The technology has had the greatest contribution to facilitating the new communication and collaboration techniques, especially by the growth of the Internet, through social networking, Web conferencing and instant messaging.
Such trends force universities to adapt innovative marketing strategies embracing social networks, interactive websites, intranet and content marketing techniques
The HBR Blog Network 29 has argued recently for revisiting business education placing emphasis on holistic thinking, global perspectives, technology, entrepreneurship,
The use of social media by universities is on the rise with many leading universities having hundreds of thousands followers on their social network pages.
the Massachusetts institute of technology has 170 000+followers on its Twitter page 35, more than 600 000+likes on its news page on Facebook 36 and 650 000+subscribers on its Open Course Ware page on Youtube with millions of views 37.
A greater transparency and openness in communication approaches results in new technology and trends in developing universities websites.
and expertise marketing to content marketing featuring video, podcasts, blogs, elements of gamification and community events.
Blog Network, July 2014.30) https://www. coursera. org/(31) https://www. edx. org/(32) https://www. udacity. com/nanodegree (33
) https://www. khanacademy. org (34) https://www. iggy. net (35) https://twitter. com/mit (36) https://www. facebook. com/MITNEWS
A User Centred Open Innovation Ecosystem, Webergence Blog, Retrieved January 2011 http://www. cwe-projects. eu/pub/bscw. cgi/715404 (6) Pallot
On Medium, a social network developed in North america, one can find long reads and open speech publications.
You could say Medium is the opposite of Facebook media stars like Buzzfeed 4. All examples are in conflict with the business model of a traditional publisher.
Step into the next Facebook! Use the co-creation model! Invite other experts from the sector to give you feedback on your innovative ideas!
and enable social networking among innovators and the communities they serve. There is much that needs to be done to properly establish OI2 in Europe This is why policy-makers must make serious efforts to strengthen the framework supporting open innovation approaches.
as abstract as a social networking site, or be an admixture of both. There must be a leader who is much like a theatrical producer.
and reinforcing the vision with active social network management and orchestration. Russell et al describe innovation ecosystems as‘the interorganisational, political, economic, environmental,
Artefacts 1 1 1 1 4 K4. 1 Group Cognition 1 1 2 Social S1. 1 Social networking 1 1 1
'Webergence Blog Retrieved January 2011 http://www. cwe-projects. eu/pub/bscw. cgi/715404 (8) Pallot, M.,Pawar, K. S. 2012.‘
‘User Experience Tables',Webergence Blog Retrieved December 2013 http://www. cwe-projects. eu/pub/bscw. cgi/715404 (14) Ståhlbröst, A. 2008.
the creator of Twitter, was the first to develop a mobile device for banking activities, launched in May 2010.
In addition, the social networking capabilities enacted via the fourth pillar would enhance the likelihood and impact of knowledge serendipity and knowledge arbitrage events('happy accidents')(25).
such as a celebratory blog (Arctic Start-up) and a valley-related name (Arctic Valley. The fashionable argument now is that Nokia's decline is‘the best thing that ever happened to this country'.
-regionalinnovation-smart-specialisation-strategy http://know-hub. eu/blog/involving-enterprisesin-the-design-of-a-ris3-strategy. html http://errinnetwork. eu/content/importance-keyenabling-technologies
IBM, Nokia, Google, Facebook, Microsoft, Apple) show, the platform owner potentially gains substantial advantages in terms of value creation and market dominance.
Social network or crowdsourcing businesses reflect these new business models and a new philosophy where Internet is the natural environment in
with periodic‘feedback on the feedback'via updated newsletters and blogs as part of an ongoing conversation and continuous recalibration of the national agenda.
The Openeyif implementation project website and websites of the incubators and their ecosystem actors, social media networks, blogs, specialised discussion forums, technology news sites and through targeted advertising (e g.
Facebook and Google ads; Public platforms: relevant European commission Portals, National and Regional Government sites; Indirect:
When entrepreneurs tap into larger social networks to pitch an idea, they begin to create mindshare
using social networks and crowdfunding platforms to finance their businesses and projects. By doing so individual entrepreneurs and early growth companies can solicit donations from individual stakeholders (including friends, family, colleagues, other business owners, etc.
