It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa. eu/.JRC85353 EUR 26579 EN ISBN 978-92-79-36782-3 (pdf) ISBN 978-92-79
132 8. 5 European Investment Monitor by Ernst & young...133 8. 6 Patent Data: REGPAT by OECD...134 8. 7 Company-level Information:
dimension Based on NACE Rev. 2 Unit of observation NUTS 3 Source European Investment Monitor by Ernst & young (Section 8. 5) Reference year (s
Orbis by Bureau Van dijk (Section 8. 7) European Investment Monitor by Ernst & young (Section 8. 5) Reference year (s) considered 2005-2011 2005-2011
the dataset itself represents a unique collection of data for its coverage with a great level of details provided. 8. 5 European Investment Monitor by Ernst & young The European Investment Monitor (EIM) is a unique monitor
261-Manufacture of electronic components and boards, 262-Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment, 263-Manufacture of communication equipment, 264-Manufacture of consumer electronics, 268-Manufacture of magnetic
and optical media, 4651-Wholesale of computers, computer peripheral equipment and software, 4652-Wholesale of electronic and telecommunications equipment and parts, 582-Software publishing, 611-Wired telecommunications
activities, 612-Wireless telecommunications activities, 613-Satellite telecommunications activities, 619-Other telecommunications activities, 6201-Computer programming activities, 6202-Computer consultancy activities
, 6209-Other information technology and computer service activities, 6311-Data processing, hosting and related activities, 6312-Web portals, 9511-Repair of computers and peripheral equipment,
9512-Repair of communication equipment. 136 References Cassi, L.,Corrocher, N.,Malerba, F. & Vonortas, N. 2008.'
'Science, Technology and Industry Outlook.''Paris: OECD. European commission EUR 26579 Joint Research Centre Institute for Prospective Technological Studies Title:
It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa. eu/.JRC85356 EUR 26264 EN ISBN 978-92-79-34484-8 (pdf) ISSN 1831-9424 (online) doi:
34 5. 5 European Investment Monitor by Ernst & young...34 5. 6 Patent data: REGPAT by OECD...35 5. 7 Company-level information:
47 5 1 Introduction ICT-related innovation is considered at the core of economic recovery, growth and productivity.
and acquisition of machinery, equipment and software. As a result, among the few available indicators of technology output, patent-based indicators are probably the most frequently used (Griliches, 1990;
Agglomeration characteristics Spatial proximity of similar and related firms and industries and the general tendency of people and economic activity to locate in large cities and economic core regions lead to agglomeration.
of computers and peripheral equipment 263 Manufacture of communication equipment 264 Manufacture of consumer electronics 268 Manufacture of magnetic and optical media ICT services 4651 Wholesale of computers
, computer peripheral equipment and software 4652 Wholesale of electronic and telecommunications equipment and parts 5820 Software publishing 61 Telecommunications 62 Computer programming,
web portals 951 Repair of computers and communication equipment With respect to the technology, examples of the characterization used include:
o Computer science and engineering with respect to university faculties, o Computer science with respect to scientific publications, o ICT hardware and software with respect to R&d activity performed in R&d centres,
Investment Monitor by Ernst & young, ORBIS by Bureau Van dijk, and Venturesource by Dow jones. 9 More details about these data sources can be found in Chapter 5. Selecting indicators A list of indicators for the EIPE project was selected carefully on the basis of the above-described framework of activities and their characteristics and the discussion on their empirical measurements.
ORBIS by Bureau Van dijk see Section 5. 7) European Investment Monitor by Ernst & young (Section 5. 5) Reference year (s) considered 2005-2011 2005-2011
Design Activity Tool by IHS isuppli, 5. European Investment Monitor by Ernst & young, 6. Patent data:
as detailed information on employment or R&d expenditures in those centres is not available at this level of granularity. 5. 5 European Investment Monitor by Ernst & young The European Investment Monitor (EIM) is a unique
monitor of foreign investment in Europe by companies from all over the world, but excludes investments in their home countries.
