and social network. 8) The funding programmes shall be suitable for supporting early stage innovation. 9) The modernization of the Act on venture capital and clarification of the incentive mechanisms. 36 3 vision and objectives The specific objectives related to
and Facebook. 125 Higher taxes on ICT-producing companies may raise the price of ICT goods and services for everyone else.
Greg Sterling, France Wants To Tax Facebook, Google‘Personal data Collection,'Marketing Land, January 21, 2013, http://marketingland. com/france-wants-to-tax-facebook-google-personal data-collection-31196;
Jacob Albert, France Wants to Tax Data mining, and It's Not a Bad Idea, Quartz, January 22, 2013,
Part 1, Innovation Files (blog), June 22, 2012, http://www. innovationfiles. org/in-praise-of-big-business-part-1/.175.
Mark Scott, Uber Faces Rebukes in Europe, Bits (blog) New york times, accessed April 18, 2014, http://bits. blogs. nytimes. com/2014/04/17/uber-faces-rebukes-in-europe/.
/191. Pillar I: Digital Single Market Digital Agenda for Europe, Enterprise and Industry, European commission website, accessed May 15, 2014, http://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/en/our-goals
ONLINE AT WWW. ITIF. ORG, JOIN ITIF ON LINKEDIN OR FOLLOW ITIF ON TWITTER@ITIFDC AND ON FACEBOOK. COM/INNOVATIONPOLICY
Enterprise and Industry Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 More information on the European union is available on the Internet (http://europa. eu) Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.
Software for Social network Analysis.'Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies..30 high level of GDP and a sound R&d landscape.
'Social networks, 20:2, 135-41. Borgatti, S. & Everett, M. 2000.''Models of core/periphery structures.'
'Social networks, 21:4, 375-95. Borgatti, S. P.,Everett, M. G. & Freeman, L. C. 2002.'
Software for Social network Analysis.'Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies. Boutellier, R.,Gassmann, O. & von Zedtwitz, M. 2008.
'The Use of Social network Analysis in Knowledge Diffusion Research from Patent Data.''Paper presented at International Conference on Advances in Social network Analysis and Mining.
Dachs, B. & Pyka, A. 2010.''What drives the internationalisation of innovation? Evidence from European patent data.'
'Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification.''Social networks, 1: 3, 215-39. Garlaschelli, D. & Loffredo, M. 2005.'
'Structure and evolution of the world trade network.''Market Dynamics and Quantitative Economics Selection of papers presented at the First Bonzenfreies Colloquiumon Market Dynamics and Quantitative Economics, 355:1, 138-44.44 Gibbons, D. E. 2004.'
we apply social network analysis to study the locations of international R&d centres and the relationships between the countries owning
It is a sub-sector where the USA dominates with the largest players all being first movers Google in search, Facebook in social media, Apple in music content with itunes, ebay with online auctions and Amazon in online retail.
Facebook for instance, got off the ground initially using finance from the founder's parents, to buy servers and support programmers'costs (Kirkpatrick, 2010).
Facebook has only 3, 200 staff yet 800 million users (Waters, 2012). Third, as illustrated by these numbers,
Silicon valley for Google, Apple and Facebook, Seattle for Microsoft and Amazon. These US clusters have drawn on government local investments for R&d
and protect their position against US equivalents such as Linkedin. Both niche players and globally successful European ventures are attractive targets for acquisition.
establishing a social network for professionals similar to Linkedin. Success has come from high quality management, a well-focused strategy and execution of a viable business model.
XING might seem to be a more risky venture than much larger web service players, such as Linkedin and Facebook.
Thus web services such as Facebook, ebay, Twitter, etc have been favoured strongly by the VC community. Yet, the US VC industry has been investing in diverse sectors,
Thus web services such as Facebook, Google, ebay, Twitter, etc are favoured strongly by the VC community.
a Silicon valley Adventure, Little, Brown, New york. Kirkpatrick, D. 2010), The Facebook Effect, Virgin Books. Kuczmarski, TD,(1996), What is innovation?