Crowdsourcing Blog. Retrieved January 2, 2013.6) Chesbrough, Henry William (1 march 2003. Open Innovation: The new imperative for creating
American Journal of Sociology, Volume 78, Issue 6 may, 1973), 1360 1380 (10) http://bits. blogs. nytimes. com/2013/04/10/g-eturns
One of the most interesting documents I have encountered ever in this respect is in fact the Facebook statement of rights and responsibilities.
Besides, as nearly everyone is in the Facebook today, this is a binding service agreement nearly everyone has closed.
Facebook is also using a choice of law strategy using the California State law. You are welcome to submit your legal claims in the Santa clara County Court.
Data driven firms like Facebook, Amazon and Google, on the other hand, take the hacker way. They run experiments thousands upon thousands of them.
companies can make strategic use of social networks (Marandi et al.,2010), online communities (Spaulding, 2010; Dahlander et al.
Facebook and value cocreation, Marketing Review, 10 (2), pp. 169-183.49. Mckinsey (2008. Building the Web 2. 0 Enterprise. 50.
and blogs where recipes could be added and where people could learn inspirational ways to fry food.
and blogs where recipes could be added and where people could learn inspirational ways to fry food.
Genetech, Google and Facebook not only grew rapidly but also stimu-28 For recent studies on the issue of determinants of firm growth see Moreno/Casillas (2008);
http://blogs. straitstimes. com/2010/8/29/national-day-rally-part-2. SPRING Singapore http://www. spring. gov. sg/.
Genetech, Google and Facebook not only grew rapidly but also stimu-28 For recent studies on the issue of determinants of firm growth see Moreno/Casillas (2008);
http://blogs. straitstimes. com/2010/8/29/national-day-rally-part-2. SPRING Singapore http://www. spring. gov. sg/.
CNECT-digicult@ec. europa. eu CNECT-Creativity@ec. europa. eu Twitter:@@digiculteu &@ICTCREATIVITYEU 12 3d & Cultural Heritage
and develop use of Irish and Irish speaking social networks in the Gaeltacht and throughout the region.
and strengthen Irish speaking social networks and Irish-medium institutions. Undertake linguistic impact studies where necessary to mitigate possible negative impacts of medium/large scale development proposals being brought forward within
and develop use of Irish and Irish speaking social networks throughout the region. Planning Authorities should take cognisance of the need to preserve place names at local level through appropriate policies on naming streets and other developments.
Recommendations by a Business Panel on future EU innovation policy Supported by an online debate at http://blogs. ec. europa. eu/innovationunlimited/We propose to base EU action around compelling social challenges
http://blogs. ec. europa. eu/innovationunlimited/3 Innovation has been a central EU priority over the last decade.
Innovation unlimited at http://blogs. ec. europa. eu/innovationunlimited/./These discussions were an inspiration for us,
including social networks across boundaries. European society is developing rapidly as new countries join the Union
http://blogs. ec. europa. eu/innovationunlimited/,where citizens can cocreate policy ideas and exploiting the potential of Web 2. 0. We as individuals
http://blogs. ec. europa. eu/innovationunlimited
Research and Innovation Strategy for the Smart Specialisation of Catalonia Contents Executive summary...3 1. Framework...
Creative and Cultural Enterprise ICT including next generation internet and computing, information security, software, gaming, social networking, digital media, digital content, e-learning;
Creative and Cultural Enterprise ICT including next generation internet and computing, information security, software, gaming, social networking, digital media, digital content, e-learning;
mobile apps and social networks apps, etc.;c) include measures in support of the regional capacity to plan,
Actors were identified through‘knowledge maps'(social network analyses of the Romanian RDI ecosystem based on data collected from projects, publications, patents;
extensive data8 on scientific productivity and on the concentration of scientific competences assembled in a format styled‘knowledge maps'(social network analyses with a visual and geographical (GIS) component.
