Mobile telecommunications technology
| 3g (88) |  |
| 3gpp (24) | |
| 4g (35) | |
| Gsm (35) | |
| Umts (20) | |
and its context that may influence a solution. 3g (generation) organization of innovation may be more successful than 1g only.
The emergence of digital mobile systems (GSM) and open systems in computing and communications created an environment where even small companies could make an impact in world markets such as banking
and 3g, LTE/4g, and other mobile telephone communication protocols. V. COMPARATIVE METRICS FOR THE U s. VERSUS EUROPE Making the grid smarter requires considering all aspects of smart grids as part of the decision-making process.
LTE has been standardised by 3gpp, and more than 350 companies have participated in the working groups. LTE IPR declarations on the ETSI database are 1, 860 as of January 11th, 2010.
The advent of the Global system for mobile communications (GSM) standard launched in 1990 opened up a worldwide market for mobile phones
GSM 5 88 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION and catalytic converters. 166) Creating intermediate demand via the professions for innovative goods and services.
3g or 4g and Wi-fi: It enables seamless handoffs and simultaneous use of multiple networks, providing the strongest and fastest connection available.
3g or 4g and Wi-fi: It enables seamless handoffs and simultaneous use of multiple networks, providing the strongest and fastest connection available.
There is a lack of implementation of new technologies such as 3g and 4g and a lack of new competitors (mobile virtual network operators, parcel operators, etc..
or channel restrictions. 3. IMPROVING ICT INFRASTRUCTURE AND E-SKILLS 3. 1. Roll out of 4g
Europe's shining achievement in developing the Global system for mobile communications (GSM) standard, a breakthrough that enabled the growth of the region's highly competitive mobile services and equipment industry.
Europeans fondly recall the development of the GSM standard, and the rewards that accrued to consumers
In many cases, uniformity of standard on the GSM model will not be feasible, but a technology's ability to connect seamlessly with others remains crucial.
and networking (GSM) the LOTUS system can be used more or less anywhere in the world with small costs for supporting installations and personnel.
and a GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) card that sends the information to the Goal system managing the information sent to
Various forms of wireless communication for both short-range and long-range data exchange (UHF, VHF, Wimax, GSM, etc.;
The in-vehicle technologies needed 3g telecommunications for the accuracy and speed of delivery to make services usable and useful
will permit content delivery to vehicles and twoway communications via onboard units interoperable with Galileo and UMTS systems.
The evolution of mobile communication networks to 4g and beyond will deliver continuous connectivity to vehicles and travellers, giving access to on-line services via mobile Internet links.
GSM Global system for mobile communications HMI Human-machine interface I2v Infrastructure to vehicle ICPC International cooperation partner countries ICT Information and communication technologies ITS Intelligent transport
trunked radio UHF Ultra-high frequency UMTS Universal mobile telecommunications system V2i Vehicle to infrastructure V2v Vehicle to vehicle VHF Very high frequency VTMIS Vessel traffic management information system WIM
a similar problem occurred with the European 3g rollout. Moreover, the United states was the first nation to take advantage of the digital dividend from the digital TV transition.
if the pool becomes the basis for international standards (e g. as for 3g mobile with UMTS)
Plastic Logic then signed deals with AT&T to sell its 3g model and with Barnes & noble as retailer for the USA.
while the Kindle DX with 3g dropped 20%to $379. However, the company was driven to continue by the core concept-that plastics can replace silicon in transistors
Mbps 3. Similar considerations apply to 4g wireless systems. There are surely limitations on the ability of wireless solutions alone to meet DAE objectives in dense population centres,
For wireless broadband, the footprint of LTE and LTE-Advanced can be expected to be at least as broad in 2020 as that of 2g and 3g networks today.
and watch video content over a network Wimax Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access WTP Willingness to Pay 4g Fourth-generation mobile communication standard 11.1 INTRODUCTION Key
Similar considerations apply to 4g wireless systems. There are surely limitations on the ability of wireless solutions alone to meet DAE objectives in dense population centres
Similar considerations apply to 4g wireless systems. Key questions relate to the number of individual users (not households) who must be served by each tower,
For wireless broadband, the footprint of LTE and LTE-Advanced can be expected to be at least as broad in 2020 as that of 2g and 3g networks today.
and 3g wireless today. 50 This seems to imply that most remote, low density, or hard to reach locations can be served using LTE or LTE Advanced;
Already today, in some places, 4g offers those speeds if not higher. I also want at least half of Europeans to have ultra-fast access at over 100 Megabits by 2020:
7 1. 6 Rural population covered by at least a 3g mobile network, 2009-2012.8 1. 7 Fibre and microwave routes,
3g subscriptions overtook 2g subscriptions in 2010 and 3g growth is flattening. In developing countries, the large majority of subscriptions are still 2g,
but 3g is growing rapidly and will overtake 2g subscriptions in a few years. 4g4 services came onto the market only recently
and 4g subscriptions still account for only a small market share in both developed and developing countries.