Pierrakis, Y. and Collins, L. 2011), Crowdfunding Innovation, NESTA Blog, 25 november 2011, http://www. nesta. org. uk/assets/blog entries/crowdfunding innovation Piva
/aug2007/sb20070821 920025. htm Waters, R. 2012), Investors seek things to like on Facebook, Financial times, 3 february.
But it has lagged in social networking and social media, leaving Facebook and Zynga as leaders in the area.
For its next attack on other web services, it is hiring social media directors and launching into social media and games with software development.
and social networking tools, including Orkut and, more recently, Google Buzz and Google+.+Other applications include its web browser Google chrome, the Picasa photo organization and editing software,
http://nbry. wordpress. com/2011/07/26/unleashing-google-norms-running-the-rapid-innovation-engine/40 http://smartstorming-blog. com/googles-8020-formula-it-can-work-for-you/;
/http://blogs. reuters. com/mediafile/2011/10/20/sergey%E2%80%99s-secret-google-projects -and-the-challenge-of-1000-blooming-flowers/65 Capital investment Google received about $1miilion in angel investment around the time it incorporated in September 1998, from Andy Bechtolsheim (cofounder of Sun microsystems) Ram Shiram
a development that would also have troubled Facebook. Both Google and Facebook were reported to have been in talks to buy Skype. 50 The battle over the coming years for the VOIP market will be between Skype in the hands of Microsoft and Google talk, Apple Facetime and Facebook Chat.
Skype had a network of locations from the outset, with offices in Luxembourg, London, Stockholm, Tallinn, Tartu,
Tech Europe, 10 may 2011, http://blogs. wsj. com/tech-europe/2011/05/10/niklas-zennstrom-the-man-who-sold-skypetwice/52 Pricewaterhousecoopers, Luxembourg:
The social network that wasn't. The Big Money, 1 september 2009, http://web. archive. org/web/20100727140400/http://www. thebigmoney. com/articles/money-trail/2009/09/01
business social networking company. It offers a localized social networking defined by language for the business community by subscription.
The first launch was in German, across the German-speaking pale, for members in Austria and Switzerland,
in comparison, its US competitor, Linkedin, had 20m at that time. Headquarters are in Hamburg, Germany and it has 420 employees worldwide.
XING PR, 2011) Note that German privacy laws are quite clear that the kinds of things Facebook does may not be acceptable there,
or elsewhere in the EU in some MS. German social networking sites face strict local privacy laws, meaning they must undergo a long process of verification with all users positively opting-in before they can be signed up.
Thus the company is not able to compete with Facebook on a level playing field. However whether this is a disadvantage in the long run is unclear as prosecutions of Facebook
Google (especially Youtube) and other US web service providers may force them to align with EU standards of privacy in the future as legal processes develop.
Against the rivals from the USA, such as Linkedin, XING has a far better position, compared to those European national pure social networking sites in competition with Facebook.
For example, the Studivz group of three websites were collectively the German market leader with 13. 8m users,
with Facebook growing rapidly (over 11. 5m in the first half of 2010) to overtake
In Spain, Facebook overtook social networking national leader, Tuenti, in 2010, gaining 10. 5m users compared with the Spanish site's 6. 8m-Facebook's users tripled in a year.
Fabernovell (2007) XING Best practice social network websites. Interview with founder, download. 74 MARKOFF, J (2007) Move over Silicon valley,
Logic, Wall st Journal, 18 jan 2011, http://blogs. wsj. com/tech-europe/2011/01/18/russia-leads-700m-investment-in-plastic-logic/Plastic Logic:
http://ca. finance. yahoo. com/blogs/insight/kodak-lesson-ending-didn-t-happen-191731960. html Paul Semenza Kodak Exits OLED Business After 30 Years;
Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification. Social networks, 1 (3), 215-239. Fujita, M, . & Thisse, J.-F. 1996).
Economics of Agglomeration: C. E. P. R. Discussion Papers. Fujita, M, . & Thisse, J.-F. 2002).
websites By visi+ng trade expos and fairs We tend to be contacted by others By using own social network 0%20%40%60%80%100%The share of R&d expenditure in the ICT sector
http://blogs. telekom. com/2012/08/16/telekom-bringt-wettbewerb-in-monopolstrukturen/./Auch auf diesem Markt sind die Kabelnetzbetreiber keine kleinen Spieler mehr:
portals, websites, blogs and wikis; promotional literature; video clips; and slideshow presentations. In parallel, a number of consultation rounds with key educational stakeholders (policy-and decisionmakers, teachers, researchers, IT developers etc.