Implica una concienciación y aprovech Existen iniciativas interesantes que testar, ampliar, evaluar como blogs propiciados por la administración para difundir
las bondades del turismo regional (ej. http://www. turismocastillalamancha. com/blog/clubes Los diferentes agentes del sistema de I+D+i tienen
social networks, mobility, and geolocation services; telecommuting; cloud computing, and new pay-peruse models, Open Data; new models for collaboration with other companies.
social networks, mobility and geolocation; telework; Cloud computing, pay--peruse models; Open Data, demand for contents, more usable technologies closer to citizens, etc.
There is now an extensive and growing literature on the impact that internet and social media tools (such Facebook, Twitter and Instagram,
are prepared increasingly to experiment with social network technologies-from simple systems like Skype to other more sophisticated tele-presence systems
Web 2. 0, Wikis and Social networking. Paris: OECD. Available for download at: http://www. oecd. org/fr/sti/ieconomie/participativewebandusercreatedcontentweb20wikisandsocialnetworking. htm OECD (2008b)‘ Shaping Policies for the Future of the internet economy'.
and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs,
thereby underscoring the importance of social networks. Adragna and Lusardi (2008), on the other hand, single out gender and age as the key determinants of entrepreneurship;
Tolerance and access to social networks appear to be key factors in attracting skilled, entrepreneurial and career-minded people.
p. 1). Social networks based on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are also gaining importance both as social innovation in themselves and as producers of social change (De Biase, 2009),
and social networks can contribute to connect people and good causes. In this case a web based platform has opened up the boundaries of donation mechanisms to support among others also social enterprises and socially innovative initiatives.
In addition to online donation capabilities, ammado offers giving vouchers and interactivity with other social networks like Facebook and Twitter.
Nonprofits can add the Donate Now box to their Facebook Fan Pages. The ammado donations widget is one of the platform's latest features.
blog or social network profile that can accept embeddable HTML. It has a welcoming image which invites visitors to donate.
and there without navigating away from the site/blog. In 2008, Edelman Goodpurpose released a study on Mutually beneficial marketing:
aspirations and values were locked into local social networks or milieu of innovation. However, not all networks are creative and innovative.
Social networks have also been instrumental in creating new forms of local partnerships driving positive change.
that social networks and processes themselves are important resources to anticipate change and to make societies more cohesive and resilient.
The development of the Internet and more particularly social networking sites opened up vast opportunities for user-led innovation that ranges from political activism (the Arab spring,
Social network Digital City Management Journal of International Technology and Information management 1 Social network Enhanced Digital City Management and Innovation Success:
With the advance of technology, social networks that play a fundamental role as a medium for the spread of information, ideas,
This study investigates how social network theories can be used to design and manage a web-based digital city that connects entrepreneurs to influential factors of innovation (e g.,
A social network can be defined as a set of people, organizations or other social entities, connected by a set of socially meaningful relationships, such as friendship,
Social networks provide participants with opportunities of finding social support, establishing new social or business contacts (Hogg & Adamic,
With the advancements in communication technology, social networking model can be applied in developing a digital city.
Starting from the conception of building social network based web sites in 1999, the focus on this area has increased significantly.
Although both digital cities and social networks could carry out major social and economic advancements (Ishida, 2002a & 2002b),
limited research exists to apply social network concepts to design and construct a digital city to enhance innovation success. Therefore,
the objective of this study is to apply theories from social network and digital city in designing a web-based digital city as a means of connecting individuals to influential factors of innovation and,
First, a brief literature review on influential factors for innovation success, social networks and digital cities is provided followed by the research methodology.
and managing a social network based digital city. This case study presents different means and designs to strengthen an individual's social network,
to connect individuals to influential factors of innovation, and to obtain support needed during the innovation process.
Finally, the implications and future research directions are presented. 2 Social network Digital City Management Journal of International Technology
Social networks It is believed that innovation success is correlated positively with the opportunity to mobilize and direct resources/support to a solution from different support dimensions during the innovation process.
and direct resources is a function of the strength of his/her social network. Therefore, it is important for an individual to have a strong social network
in order to establish and maintain connectivity to resources needed for innovation success. Consequently, strengthening an individual's social network leads to higher probability for innovation success. A social network is a graph of relationships and interactions within a group of individuals (often called actors in social network literature) and plays a fundamental role
as a medium for the spread of information, ideas, and influence among its members (Churchill et al.,
Figure 4 is an illustration of relationships in a social network. In the figure, elliptical items represent individuals in a social network.
