide public computer network.
Household with Internet access means that the Internet is available for use by all members of the household at any time.
or ITU carries out the necessary research to obtain them, for example from NSO websites. There are certain data limits to this indicator,
Data for all of these indicators are collected by ITU. 4 1. Percentage of individuals using the Internet Individuals using the Internet refers to people who used the Internet from any location and for any purpose, irrespective of the device and network used, in the last three months.
or ITU carries out the necessary research to obtain them, for example from NSO websites. There are certain data limits to this indicator,
the quality of the indicator will improve. 2. Fixed (wired)- broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants Fixed (wired)- broadband subscriptions refers to the number of subscriptions for high-speed access to the public Internet (a TCP IP connection).
or greater than, 256 kbit/s. Fixed (wired) broadband includes cable modem, DSL, fibre and other fixed (wired)- broadband technologies (such as Ethernet LAN,
Subscriptions with access to data communications (including the Internet) via mobile-cellular networks are excluded. 3. Wireless-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants Wireless-broadband subscriptions refers to the sum of satellite broadband, terrestrial fixed
wireless broadband and active mobile-broadband subscriptions to the public Internet. Satellite broadband subscriptions refers to the number of satellite Internet subscriptions with an advertised download speed of at least 256 kbit/s. It refers to the retail subscription technology and not the backbone technology.
Terrestrial fixed wireless broadband subscriptions refers to the number of terrestrial fixed Wireless internet subscriptions with an advertised download speed of at least 256 kbit/s. This includes fixed Wimax and fixed wireless subscriptions
but excludes occasional users at hotspots and Wi-fi hotspot subscribers. It also excludes mobilebroadband subscriptions where users can access a service throughout the country wherever coverage is available.
Active mobile-broadband subscriptions refers to the sum of standard mobilebroadband subscriptions and dedicated mobile-broadband data subscriptions to the public Internet.
or greater that allow access to the greater Internet via HTTP and which have been used to set up an Internet data connection using Internet Protocol (IP) in the past three months.
Standard SMS and MMS messaging do not count as an active Internet data connection, even if the messages are delivered via IP.
Dedicated mobile-broadband data subscriptions refers to subscriptions to dedicated data services (over a mobile network) that allow access to the greater Internet
and which are purchased separately from voice services, either as a standalone service (e g. using a data card such as a USB modem/dongle) or as an add-on data package to voice services
Internet use data of country A was estimated by using Internet use data of country B from the same region with similar level of GNI per capita and similar level of fixed Internet and wireless-broadband subscriptions.
while other indicators can have values exceeding 100, such as mobilecellular and wireless-broadband penetration or international Internet bandwidth (expressed as bit/s per user).
International Internet bandwidth per Internet user, which in 2013 ranges from 136 (bits/s/user) to almost 6 445 759.
inhabitants 0. 20 International Internet bandwidth per Internet user 0. 20 Percentage of households with a computer 0. 20 Percentage of households with Internet access 0. 20 ICT
use 0. 40 Percentage of individuals using the Internet 0. 33 Fixed (wired)- broadband Internet subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 0. 33 Wireless-broadband subscriptions per 100
mobilecellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, international Internet bandwidth per Internet user, percentage of households with a computer and percentage of households with Internet access.
ICT use is measured by percentage of individuals using the Internet, fixed (wired)- broadband Internet subscriptions per 100 inhabitants and wirelessbroadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants.
ICT skills are approximated by adult literacy rate, secondary gross enrolment ratio and tertiary gross enrolment ratio.
The ideal value of 787'260 bit/s per Internet user is equivalent to 5. 90 if transformed to a log scale.
127.5 c International Internet bandwidth per Internet user**787'260 261'221 d Percentage of households with a computer 100 93.1 e Percentage of households with Internet access
100 92.7 ICT use f Percentage of individuals using the Internet 100 94.6 g Fixed (wired)- broadband Internet subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 60 40.2 h Wireless
z2 Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants b/120 0. 20 1. 00 z3 International Internet bandwidth per Internet user log (c)/ 5
/100 0. 20 0. 93 ICT use z6 Percentage of individuals using the Internet f/100 0. 33 0. 95 z7 Fixed (wired)- broadband
Internet subscriptions per 100 inhabitants g/60 0. 33 0. 67 z8 Wireless-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants h/100 0. 33
*20 0. 20 y3 International Internet bandwidth per Internet user z3*.*20 0. 18 y4 Percentage of households with a computer z4*.
*20 0. 19 ICT use sub-index (M) y6+y7+y8 0. 40 0. 87 y6 Percentage of individuals using the Internet z6*.
