Andrew Mcafee, MIT Center for Digital Business; Mark Norman, Zipcar; William Ruh, General electric; Kimberly Stevenson, Intel;
George Westerman, MIT Center for Digital Business. Acknowledgments sloanreview. mit. edu Embracing Digita l Technology MIT SLOAN MANAGEMENT REVIEW 1 Contents RESEARCH REPORT 2013 2/Executive Summary 3/Introduction
Intel Gets Urgent 10/Executing the Change M aking a Case for Digital Transformation Incentives 12/Conclusion Executive Summary Companies routinely invest in technology,
and a core strategic consideration, 81%believe their companies will be somewhat or much more competitive in two years.
Internet and various kinds of enterprise software. But they have been slow to adopt, or are skeptical of, more advanced digital technologies like social media and analytics.
Of course, more efficient products may well reduce demand for new GE goods. But William Ruh, vice president of software at General electric,
'said Andrew Mcafee. Unfortunately, that's not going to happen, so a critical skill at the top of a company is to have someone who can keep scan-At Intel,
there is no lack of a sense of urgency; the company knows mobile technology is upending its market.
The company has failed multiple times to become an important provider of mobile processors, including turning down the opportunity to provide chips for the original iphone.
Intel's culture has long been built around maintaining market dominance through intense internal competition, said Kim Stevenson, its chief information officer.
Now, Intel believes it needs a more collaborative culture to help it gain an edge in mobile processors.
Intel's top 25 executives gathered for a strategy discussion led by Stevenson and the head of human resources.
the need for cultural change in order for Intel to compete effectively in the emerging mobile market.
Among steps Intel took to improve communications were adding 220 video conferencing rooms, electronic white boarding,
Intel has also set up teams based on accounts not internal departments. Intel is taking small, concrete steps towards changing its culture, rather than massive, risky leaps.
The small-step strategy is one many companies could adopt when trying to transform. As one survey respondent said,
Intel gets urgent 10 MIT SLOAN MANAGEMENT REVIEW Capgemini Consulting sloanreview. mit. edu R e s e a r c H r e p
said Stevenson, Intel's CIO. They've gone through ERP, they've gone through BYO,
Andrew Mcafee, principal researcher at the Center for Digital Business, told us in an interview that the vexing thing about innovation
instead of the software servicing the people, it is the other way around. Another said that the pace of digital transformation demanded such speed that it is at risk of diluting employee morale.
and services forming Ministry for Information Society (responsible) Page 17 of 170 the core infrastructure Migration of the already existent services (both those directed towards citizens and those used as internal use) of different public
in the long-term Better Public Administration Poor administrative capacity is a core concern for Romania
The current Programme for Government is the expression of an outlook on Romania's future
Consequently, the information of public interest statistics, laws, research results etc. will not depend on a specific software product
and it may be accessed by any computer literate citizen that will be able to disseminate it to the rest of the society All public bodies will adhere to this Line Action.
Promote transparency and openness (Operational) Use of open source and open standards and providing access open to the application already purchased
2 http://www. cert-ro. eu/files/doc/Strategiadesecuritateciberneticaaromaniei. pdf Page 46 of 170 Freedom and openness The laws, norms and EU's core values
how to use your computer at home, how to use"social media, "how to work Page 48 of 170 outside the office,
Heterogeneous security solutions which reflect in greater security risk Granular purchase of hardware and software solutions does not provide transparency on governmental level.