Data on 3g population coverage are less available. According to ITU estimates, global 3g population coverage stood at around 50 per cent by end 2012,
and there were still sizeable ruralurban gaps. Rural population coverage ranged from 100 per cent in the Gulf countries of United arab emirates
as more and more countries are deploying 3g+technologies and services, and given the strong growth in mobile-broadband subscriptions.
3g 4g%1g 2g 3g 4g%0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Developing countries Chapter
Rural population covered by at least a 3g mobile network, 2009-2012 Source: Partnership (2014) based on ITU data.
Percentage of rural population covered by at least a 3g mobile network 2012 or 2011 Percentage of rural population covered by at least a 3g mobile network 2010 Percentage of rural population covered by at least a 3g mobile network 2009 0000000000001 5 11 31 32 32343638 41
42 42 46 50 50 50 55 555860616365 68 69 69 77 77 7778818486 87 88 8889 90 9092 93
://www. censusindia. gov. in/2011census/hlo/Data sheet/India/Communication. pdf. 4 4g refers to fourth-generation mobile network or service.
but that is only a part of the total CAPEX of telecommunication operators. 15 For instance, the average revenue per user per month for GSM services in India was less than USD 2 in March 2012,
Fixedbroadband and wireless-broadband penetration stand at top levels at 38 per cent and 105 per cent, respectively (see Chart 2. 1). The Republic of korea was the first country to offer 3g services
By early 2013, virtually all (96 per cent) of EU citizens were covered by a 3g signal and 26 per cent of the population was covered by an LTE network. 12 Denmark,
High increases in wireless-broadband subscriptions can be seen in countries that were late adopters of 3g technology.
In the Republic of the Congo, 3g was launched in late 2011 by Airtel Congo, and the entry of a second operator (MTN Congo) is reflected in a significant increase in penetration rate from 2 per cent in 2012 to 11 per cent in 2013 (Agence de Régulation des Postes
and by 2013 operator CVMOVEL had expanded 3g services to all the islands of the archipelago. 23 Bhutan is one of the most dynamic countries in the use sub-index, moving up eight places.
major developments took place in 2013 that helped to boost penetration from only 2. 5 per cent in 2012 to 16 per cent in 2013 (see Chart 2. 3). Bhutan Telecom expanded its 3g services,
Bhutan Telecom launched its high-speed 4g services in Thimphu Chart 2. 3: Wireless-broadband penetration, Bhutan, 2008-2013 Source:
The launch of 3g was anticipated much in Thailand, following the long delay in the auctioning of 3g licences.
In December 2012, licences were awarded finally to three Thai operators, 34 providing high-speed mobile Internet connectivity to users.
While many developing countries saw important increases in their use sub-index value following the introduction of 3g services in 2012/2013,
On the other hand, 3g mobilecellular coverage was comparatively low for 0123456789 10 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 GNI p. c. USD) r=0. 775 IDI
/and http://wacscable. com/index. jsp. 23 http://www. cvmovel. cv/nacional-gsm-3g-edge-e-gprs. 24 http://www. telecomasia
. net/content/bhutan-telecom-expand-3g-network. 25 http://www. tashigroup. bt/?/p=1058 and http://www. kuenselonline. com/tashicell-goes-3g/#.
/#U4rlg3ksx8e. 26 http://www. kuenselonline. com/530-increase-in-mobile-broadband-users/#./#U4rsghksx8e. 27 Purchased capacity.
-data-plans--900198.36 http://www. telegeography. com/products/commsupdate/articles/2013/05/09/true-4g-launch-trumps-rivals-ais-claims-800000
While 3g networks are continuing to be built and expanded across the region, numerous countries saw some important increases in penetration from 2012 to 2013.
In Burkina faso, 3g was launched finally in 2013, reaching a penetration of 9 per cent by end 2013.
as 3g licences were awarded finally to three Algerian operators by end 2013.10 Penetration is also extremely low in Yemen (0. 3 per cent),
In Thailand, where 3g was launched very late, wireless-broadband penetration went up from 11 per cent in 2012 to more than 50 per cent in 2013.