Communications & Networks, Electronics & Computers, Information Services, Semiconductors, Software and Other IT. This data source was selected for EIPE
Science, Technology and Industry Outlook. Paris: OECD. OECD. 2010. Measuring Innovation: A New Perspective. Paris:
Core issues are 1 . What are the ambitions of Smart Specialisation when it comes to transformation of RIS in a way
and communication, consisting of definitions of core concepts for analysis and planning. In this way, S3 provides a framework for dialog on regional development opportunities and challenges between regional development policymakers inside regions and between regional planners in different countries...
If your core industries are moving away, you have to consider the regional framework conditions
Core issues is to identify regions which well-developed triple helix connectivity, and use they to identify what king of changes you need to make,
At his point, it is a good idea to involve core decision making institutions in making the hard choices,
It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa. eu/.How to obtain EU publications Our priced publications are available from EU Bookshop (http://bookshop. europa. eu),
production, hunting and related service activities 30 2. 3%Computer, electronic and optical products 28 2. 1%Nanotechnology and engineering 26 2. 0
. 1%Biotechnology 25 1. 9%Other manufacturing 24 1. 8%Computer, electronic and optical products 23 1. 8%Grand total 742 56.8
products Computer, electronic and optical products Electrical equipment Food, beverage and tobacco products Furniture Handicrafts Machinery and equipment n e c.
Motor vehicles and other transport equipment 24 Nanotechnology and engineering Printing and reproduction of recorded media Repair and installation of machinery and equipment Rubber and plastic products Textiles
It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa. eu/.How to obtain EU publications Our priced publications are available from EU Bookshop (http://bookshop. europa. eu),
Export and import performance 13 1. 6 Number and size of ICT businesses 15 1 7 Rate of employment 18 1. 8 International outlook
Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products C. 26.1: Manufacture of electronic components and boards C. 26.2:
Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment C. 26.3: Manufacture of communication equipment C. 26.4: Manufacture of consumer electronics C. 26.5:
and software manufacturing (both compared to the US and South korea), while the EU and South korea have similar indicators in terms of the manufacture of telecommunication and multimedia equipment and components.
computer services and software manufacturing. As a further disadvantage, US companies were quicker to recognize the significance of Asia
and the Hungarian business software development market shrank in size like many others, nevertheless the sector itself very quickly returned to the path to recovery, partly due to the highly innovative nature of its companies and to the growth of some sub-sectors, e g. computer and mobile communication services.
In 1995-2008 the share of domestic ICT value added in the business sector value added showed remarkable growth,
The export of computers and peripheral equipment-equally crucial for ICT-has shown a steady growth in absolute terms since 2009.
whereas computer services, news agency services, database services and online publishing are classed as IT and information services.
imports (led axis) The trade volume of computer and information services is nearly twice as much as that of communication services;
in addition to which the computer and information services sector also recorded a major trade surplus in contrast with communication services,
on technology and computer services (right axis) Balance of trade in communica? on services (right axis) Export of informa?
on technology and computer services (lek axis) Import of informa? on technology and computer services (lek axis) Export of communica?
on services (lek axis) Import of communica? on services (lek axis) 0 5, 000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Hungarian Central Statistical Office 1. 18 According to the OECD Information and Technology Outlook (2010), two out of the 250 TOP ICT companies founded a subsidiary in Hungary,
%Other 2. 3%ICT services Such growth was driven largely by foreign businesses with an IT profile deciding to settle down in Hungary. 1. 8 International outlook In terms of the percentage rate of its population
and computer software to be used in connection with and instrumental to carrying out research and experimental developments'.
and printing Other manufacturing, and repair and installation of machinery and equipment Manufacture of machinery and equipment n e c.