For ease of understanding, only 3 levels of relationships have been depicted in the diagram and only individual 1 (ellipse 1) at 3 B. R. Lea, W. B. Yu & P. Kannan
The social network starts at individual 1 who has a direct social relationship with individuals 2,
A social network can exist if an individual has an acquaintance that can form a social relationship
they are still part of a social network. Though there is a link, it is not strong. These types of links will be considered as end nodes
Just as individuals can link to each other through a social relationship and form a social network network groups (Garton et al.
and C are social network groups and ellipse 13 represents an individual who is not a part of any group.
and is part of this social network. Each social group has a set of individuals who have social links among them
so this scholar's membership in these two networks links the two social networks by forming a path between computer technology researchers and the scholar's friends. 4 Figure 4:
A Social network Illustration. 1 234567891011121312345 6 7 8910111213a B c Figure 5: A Social network Consisting Groups and Individuals.
The basic properties of social networks include size, density, degree, reachability (Hanneman, 2001), connectivity (Stocker, 2001),
and multiplexity (Emirbayer & Goodwin, 1994). Size of the network is indexed by counting the number of nodes in the network (Stocker 2001.
For instance, Social network Digital City Management Journal of International Technology and Information management 5 individuals who are work associates may also be linked by family ties, political affiliations,
A social network provides a venue for storytelling or showcasing projects and best practices and could be leveraged to create new knowledge resources as social networks also allow interpersonal relations to cut across boundaries (i e.,
, neighborhood, workplace, and kinship or class). With application of information and communication technology, social networks become flexible
and can be sustained over distance and are hence helpful in maintaining a community in a mobile society.
Benefits of having a strong social network include opportunities of finding social support, establishing new social
) The construction of a digital city is built often upon social network concepts including common interests or shared goals (Akahani et al.
A conventional social network is built on people while a digital city is built on an online medium with participants consisting of human users and computer programs.
Therefore, a social network based digital city is more flexible (Ishida, 2002b), has more multidimensional means for dissemination activities (Götzl et al.,
2002), and provides more effective and efficient information integration than a traditional social network. Digital cities often apply technology to encourage public participation more effectively and efficiently than traditional forms of social network.
As a result, the network growth rate of digital cities is much higher than traditional social networks.
Without the physical boundaries, digital cities impart and enhance benefits of traditional social networks across time
and space and accelerate and globalize the networking process (Lea et al.,2006). ) Furthermore, a digital city can easily support
and maintain bigger networks more securely than conventional social networks. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLGY Successful innovation is an important factor for economic development.
Ishida, 2002a) and both digital cities and social networks could carry out major social and economic advancements (Ishida, 2002a;
However, limited research exists to address applying social network concepts to design and construct a digital city to support innovation process and, consequently,
the objective of this research is to address how social network theories can be used to design
This study provides sample designs that apply social network concepts to promote and structure social interactions among the users of a digital city
B. R. Lea, W. B. Yu & P. Kannan 2007 Volume 16, Number 3 The I3 is built a social network on an electronic medium to form a digital city that consists of an aggregation
and maintaining a strong social network is time consuming and effort intensive, the objectives of the I3 project are to manage the network of users
and communities to participate in social network activities (e g. exchange of information, resources, or knowledge) Enabling users to learn best practices
collecting and correlating social network data (e g. degree, density, etc.)for innovation success Providing a framework for timely communication and distribution of experiences, contextual information,
only the administrator modules that focus on the management of a social network based digital city is discussed in this study.
and. 6 Social network Digital City Management Journal of International Technology and Information management Figure 6: Entity Relationship Diagram. 7 B. R. Lea, W. B. Yu & P. Kannan 2007 Volume 16, Number 3 Figure 7:
and search capabilities that allow the administrator to retrieve specific user information for modification or deletion. 8 Social network Digital City Management Journal of International Technology and Information management Figure 8:
It is important to track social network evolution for every user at all times (Hanneman, 2001) as social interaction can form influential circles that transform innovation into a successful business plan.
a user's initial social network information is maintained by four entities including communication group, social group, influential group,
and used to monitor changes in social network parameters and network evolution of users. The information maintained by the entities is used to calculate the network's key parameters like effective size of the network, density and redundancy,
as shown in Figure 9. These social network measures are calculated dynamically and will change when new users are added to the system.