Cloud computing can address all these issues by: Enabling rapid and cost-effective procurement of information systems/services for all state agencies Eliminating the duplication of effort Reducing risk management costs Cloud computing Definition Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and economies of scale
and services forming the core infrastructure (Enabler) Migration of the already existent services (both those directed towards citizens
including hardware, software and operations Reduction of costs for the migration of services towards new platforms Reduction of the number of applications and services (redundant) in the public sector Reduction of the time and cost for procurement of new
and updates Agencies can consolidate servers, departments can consolidate data centers and move to one email system,
to consult and debate o Involvement in the Digital Sunrise Europe initiative. 2. 5 OPEN DATA 2. 5. 1 Introduction Preamble Openness is a concept common to open source, open
The final goals of the open data movement are similar to those of other"Open"movements such as open source, open hardware, open content,
or deter fraud and abuse Currently, the European Technology Platform for Software and Services NESSI,
computers, the Internet, broadcasting technologies and telephony. The benefits are translated into improvement in efficiency and effectiveness of education at all levels
%A forerunner factor of using computers and the Internet in the learning process is the pupil access to these technologies.
the implementation of an ICT infrastructure, complemented by the installation of educational software (for teaching,
lessons, educational content, educational evaluation and research OER is both an open source of digital content,
97%of the Romanian GP practices use a computer during a patient consultation and 65%of them use the computer to electronic storage of individual medical patient data. 7 Romania displays its best
ehealth performance in the area of patient data storage and the use of a computer for consultation purposes.
A survey conducted in 2008 showed that 411 public hospitals subordinated to the Ministry of Health had an average of around 8 hospital beds per computer,
Stakeholders Responsibilities The European commission Monitors progress towards the implementation of the Commission's Recommendations Facilitates the exchange of information and good practices of MS policies and strategies Europeana Foundation Runs the Europeana. eu
With more than 80 000 visually impaired people living in Romania, the Iasi County Public library approached the Biblionet Romania programme (including voice recognition software and other specialized Internet functions and capabilities
such as email, search engines, online music, chat, and radio broadcasts. with the goal of becoming a specially designated public library branch providing visually impaired persons with access to technology to help them reach their personal and professional goals.
Page 81 of 170 Computer access is currently available in around 65%-70%of public libraries in Romania,
App/widget which proposes to its users one cultural event per day, based on smart usage of user's personal profile and her/his current location.
%Degree of using computer, depending on residence Number of individuals, aged between 16-74 years using the computer, depending on residence Residence Year Variation 2007-2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Total 6, 847,343
6, 719,591 7, 464,651 8, 325,674 8, 401,940 23%Urban 5, 264,183 5, 065,288 5, 428,420 6, 054,078 6, 007,059
there is a clear trend towards uniformity between the two areas of residence, due to reduction of prices of computers in recent years,
Within the ITC sector, 47.2%of the overall turnover recorded in 2011 is generated by the Telecommunication sub-sector, 24.8%by the Software and IT services sub-sector,
and the rest of 28.0%is assigned to the Hardware sub-sector. At the beginning of 2011 in Romania, 14,595 of SMES activated in the ITC field, representing approximately 3%of the total of SMES registered and active in Romania in the same period of time.
of enterprises in the TIC field of the overall turnover of enterprises with economic activity(%)4. 1%3. 6%Share of turnover of enterprises with main activity of editing software products and service activities
the turnover of enterprises with TIC main activity(%)47.2%49.8%Turnover of the activity of editing software products and service activities in technology of information (mil. lei) 9959,5 11361,1 Share
of turnover of enterprises with main activity of editing software products and service activities in information technology overall the turnover of economic activity(%)1. 0%1. 1%Source:
acquisition of hardware and software does not provide transparency at governmental level Opportunities Threats and constraints The development of an infrastructure for the egovernment of the public services The increase of the public services utilisation degree which are available in the online media The preparation of the coordinated implementation of intra-communitarian projects,
supporting the development of the interoperability The alignment to the e-Governing European structures The increase of the transparency with respect to the public administration act The development of certain technologies such as Cloud computing
and for the improvement of cybernetic security Support for the use of open sources and standards for future facilitation and assurance of interoperability of the informatics systems Introducing technologies such as Cloud computing
and of speciality medicine The reporting centralisation at national level The existence of the DRG reporting for the assessment of the hospital's results Providing computers for the family practitioners The absence of a national registry of the persons who suffer from chronic
providing process flexibility Instantaneous delivery for the digital products (i e. software) The rapid launch of the new products The existence of fake web sites The acceptance of the new on-line payment systems
mobile phones, tablets etc. The preparation of technologies for the monitoring of the fraud attempts of the payment systems and the unique identification of the users The increase of the competitiveness,
and IT/Software development hubs as well as providing cloud services to the rest of the European markets.