-080523 OECD Information and Technology Outlook (2010) http://www. oecd. org/internet/interneteconomy/oecdinformationtechnologyoutlook2010. htm OECD:
register of Hungarian research infrastructure facilities u map-based search engine of RDI organisations and businesses u finding project partners
Capital expenditure is composed of expenditure on land and buildings, instruments, equipment and computer software. Sources: Hungarian Central Statistical Oice (HCSO;
Manufacture of electrical equipment Manufacture of transport equipment Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products Manufacture of computer
Budapest 0 30 31 60 61 90 91 29 685 Numbers of research units (pc) apart from Budapest898 12 w w w. n i h
infrastructure facilities map-based search engine of RDI organisations and businesses inding project partners and mapping project opportunities Kaleidoszkóp (the name refers to the multifaceted nature of RDI) is the name of the information system used by the National Innovation Oice.
and to what extent must they be reflected in the core network? We would propose that the DAE objectives should be interpreted such that networks are designed to provide performance that consumers perceive as acceptable for the applications that they want to run.
and to what extent must they be reflected in the core network? We would propose that the DAE objectives should be interpreted such that networks are designed to provide performance that consumers perceive as acceptable for the applications that they want to run.
and the core networks that connect those access networks to one another and to the world.
The policy implications for broadband access networks and for the core networks that support them at national and European level include:
and the degree to which bandwidth demands differ from those of fixed network users (due, for example, to smaller screen size).
and Mcdevitt base their analysis on OECD retail broadband prices as published in Tables 7. 17 and 7. 18 in the OECD Communications Outlook 2011, multiplied by the estimated subscribers by access type.
however, this ignores the second life of copper. The second life of copper entails the use of new technologies,
including vectoring (based on advanced noise cancellation), pair bonding (which relies on a second copper pair being available),
Screen Digest (2010), WIK calculations. Content 80-100%60-80%40-60%20-40%0-20%37.
Screen Digest (2011. Meanwhile, the gap between cable coverage and cable broadband penetration represents a significant opportunity for Europe and for the industry.
Screen Digest (2011), WIK calculations. 99.2 97.3 92.2 88.8 88.8 86.9 86.4 86.2 85.7 80.6 78.6 76.0 75.8 69.8 65.7
and servers for providing a range of services. 60 Where there are multiple headends, they are linked typically via supraregional backbones based on fibre optics.
modem Telephony Switch Gateway Server Farms NOC Router 52 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE) CMTS (Cable Modem Termination System.
Core network Concentration network MPOPFIBRE Hub Amplifiers Coaxial cabling Active analog equipment optical cabling Coaxial cabling (inhouse) CMTS CMTS Cable Modem Termination System
moreover at its core in the belief, or at least the hope, that increasing competition would in time obviate the need for regulation that primarily responds to the presence or absence of Significant Market Power (SMP).
but also mobile broadband technologies such as LTE. 85 They go on to provide concrete examples of their intent to threaten the core business of cable operators,
http://ec. europa. eu/information society/policy/ecomm/doc/library/public consult/cost accounting/56 rtr. pdf. Screen Digest (2010:
Screen Digest (2011: European Broadband Cable 2011, August. Thompson, H. and C. Garbacz (2008: Broadband impacts on State GDP:
It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa. eu/.JRC83502 EUR 26601 EN ISBN 978-92-79-37793-8 (pdf) ISSN 1831-9424 (online) doi:
was developed in 1ka tool for online surveys. 9 1ka is an open source online survey application,
which lie at the core of ICT-ELI, require content and curricula that are customised open,
in order to facilitate the innovative teaching and learning practices that lie at the core of ICT-ELI.
"Innovative pedagogical practices made possible by the use of ICT lie at the core of learning innovations
Recent research reveals that increased and wide-ranging connectedness lies at the core of ICT-ELI with significant scale and/or impact (Kampylis, Law, et al.
and the Western Pacific reported a higher use of electronic transmission of health records than computer use to collect health data.
These include adoption of open source standards-based software platforms and data exchange standards to make efficient use of existing resources.