10 the Future of Learning Linkedin Group; 11 the etwinning Creative Classrooms Group; 12 the 10 http://groups. etwinning. net/web/creative-classroom/welcome 13 European Civil Society Platform on Lifelong Learning;
A small subset of the participants came from other dissemination channels such as Linkedin, SCALE CCR webpage and etwinning Creative Classrooms Group.
which stabilised after the Organisation and leadership area with 120 respondents. 11 http://www. linkedin. com/groups/Future-Learning-2266966/about 12 http://openeducationeuropa. eu/en
/blogs/join-jrc-ipts-line-consultation-policy-recommendationsmainstreaming-ict-enabled-innovation-le 13 http://www. eucis-lll. eu/news/public-consultations
%Last but not least, policy should support the application of various research methods (e g. teacherled research, control groups, experimental research, longitudinal studies, social networks analysis, learning analytics, big data research, etc.
Supporting the application of various research methods (e g. teacher-led research, control groups, experimental research, longitudinal studies, social networks analysis, learning analytics, big data research, etc.
Supporting the application of various research methods (e g. teacher-led research, control groups, experimental research, longitudinal studies, social networks analysis, learning analytics, big data research, etc.
, experimental research, longitudinal studies, social networks analysis, learning analytics, big data research, etc. to the study of complex'ecosystems'of ICTELI..
14 1. 16 Growth in daily Google searches, 2007-2013.16 1. 17 Growth in Facebook monthly active users, 2004-2013 (millions of users...
177 5. 2 How Twitter helps understand key post-2015 development concerns...179 5. 3 How mobile operators currently use data to track service uptake, business performance and revenues...
Since its creation in 2004, Facebook has grown to comprise 1. 3 billion active users by end 2013, a growth of 22 per cent over the past year (Chart 1. 17),
Wikipedia and Linkedin as well as various news and online e-market sites at the national level (see below on e-business).
Growth in Facebook monthly active users, 2004-2013 (millions of users) Source: Partnership (2014), based on http://www. theguardian. com/news/datablog/2014/feb/04/Facebook-in-numbers-statistics, accessed 6 march 2014.
Data sourced from Facebook. 0 500 1'000 1'500 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Millions
of users Chart 1. 18: Wikipedia articles total and English language, 2003-2013 (thousands of articles) Source:
around 30 per cent of European enterprises used social media, ranging from 15 per cent of enterprises in Latvia to 55 per cent in Malta. 18 Activities are mostly related to social networks (e g.
Facebook), followed by multimedia content sharing websites (e g. Youtube) and blogs (e g. Twitter. In the developing world, data on ICTS in enterprises are scarce
and only collected by few countries. The proportion of businesses with Internet access varies between 48 per cent in Azerbaijan and 97 per cent in Lebanon. 19 Of these,
http://www. statisticbrain. com/twitter-statistics/./18 Eurostat news release of 16 december 2013 and http://epp. eurostat. ec. europa. eu/statistics explained/index. php/Social media -statistics on the use by enterprises. 19 Data refer mostly to the year
which includes not just telecommunication companies but also over-the-top (OTT) service providers such as Google, Twitter, Facebook, Whatsapp, Netflix, Amazon and many others, captures a wide array of behavioural
Online activities/social media Online search activities Online page views Blogs and posts and other authored and unauthored online content and social media activities Audio/images/videos Source:
This broadly includes data captured directly by telecommunication operators as well as by Internet companies and by content providers such as Google, Facebook, Twitter, etc.
and humanitarian action, has been mining Twitter data from Indonesia (where Twitter usage is high) 9 to understand food price crises.
In fact, it was able to use predictive analytics on the Twitter data to forecast the consumer price index several weeks in advance (Byrne, 2013.