(I. R.)Lao P. D. R. Afghanistan Myanmarpakistan Bangladesh 95 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 household penetration of 50 per cent and a 3g penetration
The Russian Federation was one of the first countries in the region to launch 3g services in 2007.21 Since then,
In Albania, the incumbent operator launched its 3g services in early 2013, increasing competition in the market. 25 Operators in Slovakia and Romania have extended
or further extended 3g coverage in 2013, spurring growth in the mobile sector. The United states has the highest wirelessbroadband penetration, at 94 per cent by end Chart 3. 13:
The higher the CV, the greater the dispersion in the variable. 3 http://www. cvmovel. cv/nacional-gsm-3g-edge-e-gprs. 4 http://www. telegeography
n=4392ef47-A715-496f-BF1D-A0ee8b74d0e7&d=20140128.10 http://www. telecompaper. com/news/algeria-awards-3g-licences-to-all-three-bidders--972965.11
/the-eagle-has landed-incumbent-swoopsinto-3g-sector/./26 Data reported by the country refer to 2012.27 http://www. verizonwireless. com/wcms/consumer/4g lte. html
This compares with a global 3g coverage of around 50 per cent by end 2012
around 50 per cent of the global population are covered by a 3g network, and this figure will grow as more and more mobilebroadband networks are deployed, until eventually 3g coverage approaches mobilecellular coverage (93 per cent).
As 3g networks become ubiquitous and therefore accessible to most of the population, affordability will be one of the most decisive factors for actual uptake of mobile broadband.
The dynamism of the mobile-broadband market is reflected also in prices. Unlike the fixedbroadband market, where price structures are fairly homogenous across countries and stable in time,
since the definition of‘3. 5g'or‘4g'may vary across operators). This may also change in the future,
These plans are labelled often as‘4g 'and may include some indication of the theoretical speeds that can be achieved.
which offers premium‘4g'plans in Bolivia, Colombia, Guatemala and Paraguay. 24 In any case, mobile-broadband speeds depend on several external factors, such as distance from the base station, location (e g. inside a building or outside),
This reflects the early launch of 3g services in Europe28 and the maturity achieved in the mobilebroadband market, with a mobile-broadband penetration of 57 per cent by end 2013, the highest of all regions.
For the details of Verizon's MORE Everything plan, see http://www. verizonwireless. com/wcms/consumer/shop/shop-data-plans/more-everything. html. 24 The details of the different‘4g'plans
http://www. tigo. com. bo/personas/planes-y-promociones/Internet-movil-en-tu-modem, http://www. tigo. com. co/4g
, http://www. tigo. com. gt/personas/internet-movil/internet-movil-tigo-4g and https://www. tigo. com. py/contenido/para-navegar
and for Orange Côte d'ivoire mobilebroadband plans, see http://www. orange. ci/menu-mobile-3g/pass-internet-3g. html. 28 The UMTS auctions took place in 2000 and 2001
where 3g licences were awarded in 2000. In most developing countries on the other hand, 3g licences were granted not until much later.
In large emerging countries such as China and India, for instance, 3g licences were awarded in 2009 and 2010, respectively.
See for instance Xia (2011) and India's Department of Telecommunication press release: http://www. dot. gov. in/as/Auction%20of%20spectrum%20for3g%20&%20bwa/Auction%20results/3g auction -Final results. pdf. 29 For example, outflows of profits generated by a multinational operating
and duration of services used and the technology used, for example, for the mobile network (2g, 3g, etc.).
and model and type of technology (2g, 3g, LTE) employed. Mobile network operators can use the IMEI number to identify the specific mobile handset being used by a subscriber,
network Duration of use Applicable charges Handset type Technology utilized (2g, 3g, DSL/ADSL, etc.
In 2012, the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) and GSM Association (GSMA) estimated that close to 2 billion people had a mobile phone but no bank account.
Mobile operators are able to provide information not only on the different technologies (3g LTE-Advanced, etc.
The technology used (2g, 3g, etc..The most common use of such data is for basic billing purposes,
but the user has chosen to connect only to 3g networks, the handset will always connect to an antenna that supports 3g,
even if it is further away. Despite these location errors or limitations that can occur in analyses using such passive location data
GSM-GPS and assisted GPS (A-GPS) Both of these utilize the network (mainly via triangulation from multiple base stations) to augment the satellite signal.
parts of it can reveal information on the handset make and model, type of technology (e g. 2g, 3g, LTE),
http://unstats. un. org/unsd/statcom/doc14/2014-11-Bigdata-E. pdf. Van damme, E. 2002), The European UMTS-auctions, European Economic
Xia, J. 2011), The third-generation-mobile (3g) policy and deployment in China: Current status, challenges,
UMTS, HSDPA+/HSDPA, CDMA2000, and IEEE 802. 16e. Prices applying to Wifi or hotspots should be excluded. 2. Prices should be collected in national currency,
undividable. 15) Decrease was due to registration of SIMS. 16) Figure obtained from all five mobile (GSM
13) Figure obtained from all four mobile (GSM & CDMA) operators currently providing service in the country. 14) Break in comparability.
or equal to, 512 Kbps. 15) Rightel (Tamin Telecom) has been given license to operate 3g services and started services from February 2011 (http://www. rightel. ir/).