In addition, there needs to be clear legislation governing patient privacy and protecting the security of health information for records in electronic format.
manage, and display individual patient data can be difficult to implement particularly in low-resource settings,
This trend will continue as improvements are made in computer hardware, software, and telecommunication infrastructure and as countries develop the skills necessary to implement electronic data storage and transmission systems.
Capability Maturity Model The Capability Maturity Model (CMM)( 4) was defined originally for software development by Carnegie mellon University
effectiveness, and control of an organization's software processes are believed to improve as the organization moves up these five levels.
In recent papers, Mckay, Douglas and colleagues (17,18) document their experience implementing clinical workstations at the point of care in Malawi.
They designed and built an innovative hardware and software system using touch screen clinical workstations which collected individual patient information,
analysed the data and presented information on national protocols. They demonstrated that the system could efficiently
They used free open-source software for the project which enabled them to enlist the support of a large community.
and supported by private enterprise and also in the form of free open source software systems which are supported by non-profitmaking organizations and private enterprises.
Open source systems have advantages of local sustainable community development and support and lower cost by building on a proven software foundation (19.
Several core aspects of ehealth implementation are crucial. The first is need the to ensure that data are exchangeable.
Therefore training (e g. computer literacy, program usage) and human resources development are critical components within systems, and must be addressed.
which means that computer software designed for this purpose must reflect its complexity. Capturing and using individual patient information electronically also requires installation of computer equipment at or close to the point of care.
In addition to the cost of the computer hardware and software, EMR/EHR systems require substantial resources including electricity, a controlled environment, training, maintenance and support.
The survey contained a module on the management of patient information at the local, regional/district,
Data are entered into a computer (often from paper) from where they can be analysed and retrieved. Computerized data and electronic communication:
aggregation can be done automatically by a computer counting the incidents of interest over a given time period this might provide early evidence of emerging
Electronic transmission Data formats Data format Analysis of survey results 33 Aggregate patient data Aggregate patient data provide the core data on which regions
It defined mhealth as an emerging term for medical and public health practice supported by mobile devices, such as mobile phones, patient monitoring devices, personal digital assistants (PDAS),
and other wireless devices. mhealth applications include the use of mobile devices in collecting community and clinical health data,
Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) The Dublin Core Metadata Initiative7 is engaged an organization in the development of interoperable metadata standards, architecture, and modelling.
This is due to the fact that the HL7 standard is built into most commercial health information software and therefore widely recognized.
It was adopted by UNAIDS for use by the Country Response Information System (CRIS) software (32.
Survey respondents may not have realized that the CRIS software uses IXF and therefore underreported IXF use.
The SNOMED CT is a collection of medical terms covering most areas of clinical information that is systematically organized to be processed by computer.
Most systems will define a unique identifier that is local to the software application. Clinics and hospitals often have an identifier that is used throughout a system to transfer information such as clinical observations, laboratory and radiology results, and orders.
so that it can be received by a computer program which will understand its meaning. HL7 is the most commonly used health message standard.
Health software applications often use a proprietary or ad hoc messaging format that must be customized to be understood by both sender and receiver.
which require more complex software and training. High-income countries have transitioned to the point where there is today a higher use of electronic formats than paper records for patient data.
The use of free open-source software to develop sustainable health informatics capacity may leverage the investment in developing such systems.
Free open source software is particularly a boon to countries with financial constraints. The survey demonstrates that the greatest barrier to adoption of patient information systems is the lack of resources.
Free open-source software enables the development of sustainable local human resources for the implementation and maintenance of health information systems by drawing on a community of developers and users
The Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information technology, United states Department for Health and human services (http://healthit. hhs. gov/portal/server. pt/community/electronic medical records/1219/home/15591
Touchscreen clinical workstations at the point of care: guiding protocols and managing data in Malawi.
Using touchscreen electronic medical record systems to support and monitor national scale up of antiretroviral therapy in Malawi.