Partial User Social network information Survey Who Knows Who. 10 Social network Digital City Management Journal of International Technology and Information management Figure 10:
Therefore, having a strong social network is beneficial in finding social support, establishing new social or business contacts for collaboration (Hogg & Adamic, 2004;
) However, access to sources of resources through person-to-person social networking is laborious, time consuming, and often unfruitful and is not efficient or effective because of geographic distance, topical distance, concept communication, potential advantage recognition,
the software agent could 12 Social network Digital City Management Journal of International Technology and Information management review all resources available that match the requester's requirements and can direct the resource to the user (this process is done currently by the human administrator),
and key social network statistics, serves as a systematic mechanism to record and evaluate social network performance and knowledge,
and provides leverage to the administrator in making important managerial decisions. Six types of reports in I3 are provided to track resource usage in the system.
and total resource requests by region. 14 Social network Digital City Management Journal of International Technology and Information management Figure 15:
Case Manager Profile. 16 Social network Digital City Management Journal of International Technology and Information management (A as a User (user 1020 in this example)( b) As a System Administrator
SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS Social networks and digital cities go hand in hand and can positively improve the probability of innovation success. This study documents design
and initial deployment of a digital city project‘Innovation Information Infrastructure (I3)' based on social network concepts to enhance success of innovation through promoting
or indirect connectedness to improve his or her social network. Table 5. 1 summarizes the key functionalities implemented in I3 and its effect in advancing Social networking and innovation.
Although major functions needed to establish and maintain one's social network are in place, several essential functions are yet to be developed to improve efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed social network based digital city prototype.
Personalization and intelligent interaction between digital cities and their users based on user 18 Social network Digital City Management Journal of International Technology and Information management profiles are still challenges.
Forums, chat rooms, and other discussion places need to be developed to provide better participation and collaboration for users.
Business and transaction services are yet to be provided. Also as part of future enhancements, software agents can be developed
In the entirety, I3 has been successful in implementing social networks but analyzing the data and building a knowledge base would help build a stronger digital community.
Reporting Collect user perspectives on different issues of Social network ing and forming influential circles through social interaction Questionnaire/Survey,
and can help identify important nodes in the network Social network Analysis ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project is funded by National Science Foundation Award#0332378, Partnerships for Innovation Program, Dr. John hurt Program Director
Digital Networks & Social networks, isociety Alex Macgillivray, New Economics Foundation. Downey, J, . & Mcguigan, J. ed)( 1999).
Studying Online Social networks, The Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3 (1), http://www. ascusc. org/jcmc/vol3/issue1/garton. html. Götzl,
Introduction to Social network Methods, University of California, Riverside. Hiltz, H r, . & Wellman, B. 1997) Asynchronous Learning Networks As A Virtual Classroom, Communications of the ACM, September, 40,9, 44-49.
Enhancing Reputation Mechanisms via Online Social networks, Proceedings of the 5th ACM conference on Electronic commerce, EC'04 may 17 20, New york, New york, USA, ACM Press, 236-237.20
Social network Digital City Management Journal of International Technology and Information management Igbaria, M. 1999. The Driving forces In The Virtual Society, Communications of the ACM, December, 42,12, 64-70.
Enhancing business networks using social network based virtual communities, Industrial Management and Data systems, 106 (1), 121-138.
Consensus and cohesion in simulated social networks, Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 4, 4. Vivian, N,
Social networks in Transnational and Virtual Communities, Proceedings of Conference:‘‘Insite Where Parallels Intersect',June, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
An electronic group is virtually a social network, in Kiesler, S. Ed.)Culture of the internet.
Lawrence Erlbaum, 179 205.22 About the Authors Journal of International Technology and Information management i About the Authors Volume 16, Number 3, 2007 Social network Enhanced Digital City Management
Prashanth Kannan conducted research in the area of Social networking/Digital Cities and business innovations and received his MS degree in Computer sciences from University of missouri at Rolla.
the growth of social media (Facebook, Twitter and many others) has helped simplify the collaboration between people, communities and countries encouraging successful innovation.