and Enabler lines of actions Monitor This phase in the lifecycle of an initiative will check progress against the planned targets
Define Execute Control Monitor Statement Current dimension Current Performance Policy Context Process Analysis Information Analysis Priority setup Express Vision Prioritize initiatives Guiding Principles
the public administration will ensure that all the efforts are channeled to a cohesive strategy Government Enterprise Architecture the core initiative for egovernment Creating the legislation
Software Delivery Process, Design Guidelines for the Public Entities, necessary key data points for any public service, system lifecycle management, infrastructure management) PURPOSE:
C1-Center on user needs All public services exist to server their customers, their needs and they should be built,
for the Software and Electronics industry National Association for Internet service providers Association of Producers and Distributors of ITC Equipments Romanian Association for Telecom Operators Association for Technology and Internet EOS Foundation Romania
25 1. 4. International outlook...26 1. 5. SWOT...30 2. Governance structure...35 2. 1. National processes before the National Smart Specialisation Strategies...
High performance computing HRDOP..Human resources Development Operational Programme H2020...Horizon 2020 MA...Managing Authority IKF...Information and Knowledge Fusion ICT...
%and the weight of wood processing, the paper and printing industries (2001: 3. 5%,%2013: 2. 6%)as well as the textiles, clothing and leather industries (2001: 3. 2%,2013: 1. 2%)decreased.
and require skilled labour industries have been able to show a significant improvement in recent years (manufacture of machinery and equipment, vehicle production, manufacturing of computers,
while no clear trend can be demonstrated in machine building and the manufacture of computers, electronic and optical products.
It is the highest in the pharmaceuticals, the chemical and automotive industries, the manufacturing of electrical and computer equipment and electronic products. 22 Figure18:
and vehicle manufacturing, the production of computers, electronics and optical products as well as mechanical engineering have a considerable weight as well. 25 Figure21:
and the development of the RDI area. 1. 4. International outlook International trends Lead markets-an initiative for Europe 5 The Lead Market Initiative of the European union between 2008 and 2011
In addition to the discussions at the national and regional levels, the international outlook is also an important element of the S3 design.
Expert panel: means the panel of experts from the business and the academic world, civil society and regional development,
which gives a technical opinion on the S3 process, especially the main directions of smart specialisation.
An independent S3 panel of external experts will operate closely connected to the organization of the NKFIH,
The panels of experts formed for the specific topics (e g. RDI infrastructure) arising during the implementation of S3 are linked also to the work of the Office.
Agricultural innovation agriculture, forestry, hunting, aquaculture and water management, horticultural technologies, agricultural biotechnology The agriculture sector is traditionally present in Hungary and displays outstanding RDI activities.
smart business, company, home smart city information security, security technology gamification, simulation and optimisation technology e-learning systems big data data mining software development remote monitoring
system cloud computing intelligent transport development of mobile applications, location-based services 3d GIS bioinformatics Internet of things 3d printing future internet 5g technologies remote
sensing computer-based instruments and measurement and process control improvements numerical modelling and simulation machine learning data centres, data transmission networks etc.
, liveable environment introduction of the use of computer-based instruments, developer software and measuring-control instruments in dual training 65 4. 4. Links of the National Smart Specialisation Directions to the Horizon 2020 programme The pillars
and topics of the Horizon 2020 (H2020) programme cannot be matched directly to the directions of the national smart specialization,
With an outlook to the S3 programmes of other member countries of the European union, it can be observed that healthcare developments are present in most strategies as national priorities.
and the consistency between the two planning is ensured by a panel of experts set up for this purpose (the Inter-ministerial Working group) both during the development and the implementation processes.