Weerawarana S, Weeratunga J. Open source in developing countries. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, 2004,(http://www. eldis. org/fulltext/opensource. pdf, accessed 1 june 2012). 20.
Inpatient computer-based standing orders vs physician reminders to increase influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates: a randomized trial.
Data exchange with the country response information system and UN AGENCY software. A step by step guide. Geneva, UNAIDS, 2006 (http://data. unaids. org/pub/Basedocument/2007/cris de web final en. pdf, accessed 28 march 2012). 33.
which allows physicians to enter orders for diagnostic and therapeutic actions directly into a computer for execution.
This centralized repository of information describes the characteristics of data used to design, monitor, document, protect,
and control data in information systems and databases; it can also refer to an application of data dictionary systems.
Information and communication technology (ICT) Includes the computers software, data-capture devices, wireless communication devices, and local and wide area networks that move information,
and the people that are required to design, implement, and support these systems. 63 Interoperability The ability of health information systems to exchange data in a semantically meaningful way,
e g. open source software (also referred to as free and open-source software). The user has the freedom to:
Theme Action mhealth Identify the diverse ways mobile devices are being used for health around the world and the effectiveness of these approaches.
and can be exported as a Microsoft excel file for further analysis using other statistical software. This is the first time that Datacol has been used as the primary method of implementing an online survey of over 40 pages of text and questions.
Data were exported from Datacol in Microsoft excel format and the data analysis was performed using R statistical programming language. 14 Data were analysed by thematic section.
That is why the Commission has created a set of additional directives to complete these objectives. 3. 1. 3 Monitoring Progress Regarding SMES, the European commission monitors progress in the fields of research and development and innovation,
You can find a search engine of NCPS by visiting FP7 support webpage:.http://cordis. europa. eu/fp7/get-support en. html Lastly,
& Innovation Strategy for the Midwest Region of Ireland 2014-2018 Cluster Development Cluster development involves identifying the Region's core competence
which has been designated as a European TEN-T Core port. The ports of the Estuary are the third largest in Ireland by tonnage.
Dublin Southwest West Midwest Other Total Software & Services 38 7 2 2 8 57 Industrial & Life sciences 12 2 1 4
identifying the Region's core competences and putting formal structures in place to maximise the potential of those competences.
A cluster must be based around the core competencies of the region. This is a critical element of their successful development.
Industry/businesses are at the core of every cluster; Public bodies/government agencies make policy decisions
and analysis in the Midwest Region to identify the core regional competence; To secure public funding to engage a Cluster Facilitator to identify regional opportunities for collaboration
Priority Areas The Life sciences, Biotechnology and Medical Technology ICT including Software Logistics and Supply Chain Management Food Sector & Agribusiness Tourism and Leisure Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Its core feature is the ICT Development Index (IDI which ranks countries'performance with regard to ICT infrastructure, use and skills.
The desktop publishing was carried out by Nathalie Delmas and the cover was designed by Jesus Vicente. Administrative support was provided by Herawasih Yasandikusuma. v Table of contents Foreword...
-2013.47 2. 3 Wireless-broadband penetration, Bhutan, 2008-2013.50 2. 4 Proportion of households with a computer and proportion of households with Internet access, 2012-2013, Qatar...
as a percentage of GNI p. c.,by region, 2013.129 4. 16 Comparison of postpaid fixed-broadband and postpaid computer-based mobile-broadband prices, in USD, by region, 2013.130
120 4. 2 Panel regression models for fixed-broadband and mobile-cellular prices...158 5. 1 How big data saves energy Vestas Wind Systems improves turbine performance...
, postpaid computer-based 1 GB, 2013.136 4. 8 Mobile-broadband prices, prepaid computer-based 1 GB, 2013.138 4. 9 Fixed
Panel regression results, fixed-broadband prices and regulation...160 4. 14 Panel regression results, mobile-cellular prices and regulation...