UN Global Pulse is also using Twitter data to understand and compare the relevance of different development topics among countries (Box 5. 2). Box 5. 2:
How Twitter helps understand key post-2015 development concerns As the process of formulating the post-2015 development agenda continues,
Users can select a country to see the number of tweets generated by its Twitter users in regard to the highlighted topic,
Using Twitter to visualize trends in global development topics In fact, the ICT sector is itself using the Internet as a source of big data for monitoring purposes.
A 2013 study into the characteristics and behaviour of Facebook users, for example, revealed that while in many ways Facebook users have real-life behaviour and characteristics,
in many ways the social network fails as a representation of society. On the one hand, for example, the American Facebook user's relationship status of married on Facebook is very similar to real life (census) data on the average age
when American people get married. On the other hand, however, the average American Facebook user is much younger than the average citizen. 12 This is just one example
but it highlights the need to take account of particular characteristics and the limitations of producing representative results
when extracting information from online users'behaviour. Given the popularity of mobile-cellular services, non-Internet-related mobilenetwork big data seems to have the widest socioeconomic coverage in the near term,
Chapter 5. The role of big data for ICT monitoring and for development 184 Customer profiles include details about customers'mobility patterns, social networks and consumption preferences.
This often calls for an understanding of the level of influence of each subscriber's social networks, both on-network (i e. within the same operator) as well as off-network (i e.
For example, by understanding their customers'relationships to their social networks (and their relative importance within them),
Furthermore, social network insights can be used by an operator to market its services to the off-network contacts that are connected to its customers
fraud detection Social network analysis marketing Agent monitoring Enhanced credit Algorithmic liquidity needs prediction Income and poverty assessment Mapping social divides GDP estimates
bad harvest Ag yield/shock predictions Campaign effectiveness Social network delineated market areas Predictive algorithms to anticipate prod. churn Social network targeted marketing Post-disaster refugee reunification
geolocated Twitter messages and the census showed very similar results, and although the representativeness of the Twitter geolocated data was lower than the (real-time) mobile-phone and census data,
the degrees of consistency between the population density profiles and mobility patterns detected by means of the three datasets were significant (Lenormand et al, 2014).
They combined this analysis with a study of users'social networks with two users being considered as connected
or participating in social networks. Survey-based data can also be broken down by individual characteristics, including gender, age, educational level and occupation,
In addition, mobile-operator data could be combined with customer information from popular online services, such as Facebook, Google or other, local (financial, social etc.
and by taking into account usage patterns or data from popular Internet companies such as Google or Facebook.
and release additional big datasets containing weather, public and private transport, energy, event and social network data.
For instance, a recent study showed how Facebook likes could accurately predict a range of behavioural attributes such as, inter alia, sexual orientation, ethnicity, religious and political views,
the subsequent social network analysis could contain errors (overstating or understating tie strength, for example). While it may not be possible to establish data provenance as envisaged by scientists,
Not everyone uses Twitter, Facebook or Google. For example, ITU estimates suggest that 40 per cent of the world's population uses the Internet.
social networks and consumption among men and women, and between different socioeconomic groups, which would not have been possible using only the call records.
and telecommunication operators and Internet companies, including search engines and social networks, on the other, is necessary
ITU and UN Global Pulse), the Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development, ICT industry associations and producers of big data (Google, Facebook, etc.)
/.9 According to Peerreach. com, 20 per cent of Indonesia's online population uses Twitter, the second highest ratio in the world.
See http://www. ibtimes. com/twitter-usage-statistics-which-country-has-most-active-twitter-population-1474852.10 See http://www. broadband. gov/qualitytest/about/.
http://www. itu. int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid. aspx. 12 See http://blog. stephenwolfram. com/2013/04/data science-of-the-facebook-world/.
Byrne, C. 2013), How The UN's New Data Lab in Indonesia Uses Twitter to Preempt Disaster, Fast Company.
. 2011), Out of sight out of Mind-How Our Mobile Social network Changes during Migration. 2011 IEEE Third Int'l Conference on Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust and 2011 IEEE Third Int
All company employees are now on an internal social network. Intel has also set up teams based on accounts
If companies could give their relationship to digital transformation a Facebook status, it would be it's complicated.
Social networks: platforms that allow the user to connect and interact with other people, based on mutual interests and experiences,
Blogs/Forums: platforms that are owned by people, communities or businesses of any kind which deliver general or personalized content.