It monitors the process implementation and the realisation of the targets of the given programme;
Output indicators Source Reporting frequency Number of new researchers at the supported entities (FTE) Tender database annually Number of companies cooperating with research institutes at the supported organizations (pc
Outcome indicators Specialization indicator unit base year base value target value Source frequency Systematic research number of publications published in a foreign language pc 2012 18,195
20,000 KSH annually number of patents granted pc 2012 3, 278 3, 800 KSH annually R&d expenditure of institutional and higher education research centres as a percentage of GDP%2012 0. 43 0. 58 KSH annually Smart production R&d expenditure of the research
Open Hardware Open Networks Open Data and Open Knowledge Open hardware: These projects are inspired by the global do-it-yourself maker movement and the spread of maker spaces.
They make digital hardware available for people to adapt, hack and shape into tools for social change.
is one example of the potential of open hardware. It was founded in March 2011 as a response to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan and frustration over the lack of government transparency about local radiation levels.
Using the Arduino, an open hardware circuit board with a microprocessor Safecast built their own Geiger counters.
These combine novel technology trends such as open data, open hardware, open networks, and open knowledge;
and incubation Open democracy Open access Collaborative economy Awarness network Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data Open Hardware Organisations More Filters Screenshot of the crowdmap www
Beyond the Internet, many new technologies such as open hardware may have positive network externalities. This network effect applies in a straightforward manner for some services such as social networking sites like Facebook,
On the level of platforms for client operating systems such as Windows and Android, open standards have fostered innovation by allowing technologies like web browsers to be implemented over different underlying platforms,
while Apple, Amazon and Microsoft control the mobile market and cloud-based services platforms). Apple has started a market that was entirely new;
Google has developed the open source Android operating system and spawned innovation in applications worldwide; Facebook has enabled the building of thousands of apps
developers and social entrepreneurs are innovating with cheap open hardware, open source software, open knowledge, data storage and analytics and are producing valuable data about people, the environment and biometric and sensor data.
For example, even the European Smart Cities project risks being dominated by US companies such as IBM, Google and Ciscos, partly because of the lack of alternatives.
Google has built already one of the world's largest networks of computers and data centres for online-search results,
The development of open data, federated identity, bottom-up wireless and sensor networks, open hardware and distributed social networks can potentially serve collective action and awareness.
This vision requires more investment in fundamental research to promote net-neutrality, strong encryption, banning of trivial patents, open standards and free software together with the multi-stakeholder governance model.
open hardware) 4. The area of society the organisations and their activities operate and seek an impact in.
Open Knowledge, Open Hardware, Open Data, Open Network. 4 Areas of Society: Health and Wellbeing, Finance and Economy, Energy and Environment, Education and Skills, Culture and Arts, Work and Employment, Participation and Democracy, Neighbourhood Regeneration,
Goteo is managed by the nonprofit Open sources Foundation that supports projects that offer some kind of collective return,
such as the open source DIY shoest kit8, a project developed with the support of Fablab Barcelona,
Lowcost home 3d manufacturing tools (3d printers, CNC computer numeric control machines), free CAD/CAM software, like Blender, 123d or Sketchup,
and open source designs are now giving innovators better access to the enabling infrastructures, products, skills and capabilities they need to enhance collaborative making.
Recycle are becoming the keywords of the open hardware and makers movement, which embodies a combination of different design and technology methods,
Open hardware seeks to shift the attention away from consumption and resource exploitation, to the creation of new capacities to build the products that people consume according to a set of shared ethics and principles.
The open hardware movement in particular is about how people share knowledge, skills and tools, and how you build communities around open products.