163 4. 15 ICT Price Basket and sub-baskets, 2013.166 5. 1 Sources of big data...
whereas The americas region displays the lowest growth in fixed broadband, estimated at 2. 5 per cent and reaching a penetration rate of around 17 per cent by end 2014.
for example when people use multiple devices (e g. smartphone, tablet) and SIM CARDS. Looking towards the future, the growth potential for mobile broadband looks promising,
Google remains the leading search engine in most countries, and accounts for around 90 per cent of the search market. 16 The number of daily Google searches reached almost 6 billion by end 2013 (Chart 1. 16)
and reducing expenses associated with the printing and distribution of textbooks. The benefits are particularly attractive for remote schools
In Uruguay, the El Ceibal initiative has driven ICT usage in schools, in partnership with the One Laptop per Child (OLCP) project.
and the country's more recent One Tablet per Child (OTPC) initiative has helped increase the learner-to-computer ratio in schools.
In some cases, computers have been introduced in schools without Internet access, which effectively Chart 1. 23: Proportion of ICT-qualified teachers versus proportion of teachers trained to teach subjects using ICTS, by region, 2009-2012 Note:
Proportion of teachers trained to teach basic computer skills (or computing)(%Proportion of teachers trained to teach subjects using ICT(%)Anguilla Argentina Azerbaijan Bahrain Barbados Belarus Cayman islands Chile Montserrat Cuba Egypt Jordan Lithuania Malaysia China
Available data collected by UIS at the international level shows that education systems in countries seem to put more emphasis on training teachers to teach subjects using ICTS than on training teachers to teach basic computer skills or computing (i e.
This call for a data revolution was enunciated first in the report to the UN Secretary-general of the High-level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda published in 2013 (see Box 1. 4 on the data revolution.
Its core list of 57 ICT indicators, covering many aspects of the information society and economy, is used widely by countries in the course of their national ICT data collection.
or a computer are now being collected by more than 100 economies worldwide, and data on Internet use in businesses by almost 70 countries,
The report of the High-level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda to the UN Secretary-general,
How can big data complement existing ICT statistics to better monitor information-society developments? Which type of data from ICT companies are most useful and for which purposes?
IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2014.12 Source: The Economist, April 12 2014, Nigeria's GDP step change. 13 Telefónica,
and includes five infrastructure and access indicators (fixedtelephone subscriptions, mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions, international Internet bandwidth per Internet user, households with a computer,
The definitions of the following core indicators of the Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development included in the IDI were revised at a meeting of EGH held in Brazil in June 2013.3 Percentage of individuals using the Internet:
Percentage of households with a computer: The definition of computer was revised to include tablet or similar handheld computers in addition to desktop and laptop computers,
so as to reflect the uptake of these devices. The definition of household access was refined so that, in order for a household to have access to ICT equipment or services,
and percentage of households with a computer (updating the definition of computer to include tablet
and similar handheld computers but excluding smartphones). Differences among countries included in the IDI. The calculation of the IDI ranking Chapter 2. The ICT Development Index (IDI) 40 ICT access Reference value(%)1. Fixed-telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
2. Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 3. International Internet bandwidth (bit/s) per Internet user 4. Percentage of households with a computer 5. Percentage of households
The use sub-index also displays the widest range and the lowest average value (3. 19.
According to data from the European union (EU), 85 per cent of Danes have some level of computer skills (compared to the EU average of 67 per cent)
and 42 per cent of the population have high computer skills. 7 In 2010, the digital economy accounted for more than 5. 8 per cent of GDP,
Household ICT connectivity is extremely high, among the highest in Europe, with 93 per cent of households with Internet access and households with a computer by end 2013.
A somewhat lower proportion of 81 per cent of households have a computer. International Internet bandwidth is relatively low
which underlines the importance of household access. 14 All European countries included in the top ten of the IDI have a household ICT penetration (both households with a computer and households with Internet) of at least 88 per cent.