The difference between them and a website is that blogs & forums are generally build on free platforms
Otherwise said, 40%of the total European population is represented by active social network users. 4 Global Web Index, Q2,
There are notable differences in the geographical use of social networking and social media technologies amongst EU Member States;
However, there is also a generational split as younger people use the Internet less outside social networking sites in all Member States,
while older people who use social networking sites are practically Page 58 of 170 the same as the percentage of Internet users.
These differences have a major impact on the effective deployment and uptake of social networking and social media by business and public sector organizations.
https://www. quintly. com/blog/2013/02/facebook-country-stats-february-2013-top-10-countries-lose-users/Page 59 of 170 2. 4
searching for information, communicating by means of the social networks, etc..The electronic commerce continues to increase significantly, even in the context of the actual economic crisis.
These range from social networks for those living with chronic health conditions, to online platforms for citizen participation in policymaking, to using open data to create more transparency around public spending.
the use of platforms like Facebook to serve social good has been disputed accidental and secondary to their primary commercial purpose.
This network effect applies in a straightforward manner for some services such as social networking sites like Facebook,
Yet on the level of services, the emerging cloud model of some services (proprietary social networks, big data providers, implementations of the Internet of things
Facebook dominating the social networking and identity ecosystem, while Apple, Amazon and Microsoft control the mobile market and cloud-based services platforms).
Facebook has enabled the building of thousands of apps and helped people to connect and organise.
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 19 POWER TO INTERNET THE PEOPLE Wikis, Usergenerated knowledge P2p Free Content Blogs Social networks E-democracy PEOPLE
The development of open data, federated identity, bottom-up wireless and sensor networks, open hardware and distributed social networks can potentially serve collective action and awareness.
Goteo is a social network for crowdfunding and distributed collaboration (services, infrastructure, micro tasks and other resources) for encouraging the independent development of creative initiatives that contribute to the common good, free knowledge and open code.
D-CENT is developing a decentralised social networking platform for large-scale collaboration and decision-making and is piloting open source solutions across Europe engaging new political partices, citizen movements and governments.
Other projects are exploring the potential of federated social networking, such as D-CENT and Diaspora, and the promotion and diffusion of knowledge systems in the public domain, such as Communia.
For instance distributed social networking projects such as Diaspora, Status. net or easy-to-run servers like arkos
and then deploy, run, monitor Innovative combinations of network solutions and infrastructures, e g. sensor networks, free interoperable network services, open Wifi, bottom-up-broadband, distributed social networks,
Ordinary people today use blogs wikis, social networks and hundreds of other collaborative platforms to manage their daily lives,
solve social challenges, and to participate in e-campaigns, crowdfunding etc. Furthermore, the ability to access, use,
we have identified DSI actors as part of a larger social network and have mapped this network in a way that has not been possible before.
Social networks are defined formally as set of nodes (or network members) that are tied by one or more types of relations (Wasserman and Faust, 1994).
In the case of the DSI social network collected in this study, the nodes in a graph are organisations,
This dataset is likely to fairly represent the empirical phenomena at hand with two caveats 1) It has a bias towards English speakers as the survey was translated not into other European languages 2) As outreach was directed by the partners it is likely to reflect their social networks in more depth
than disconnected social networks. However, it is a large sample and thus worth exploring in detail. The graph of the networks is given in Figure 11
TOP-DOWN GRASSROOTS, DISTRIBUTED COLLABORATION, SOCIAL VALUES Commercial social networks/markets (FB, Apple, Android...Federated Social networks (Diaspora...
Crowdsourcing Social web entrepreneurs Startup Europe Smart Cities Internet of things Bottom up and grassroots approaches A counterpoint to the top-down strategy is the bottom-up,
and combines the informal nature of social networks with a methodological approach of foresights to engage stakeholders in the poliy making process.
Besides the standard tools available in most social networks, Futurium participatory tools offer several features to support collective foresight, such as scenario building, collective debate and voting for policies.
and provide a holistic framework to support them. 5. Democratic and distributed social network Distributes and federated social networks based on open source code and open standards to promote open democracy, collective debate, deliberation and voting.
