| 3g (88) |  |
| 3gpp (24) | |
| 4g (35) | |
| Gsm (35) | |
| Umts (20) | |
LTE has been standardised by 3gpp, and more than 350 companies have participated in the working groups. LTE IPR declarations on the ETSI database are 1, 860 as of January 11th, 2010.
or by the collaboration of 3gpp) prevents cost effective system scaling for the novel traffic demands.
, 3gpp, 3gpp2, Wimax Forum) follow a centralized approach which cannot scale well to the changing traffic conditions.
called anchor points (GGSN in 3gpp UMTS, PDN GW in SAE, and CSN for Wimax networks).
, Policy and Charging Control architecture by 3gpp) to achieve interaction between the two levels during session establishment, modification and release routines.
and to ensure mobile networks sustainability. 3 Evolution of Flat Architectures 3. 1 Evolution of the Architecture of 3gpp Mobile networks Fixed networks were firstly subject to similar scalability problems.
The 3gpp network architecture specifications having the numbers 03.02 8 and 23.002 9 show the evolution of the 3gpp network from GSM Phase 1 published in 1995 until the Evolved Packet System (EPS
Fig. 1. The evolution of the packet-switched domain of the 3gpp architecture, including the main user plane anchors in the RAN and the CN. 40 L. Bokor, Z. Faigl,
With the increasing IP-based data traffic flattening hierarchical and centralized functions became the main driving force in the evolution of 3gpp network architectures.
The above evolutionary steps resulted in that radio access networks of 3gpp became flattened to one single serving node (i e.,
LTE is linked to the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) in the 3gpp system evolution, and in EPC, the main packet switched core network functional entities are still remaining centralized,
and further extend 3gpp. 3. 2 Ultra Flat Architecture One of the most important schemes aiming to further extend 3gpp standards is the Ultra Flat Architecture (UFA) 16 20.
, the EPC in 3gpp. The objective of UFA design is to distribute core functions into single nodes at the edge of the network, e g.,
Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+)-Network architecture (GSM 03.02)( 1996) 9. 3gpp TS 23.002: Network architecture, V10. 1. 1, Release 10.jan 2011) 10. 3gpp TR 23.919:
Direct Tunnel Deployment Guideline, Release 7, V1. 0. 0 (May 2007) 11. 3gpp TS 23.401:
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access, Rel. 8, V8. 12.dec 2010) 12. 3gpp TS 29.275,
Proxy Mobile IPV6 (PMIPV6) based Mobility and Tunneling protocols, Stage 3, Release 10, V10. 0. 0 (Dec. 2010) 13. 3gpp TS 24.303
, Mobility management based on Dual-Stack Mobile IPV6, Stage 3, Release 10, V10. 1. 0 Dec (2010) 14.
Femtocells Natural Solution for Offload a Femto Forum brief (June 2010) 15. 3gpp TR 23.829:
Media Independent Handover, IEEE Std 802.21-2008 (Jan. 2009) 33. 3gpp TS 23.402, Architecture enhancements for non-3gpp accesses, Rel. 10
and forums, like IETF, 3gpp, DMTF, ITU, all trying to specify interfaces, protocols and information models by taking into consideration the respective network infrastructure i e.,
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