*33 0. 32 y7 Fixed (wired)- broadband Internet subscriptions per 100 inhabitants z7*.*33 0. 22 y8 Wireless-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants z8*.
prices were collected directly from operators'websites and/or through direct correspondence. Prices were collected from the operator with the largest market share,
Since the IPB does not include dialup (but only broadband) Internet prices and since dial-up Internet access requires users to subscribe to a fixed-telephone line,
Additionally, the ITU mobile-cellular sub-basket does not take into account calls to voicemail (which in the OECD basket represent 4 per cent of all calls),
Rules applied in collecting fixed-broadband Internet prices 1. The prices of the operator with the largest market share (measured by the number of subscriptions) should be used. 2. Prices should be collected in national currency,
the cheapest one on the basis of a 1 GB monthly usage and an advertised download speed of at least 256 kbit/s should be selected.
-telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants Mobile-cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants International Internet bandwidth Bit/s per Internet user Percentage of households with computer Percentage of households
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants Mobile-cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants International Internet bandwidth Bit/s per Internet user Percentage of households with computer Percentage of households with Internet access
Annex 3. Statistical tables of indicators used to compute de IDI 244 Percentage of individuals using the Internet Fixed (wired)- broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants Wireless-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
Society Report 2014 Percentage of individuals using the Internet Fixed (wired)- broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants Wireless-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants Economy 2012 2013 2012
International Internet bandwidth Bit/s per Internet user, 2012: 1) Refers to a survey conducted with the following companies:
International Internet bandwidth Bit/s per Internet user, 2013: 1) Purchased capacity. 2) As at December 2013.3) Total installed capacity.
Percentage of households with Internet access, 2012: 1) Estimated based on 2011 proportion of households with internet and using estimated annual growth rate of 2. 8%.2) Preliminary. 3) Data
and/or have access to internet. Sample weights have been applied. Not restricted to access at home. 5) Incl. desktop computer, laptop/notebook/netbook/tablet,
but excluded palm top/Personal digital assistant (PDA) and other devices for Internet connection (e g. smartphone, game console and e-book reader).
http://www. census. gov/hhes/computer/publications/2012. htm. Percentage of households with Internet access, 2013: 1) Labour force Survey 2013.2) Corresponds to all type of internet connections
and/or have access to internet. Sample weights have been applied. Not restricted to access at home. 5) Included desktop computer, laptop/notebook/netbook/tablet,
but excluded palm top/Personal digital assistant (PDA) and other devices for Internet connection (e g. smartphone, game console and e-book reader).
Use indicators Percentage of individuals using the Internet, 2012: 1) 15 years and older. Last 12 months. 2) Users in the last 3 months. 3) Estimated based on 2011 Residential consumer survey result and TRA analysis of the growth. 4) Individuals aged 16
Population 5+.10) 12+years. 11) Population 5+.Direct response from individuals 15 years and above. 12) The methodology depends basically on the number of internet users using hard indicators instead of data
The estimate is based on weighting households who use internet by the household size over the total estimated population.
27) Reference period for computer and Internet usage is 3 months only. 28) U s. Census bureau, Table 2:
http://www. census. gov/hhes/computer/publications/2012. htm. Percentage of individuals using the Internet,
The estimate is based on weighting households who use internet by the household size over the total estimated population.
+using internet in the last 3 months. 19) Individuals aged 15 to 72 years. 20) Estimated.
Fixed (wired)- broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, 2012: 1) Internet Activity Survey, June 2) Incl. fixed wireless broadband. 3) Fixed broadband in Bhutan is provided via ADSL/DSL networks only. 4) As of 2012 it includes also FTTH. 5) Expert assessment,
1 november 2013.2) Preliminary. 3) Internet Activity Survey, June 2013.4) Fixed broadband provided through ADSL/DSL and Fiber links. 5) Estimate,
These are the subscriptions with the minimum download speed of 512 kbps. This is as per the revised definition of Broadband in India with effect from 18th july 2013.12) December 13) ADSL and Leased lines. 14) Based on 2013q3 data
Wireless-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, 2012: 1) Only fixed Wimax subscriptions. 2) Internet Activity Survey, June 3) Break in comparability:
) High use of mobile phones to access the internet. 8) Incl. Home Box and RLANS. 9) Break in comparability,
2013: 1) Only fixed Wimax subscriptions. 2) Preliminary. 3) Internet Activity Survey, June 2013.4) Total number of EDGE/GPRS subscribers is 112
512 Kbps. 15) subscriptions with minimum download speed of 512 kbps. This is as per the revised definition of Broadband in India with effect from 18th july 2013.16) Data refer to the sum of fixed wireless
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