The 4g mobile broadband coverage is as a 25%of total population. Digital Division between urban and rural
Mobility is encouraged also by the high availability of 3g mobile coverage (96) %and the most recent fast development of LTE coverage, driving fixed to mobile substitution.
Deployment of 4g networks requires significant investment and operators are prudent in coverage plans (Romania has good 3g coverage but below average for 4g).
Page 136 of 170 further developments of the market; The existing access networks provide fast uplink speeds
Becoming a pilot area for new technologies such as 4g and 5g, Wimax, IPTV, Wi-fi points and Basaksehir mobile applications;
as per the case of GSM technology. The KIC also supports entrepreneurs. It is working on a new finance facility with the European Investment Fund.
academia and the City of Oulu (4). These innovations include a number of‘global firsts'such as first NMT network (1981), first GSM base station and GSM phone call (1991),
Not surprisingly, in mobile phone technology Europe gained a leadership position also because of a first mover advantage in defining the global system for mobile communications (GSM) standard.
0, 92%a través de WIMAX, el 0, 78%a través de 3g y el 0, 41%restante puede acogerse a la solución
De las empresas con acceso a Internet el 34,3%es mediante telefonía móvil de Banda ancha (módem 3g.
UMTS u otros sistemas terrestres incluidos en el anexo de la Decisión de la Comisión Europea 2009/766/CE MHZ
The technologies used the most were access via DSL solutions (90.4%)and 3g or 4g mobile phones (74.2%).
78.3 76.1 89.8 95.3-By means of 3g or 4g modem 55.0 51.1 73.7 88.6-By means of Mobile 3g or 4g 74.2 71.7 86.4 92.4
and operators thanks to the success of novel, extremely practical smartphones, portable computers with easy-to-use 3g USB modems and attractive business models.
or by the collaboration of 3gpp) prevents cost effective system scaling for the novel traffic demands.
, 3gpp, 3gpp2, Wimax Forum) follow a centralized approach which cannot scale well to the changing traffic conditions.
called anchor points (GGSN in 3gpp UMTS, PDN GW in SAE, and CSN for Wimax networks).
, Policy and Charging Control architecture by 3gpp) to achieve interaction between the two levels during session establishment, modification and release routines.
and to ensure mobile networks sustainability. 3 Evolution of Flat Architectures 3. 1 Evolution of the Architecture of 3gpp Mobile networks Fixed networks were firstly subject to similar scalability problems.
The 3gpp network architecture specifications having the numbers 03.02 8 and 23.002 9 show the evolution of the 3gpp network from GSM Phase 1 published in 1995 until the Evolved Packet System (EPS
In Phase 1 (1995) the basic elements of the GSM architecture have been defined. The reasons behind the hierarchization and centralization of the GSM architecture were both technical and economical.
Primarily it offloaded the switching equipments (crossbar switch or MSC. In parallel, existing ISDN switches could be reused as MSCS
Fig. 1. The evolution of the packet-switched domain of the 3gpp architecture, including the main user plane anchors in the RAN and the CN. 40 L. Bokor, Z. Faigl,
Release 1999 (2002) describes the well known UMTS architecture clearly separating the CS and PS domains.
Seeing that UMTS was designed to be the successor of GSM, it is not strange that the central anchors remained in place in 3g and beyond.
Progress of mobile and wireless communication systems introduced some fundamental changes. The most drastic among them is that IP has become the unique access protocol for data networks
With the increasing IP-based data traffic flattening hierarchical and centralized functions became the main driving force in the evolution of 3gpp network architectures.
The above evolutionary steps resulted in that radio access networks of 3gpp became flattened to one single serving node (i e.,
LTE is linked to the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) in the 3gpp system evolution, and in EPC, the main packet switched core network functional entities are still remaining centralized,
and further extend 3gpp. 3. 2 Ultra Flat Architecture One of the most important schemes aiming to further extend 3gpp standards is the Ultra Flat Architecture (UFA) 16 20.