I would call it Yups. com: Yups for the positive votes and Oops for the negative ones.
distributed cloud, distributed search, decentralised social networking, public identity management, and encrypted email service. The Internet ecosystem today is highly centralised The current Internet is dominated by a handful of mainly US companies that control all the layers of the ecosystem (app store, cloud, machine learning, devices),
and federated social networking. It can also include the development of open source mobile phone alternatives such as Fairphone69 on top of
This should include the use of social networking platforms, independent media and other news applications. For instance, the elaboration of a newsletter or creating a DSI strategy blog would be a helpful instrument to spread the message from the European commission
and to provide updated information about policy deployment. A DSI networking platform that crowdmaps initiatives
Big OTT are Google, Skype, Youtube, Netflix, Facebook, Amazon and EBAY. 4 Sestini, Fabrizio.``Collective awareness platforms:
Social network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge university Press D. Watts and S. Strogatz (1998. Collective dynamics of‘small-world'networks.
pdf 29 http://www. citizens. is/citizens-foundation-main-achievements/30 http://www. washingtonpost. com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/01/22/brazil-let-its-citizens
http://www. robotshop. com/blog/en/dfrobotshop-rover-or-arduino-ontracks-3708 Accessed 29th january 2015 Nicholas Zambetti (2009) Arduino Serial board online
http://do. minik. us/blog/oecd bli Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 85 online http://caps2020. eu Available from:
teachers used data collection methods such as focus group interviews, observations, video recordings, individual interviews, journals, weekly logs, reflective essays, student blogs
and also the much wider domain of e-commerce transactions in goods and services. 11 Online retailing, online press, search engines, social networks, blogs, media streaming, online gambling and e-health
searching for information, communicating via social networks, etc..Electronic commerce continues to grow substantially, even in the current economic crisis.
several new services and activities have emerged that the legislators could not have foreseen, such as video-sharing sites, selling platforms, social networks and peer-2-peer services.
whereas others, in particular selling platforms, video sharing sites, social networks and search engines, favoured the inclusion of those activities within the"safe harbour"regime.
case law exists in relation to blogs discussion fora and social networks. For example: Usenet (a system in which users post messages to a newsgroup) was considered a caching provider by the German Regional Court of Munich96
because information was mirrored and stored on its service for about 30 days. A UK court, however, considered that British telecom operated a hoster in providing Usenet newsgroups (in the case Bunt v Tilley.)
97 The High court of England and Wales (Kaschke v. Gray Hilton) 98 refused to apply the liability exemption for hosting to a blog owner,
Myspace) 100 held that the social network service Myspace was not offering a hosting activity and therefore 94 Paris Tribunal de Grande Instance (TGI), 26.10.2010;
In 2009 the Commission brokered an agreement on a code between a large group of social networks with the objective of ensuring the safety of minors online. 131 On 4 may 2011 a representative group of right holders and internet platforms
http://ec. europa. eu/information society/activities/social networking/docs/sn principles. pdf 132 See: http://ec. europa. eu/internal market/iprenforcement/docs/memorandum 04052011 en. pdf 133 The website www. chillingeffects. org, an initiative from several US law faculties and some NGOS
or blogs) applies to several categories of illegal content; The Italian law on child pornography through the internet establishes a blocking mechanism for child abuse content;
A similar case, on the compatibility of such a filtering obligation for a social network, is currently pending before the ECJ. 140 3. 4. 5. 2 National law Article 15 has been transposed in different ways across the EU. Some Member States did not consider it necessary to introduce a prohibition of general monitoring in their legislative framework
Millions of citizens publish photos, blogs and text about families, friends and colleagues on social networks such as Netlog, Linkedin and Facebook,
and commercial blogs offer content and services to consumers for free, earning revenue by selling advertising space on their sites to businesses that intend to reach those customers.
The question has been raised to what extent the commercial communications rules of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive also apply to new services such as the online social networks. 183 See recently for example the Ker-Optika judgment,
and the Enterprise Europe Network226 confirm that businesses with an interest in 223 On 16 november 2011 the Commission hosted a seminar to discuss consumer problems with digital products, such as e-mail, social networks, music, films, e
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