With the internet of things (Iot), web connected products with smartphone apps or access to social networks are increasingly becoming important drivers for Social Innovation as they offer new solutions and accessibility to society.
we can‘‘mash up''digital services like Google's maps and Facebook's social newsfeed in no time and on a shoestring budget.
Among them, 92.4%used social networks (Facebook, Linkedin, Tuenti, Google+,Viadeo, Yammer...40.9%used company blogs or microblogs (Twitter, Presently, Blogger, Typepad etc.
and 39.6%did so with websites that share multimedia content (Youtube, Flickr, Picassa, Slideshare, Instagram...
however, to distinguish between innovations that have a social impact (such as new technologies or social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter) and social innovations.
and the associated Facebook page had over 80,000 followers at its peak. It is interesting to note that here we are talking about the power of the Internet in a country where currently Internet penetration is compared 21%5 to say 79%for Germany6. 2 Current Issues The Internet has recently been in the news with stories covering two main issues
. html 3 http://www. fi3p. eu 4 http://www. mediaite. com/tv/picture-of-the-day-cairo-protester-holds-sign-that-saysthank-you-facebook/5
4 that increasing the bandwidth on the backbone network will not suffice due to new qualitative requirements concerning, for example, highly critical services such as ehealth applications, clouds of services and clouds of sensors, new social network
and (distributed) querying and also solutions for large scale/real-time data mining/social network analysis, so as to achieve successful retrieval and integration of information from an extremely high numer of sources across the network.
Another important segment of mobile application and service evolution is social networking. As devices, networks and modes of communications evolve,
In the future, social networking might evolve even further, like to cover broader areas of personal communication in a more integrated way,
or to put online gaming on the next level deeply impregnated with social networking and virtual reality. Even though video seems to be a major force behind the current traffic growth of the mobile Internet,
to participative applications including blogs, wikis, online social networks, RSS feeds, Instant Messaging, P2p applications, online gaming and increasingly pervasive Voip applications.
, retail, supply chain management or manufacturing, the Internet of things to social networks. While it is evident that sharing
From http://www. symantec. com/connect/blogs/w32stuxnet-dossier 6. Chow, R.,Golle, P.,Jakobsson, M.,Shi, E.,Staddon, J.,Masuoka, R
on the market for data protection in social networks. In: Moore, T.,Pym, D.,Ioannidis, C. eds.
etc. the Internet is currently providing a rich environment for social networking and collaboration and for emerging Cloud-based applications such as Amazon's EC2,
and the release of the Opengraph12 API by Facebook. Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook's CEO claimed recently that Open Graph was the the most transformative thing we've ever done for the Web 13.3 Services on the Web Currently the world of services on the Web is marked by the formation of two main groups
of services. On the one hand, classical Web services, based on WSDL and SOAP, play a major role in the interoperability within and among enterprises.
On the other hand, an increasing number of popular Web and Web 2. 0 applications as offered by Facebook, Google,
Flickr and Twitter offer easy-to-use, publicly available Web APIS, also referred to as RESTFUL services (properly
/world cup 2010/default. stm 10 http://www. bbc. co. uk/blogs/bbcinternet/2010/07/bbc world cup 2010 dynamic sem. html 11 http://www. freebase. com/12
http://developers. facebook. com/docs/opengraph 13 http://news. cnet. com/8301-13577 3-20003053-36. html Fostering a Relationship between Linked Data
and in social networks. Research on the Future Internet therefore includes the development, piloting and validation of high-value applications in domains such as healthcare, energy, transport, utilities, manufacturing and finance.
Advanced location based services, social networking and collaborative crowdsourcing collecting citizens'generated data. By analyzing these different Smart Cities application scenarios, together with the need of a broadband communication infrastructure that is becoming,
to enablers for accessing multimedia mobile communications or social networks, etc.).Thus the integration of innovative principles and philosophy of Ios will engage collective end-user intelligence from Web 2. 0
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
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