People working on open source hardware are creating new organisations, such as the Open source Hardware Association, to coordinate research projects,
such as the open source cars Wikispeed, and build farming tools and new fabrication machines like the Reprap and others.
These products are open source and free, with a worldwide community of peers contributing to the collective discoveries.
A project like openp2pdesign is opening up design processes and tools to enable collaborative communities to undertake large-scale projects that can lead to innovative results in open business, open government or open data.
Projects like Open source Ecology are promoting a shift towards a more sustainable lifestyle. The makers movement is showing how experiments of collaboration
Interesting trends are emerging at the intersection between open hardware, DIY culture, open source software and open data.
Projects and areas of work like Safecast or open source Geiger, the Smart Citizen Kit and open wearables are showing interesting potential in combining innovative technology trends to generate unexpected services.
free CAD/CAM software and open source designs are now giving innovators better access to tools, products,
from grassroots movements, think-tanks and universities to big charities and public museums are hosting small-scale workshop spaces often with digital tools and 3d printing facilities (maker spaces and hacker spaces.
a makerspace in Milan with a focus on open source, design, digital fabrication and micro enterprises. 28 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe MAKERS MOVEMENT Maker Fairs are interesting expressions of this new form of networking events
create visualisations using the Openspending software and to use the Openspending API. Although the Openspending project has a strong focus on government finance,
and decision-making and is piloting open source solutions across Europe engaging new political partices, citizen movements and governments.
contributing to the W3c Federated Social Web Working group. 32 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Safecast is both the name of a Geiger counter built by the open source community as well as a global
built on the Arduino open hardware board. The team turned to‘the crowd'via crowdfunding platform, Kickstarter,
a nonprofit tech company that specialises in developing free and open source software for the collection, visualisation and interactive mapping of information.
open data, free and open software and open hardware. Github, the collaborative service for open software developers, is revolutionising the way code is built,
shared and maintained by a variety of projects around the globe. Important developments to re-decentralise the Internet,
Status. net or easy-to-run servers like arkos which make it easy to run your own secure cloud
organised by the Chaos Computer Club (CCC) 11, an informal association of hackers from across Europe.
The Chaos Computer Club (CCC), Europe's largest network of hackers, is the most prominent example of grassroots communities coming together to develop
the club also fights for free access to computers and technological infrastructure for everybody. The latest gathering of the CCC in 2012 in Hamburg, Germany, brought together 6, 000 participants.
The Chaos Computer Club (CCC) HACKERS NETWORKS 34 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe The World wide web Consortium (W3c), an international community that works on developing
These kinds of projects are able to combine open hardware technologies with new learning methods to experiment with new educational practices,
and open hardware. Through case study analysis we have sought to build up an understanding of the extent these emerging technologies, 2. 4 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS IN DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATION such as open data, open networks,
open hardware and open knowledge, are being harnessed by digital social innovation. Below we provide a more detailed description of how these trends can be defined,
for example relied on open hardware to build the first Geiger counter sensor kit, on Crowdfunding to fund the development of kit,
social media, crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, big data, machine learning, 3d printing, online learning and e-petitions. The main technological trends in DSI 0100 200 300 400 Arduino Smart Citizen Kit Fairphone Safecast OPEN NETWORKS Tor Confine Guifi. net Smart
) 412 269 258 105 OPEN HARDWARE Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 39 The ability to build bottom-up networking capabilities in every corner
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed wireless sensors to monitor physical conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants,
Most European cities work with sensors that monitor environmental conditions. Pollution, temperature, humidity and light sensors are installed that provide information that could be used to develop applications for citizens
and then deploy, run, monitor Innovative combinations of network solutions and infrastructures, e g. sensor networks, free interoperable network services, open Wifi, bottom-up-broadband, distributed social networks,
TOR also enables software developers to create new communication tools with built-in privacy features and provides the foundation for a range of applications that allow organisations
computer-friendly formats for anyone to download, use, and analyse, as long as the privacy and data protection of all citizens is preserved
Another important trend, boosting the diffusion of open data is the increasing number of mobile devices.