, the EPC in 3gpp. The objective of UFA design is to distribute core functions into single nodes at the edge of the network, e g.,
In 3g UMTS architectures centralized and hierarchical mobility anchors are Flat Architectures: Towards Scalable Future Internet Mobility 43 implemented by the RNC, SGSN and GGSN nodes that handle traffic forwarding tasks using the apparatus of GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP.
Some of the above solutions are standardized already 12 13 33 for 3g and beyond 3g architectures where the introduced architectural evolution is in progress:
EUTRAN (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network) or LTE (Long term Evolution) base stations (enodebs) became distributed in a flatter scheme allowing almost complete distribution of radio
The concept of UMTS Base Station Router (BSR) 37 realizes such an access-level mobility management distribution scheme where a special network element called BSR is used to build flat cellular systems.
while a common UMTS network is built from a plethora of network nodes and is maintained in a hierarchical and centralized fashion,
References 1. UMTS Forum White paper: Recognising the Promise of Mobile Broadband (June 2010) 2. Cisco VNI:
Ipoque, Internet Study 2008/2009, Ipoque (Jan. 2011) 5. UMTS Forum, REPORT NO 37, Magic Mobile Future 2010-2020 (April 2005) 6
Hyperconnectivity and the Approaching Zettabyte Era (June 2010) 8. ETSI GTS GSM 03.02-v5. 1. 0:
Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+)-Network architecture (GSM 03.02)( 1996) 9. 3gpp TS 23.002: Network architecture, V10. 1. 1, Release 10.jan 2011) 10. 3gpp TR 23.919:
Direct Tunnel Deployment Guideline, Release 7, V1. 0. 0 (May 2007) 11. 3gpp TS 23.401:
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access, Rel. 8, V8. 12.dec 2010) 12. 3gpp TS 29.275,
Proxy Mobile IPV6 (PMIPV6) based Mobility and Tunneling protocols, Stage 3, Release 10, V10. 0. 0 (Dec. 2010) 13. 3gpp TS 24.303
, Mobility management based on Dual-Stack Mobile IPV6, Stage 3, Release 10, V10. 1. 0 Dec (2010) 14.
Femtocells Natural Solution for Offload a Femto Forum brief (June 2010) 15. 3gpp TR 23.829:
Media Independent Handover, IEEE Std 802.21-2008 (Jan. 2009) 33. 3gpp TS 23.402, Architecture enhancements for non-3gpp accesses, Rel. 10
A Distributed IP Mobility Approach for 3g SAE. In: Proc. of 19th PIMRC, ISBN: 978-1-4244-2643-0 (Sept. 2008) 36.
The UMTS base station router. Bell labs Tech. Journal, I. 11 (4), 93 111 (2007) 38.
a good example being GSM but there are many more examples of protocols that are designed well technically but where deployment has failed
Therefore we believe that a more promising initial scenario is an end user that accesses content, via wireless LAN and 3g, from a provider that controls both end user devices and content servers 26 for example,
a key requirement for systems beyond 3g. In: VTC 2005-Spring, IEEE 61st Vehicular Technology Conference (2005) 4. Hovav, A.,Patnayakuni, R.,Schuff, D.:
However under some assumptions, Wifi hotspots can consume much less energy than UMTS (Universal mobile telecommunications system) networks.
Wifi and UMTS) on the technology used to communicate. Next generation networks, where a provider can control
and forums, like IETF, 3gpp, DMTF, ITU, all trying to specify interfaces, protocols and information models by taking into consideration the respective network infrastructure i e.,
One application example is the services integration in heterogeneous environment to the devices mobility in 4g networks handovers,
In this scenario, FINLAN approach contributes to the semantic communication between the DOHAND and the DL-Ontology layer, for the handover in 4g networks.
GSM 5 88 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION and catalytic converters. 166) Creating intermediate demand via the professions for innovative goods and services.
This includes both analog and digital cellular systems (IMT-2000, Third Generation, 3g) and 4g subscriptions,
Biggs et al. 2012.10 GSM Association 2012.11 Cukier and Mayer-Schoenburger 2013.12 More specifically, 340,282, 366,920, 938,463, 463,374,
Available at http://www. emc. com/collateral/analyst-reports/idc-the-digital-universein-2020. pdf. GSM Association. 2012.
or most recent This variable measures the degree of liberalization in 19 categories of ICT services, including 3g telephony, retail Internet access services, international long distance calls,
This includes both analog and digital cellular systems (IMT-2000, Third Generation, 3g) and 4g subscriptions,
He has written numerous articles for Mckinsey's telecoms magazine Recall on 4g, mobile OTT, and frequency auctions.
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