Smartphones, tablets, PDAS and other devices are becoming smaller, faster, smarter, more networked and personal.
It then invited programmers and developers to make apps and web services based on the data,
Helsinki and three of its neighbouring cities publish all of their data in formats that make it easy for software developers,
open source and open access Communia PUBLIC DOMAIN The contribution of open knowledge covers the variety of ways in
and more generally the hacking culture of sharing skills and knowledge. 46 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Arduino OPEN HARDWARE OPEN HARDWARE new ways of making
and using open hardware solutions and moving towards and Open source Internet of Thingst Open-source hardware consists of hardware
whose blueprints are made publicly available so that anyone can study, modify, distribute, make, extend and sell the design or hardware based on that design.
The hardware's source, the design from which it is made, is available in the preferred format for making modifications to it.
Ideally open-source hardware uses readily available components and materials, standard processes, open infrastructure, unrestricted content and open-source design tools to maximise the ability of individuals to make
and use hardware. Open-source hardware gives people the freedom to control their technology while sharing knowledge and encouraging commerce through the open exchange of designs.
The work by organisations like Raspberry Pi and Arduino illustrates the potential in open hardware.
The core to Arduino is a simple, ultra low-cost circuit board, based on an open-source design, armed with a microprocessor
which can be programmed with open-source software tools by the user. The idea is that anyone should be able to turn an Arduino into a simple electronic device such as a light switch and sensor.
In 2005, Massimo Banzi, an Italian engineer and designer, started the Arduino project to enable students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) to build electronic devices using an open-source hardware board.
Arduino has grown to become popular, selling more than one million units to date, largely because of its creators'decision to make the board's design‘open source,
'along with its quick adoption by the international maker movement of D. I. Y. hardware hobbyists, such as makerspaces and Fab Labs. This makes Arduino a key building block of many digital social
innovation initiatives relying on open hardware, such as Safecast and the Smart Citizen Kit. The Smart Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 47 Smart Citizen Kit OPEN HARDWARE Citizen Kit is based an Arduino sensor kit that provides sophisticated sensor
network tools to citizens, enabling the measurement of levels of air pollution, noise pollution or air humidity in the vicinity of a private home, school or office.
The project was developed originally within the Fab Lab Barcelona at the Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia and crowdfunded via the Goteo and Kickstarter crowdfunding platforms.
With its relatively low-cost model the Smart Citizen Kit sees itself as acting as a bridge between more typically technical and nontechnical citizens
The Smart Citizen Kit is based on two core components; the‘kit'itself and the platform used to share data between people operating a kit.
and Amsterdam in The netherlands, have shown an interest in supporting citizens to monitor environmental data and have launched city pilots using the Smart Citizen Kit.
Another big trend related to open hardware is the evolution of the Internet of things (Iot. People, places,
the best possible decision making based on a real time data and information from open sources and the best possible alignments of my local providers with the global potential of wider communities (Van Kranenburg 2014) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ways of making Funding acceleration and incubation Open democracy Open access Collaborative economy Awarness network TECHNOLOGY AREAS Open Hardware
The largest community (10.29 per cent) is focussed around open hardware and open networks and includes organisations such as iminds, Fairphone, the City of Amsterdam,
Interestingly, although the open hardware network is the smallest overall it is the most highly interconnected
such as those of open data, open knowledge, open hardware and open networks? Even if an organisation is not central
Interdisciplinary European projects that force diverse communities to work together would strengthen the overall resilience of DSI in Europe by combining open hardware, open data, open knowledge and open networks. 56 Growing
TOP-DOWN GRASSROOTS, DISTRIBUTED COLLABORATION, SOCIAL VALUES Commercial social networks/markets (FB, Apple, Android...Federated Social networks (Diaspora...
and federated social networks based on open source code and open standards to promote open democracy, collective debate, deliberation and voting.
CITIZENS ENGAGEMENT AND FEEDBACK 6. Net Neutrality and banning software patents Banning software patents and defending Network Neutrality will keep bottom-up innovation feasible and affordable.
Software packages that are patented can be expensive, and less accessible to potential individual innovators. Also the Internet needs to continue to be a neutral space where creativity can continue to flourish. 7. Gender Equality in DSI Promote gender equality and empowerment of women through ICT in DSI by tackling things such as criteria for funding
They combine investments in new hardware and software with experiments to discover better ways of delivering healthcare or reducing carbon emissions.
PUBLIC/DIRECT FUNDING President Obama set up an office for social innovation in the White house with a fund for supporting NGOS.
(i e. free and open source software) can be obtained at a lower cost with a better quality from reliable suppliers,
In effect, open source software should be easy to acquire from government at all levels. Open source procurement As an example, in 2004, the UK government launched
(and reviewed in 2009 and 2010) its policy on ICT32 where special attention was paid to open source procurement.
In this respect, a toolkit was used to ensure that there is a level playing field for open source and that some of the myths associated with open source are dispelled.
Participating in open procurement calls should be made easy. Public procurement of innovative solutions Commissioning tools could also be set up to see
if the deployment of the DSI strategy across Europe is meeting the needs of their target beneficiaries (entrepreneurs, business, developers, citizens and other communities).
Open standards should be at the core of the technical infrastructure. Open standards should have an adequate legal and governance backing,
and all public-funded software should use open standards. For a definition of open standards, see Openstand Principles48 Public sector information should be made available under an open knowledge license
Today mobile devices with always-on Internet connectivity are becoming widespread. 74 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe INTEROPERABILITY50 In the area of copyright,
It can also include the development of open source mobile phone alternatives such as Fairphone69 on top of which a whole new open ecosystem of services and applications could flourish, based on open-source and open-hardware developments.
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Government labs Nesta and Bloomberg Philanthropy in their study71 of government funded innovation teams and labs highlight how four different types of government funded labs can help drive innovation, through better support for, development and utilisation
as is done today by Fablabs with the Fabacademy, by Hacklabs and Makerspaces with free software and open hardware training,
using analytics software to test demand. Financial Value: There has to be a market for the venture to be sustainable
cohort/panel study, regular interval surveying Level 3 You can demonstrate that your product/service is causing the impact,
ü Explore DSI specific indicators such as Open Data access, digital skills and proliferation of open source projects or creative commons licenses.
European funding has invested heavily in core European institutions in terms of digital innovation, in particular the formerly nationalised telecommunications companies,
Interoperable, customised and modular services and applications based on open source, open access and open hardware can then be built on top of a public federated platform in a dynamic and flexible way,
plugging into existing and future Internet infrastructures. At regulatory level The Digital agenda emphasises the need to adopt open standards
they should become public policy guidelines at the core of the technical infrastructure. Technical solutions do not work by themselves,
Big OTT are Google, Skype, Youtube, Netflix, Facebook, Amazon and EBAY. 4 Sestini, Fabrizio.``Collective awareness platforms:
http://ec. europa. eu/internal market/publicprocurement/modernising rules/reform proposals/index en. htm 34 http://www. nycedc. com/service programs-entrepreneurs 35 http://www
-sector-to-support-socialentrepreneurship/38 http://www. oecd. org/sti/outlook/e-outlook/stipolicyprofiles/competencestoinnovate/taxincentivesforrdandinnovation htm) 39 http://
-Jahreskongresses-29c3-des-Chaos-Computer-Clubs-CCC. jpg Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 34 http://www. e-living. net/sites/default/files
https://www. flickr. com/photos/lliurealbir/5154011320/Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 41 Earth From Space At Night Wallpaper Hd Desktop 10 online Audphoto
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