Iceland and The netherlands display the highest levels of households with a computer, at 97 and 95 per cent, respectively. 15 In Luxembourg and Norway,
and relatively high levels of household ICT connectivity, at 80 per cent of households with Internet and 82 per cent with a computer.
and in increasing the proportion of households with a computer from 33 per cent in 2012 to close to 40 per cent in 2013.
The proportion of households with Internet stands at 96 per cent and the proportion of households with a computer at 97 per cent in 2013 (see Chart 2. 4). A report by ICTQATAR shows that Qataris are not only almost all very well-connected at home,
Over the period 2012-2013, the ownership of devices such as mobile phones and laptops increased significantly within the country's mainstream population. 32 The report also highlights discrepancies in ICT connectivity between Qataris and westerners
Therefore, increasing the penetration of newer devices such as smartphones and tablets, particularly in specific demographic segments like the transient labour population is one of the policy recommendations brought forward by the report (ICTQATAR 2014).
Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptions Fixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions
Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptionsfixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions broadband
-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed
. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone
0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptionsfixed
computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptionsfixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolmentliteracy Estonia 2012 2013 53
. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptions Fixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active
. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptionsfixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions
Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet
0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed
. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone
a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptionsfixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolmentliteracy Qatar 2012 2013 Chapter
One of the core projects of the Qatar National Broadband Network is the deployment of a fibre-optic network infrastructure. 33 Chart 2. 1:
Proportion of households with a computer and proportion of households with Internet access, 2012-2013, Qatar ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database. 91.5 88.1 97.2 96.4 0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Households with a computer Household with Internet access 2012 2013 Per 100 households Thailand is one
Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptions Fixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolmentliteracy Thailand 2012
Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptionsfixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolmentliteracyunited Arab Emirates 2012
and fewer than 5 per cent of households in all LCCS have a computer. Basic voice services are more widely available although LCCS like Eritrea (6 per cent),
Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation also displays a significant Chapter 2. The ICT Development Index (IDI) 74 Box 2. 4:
The use of smartphones to capture essential data on the patients and monitor their treatment has accelerated progress.
An electronic malaria information system (e-MIS) uploaded on the health workers'mobile devices shows malaria volunteers where to find patients and the status of their treatment,
-INTERNET%20 USE%20and%20skills. pdf. 15 Qatar (ranked 34th) has 97 per cent of households with a computer by end 2013.15 https://ec. europa. eu
Europe displays by far the highest average IDI value of 7. 14. The regional IDI values of the CIS (5. 33), The americas (4. 86), Asia and the Pacific (4. 57) and Arab States (4. 55) are relatively close to each other.
3. Regional IDI analysis 90 In terms of ICT household connectivity, Qatar stands out not only in the region but in international comparison with more than 96 per cent of households with Internet access and with a computer.
Oman saw high increases in terms of both households with Internet access and households with a computer as a result of the National PC Initiative.
secondary school or higher education studies) in Oman are offered one free computer per student. Furthermore Omantel provides discounted broadband Internet offers for eligible customers. 8 Wireless-broadband penetration levels vary considerably across the region.
By end 2013,29 per cent of households had a computer. Data from the annual ICT household survey show that,
since 2008, computers have replaced telephones as the most commonly available ICT device in Thai homes.
The Russian Federation had the highest proportion of households with Internet access and households with a computer in the region by end 2013, at 67 per cent and 70 per cent, respectively.
In Azerbaijan, Belarus and Kazakhstan, more than half of households have Internet access at home and a computer.
Those countries also display an equally high level of households with a computer. In the majority of countries in Europe (25 out of 40), 70 per cent of households have Internet access;
and in an even higher number of countries (28 out of 40), 70 per cent of households have a computer.
Albania ranks last in the region also in terms of household ICT penetration, with 22 per cent of households with a computer and 24.5 per cent with Internet access by end 2013.
and at least 50 per cent had a computer. Household Internet access remains very low in the LCC Cuba (3 per cent),
In Brazil, for instance, 44 per cent of all households with a computer did not have Internet in 2013
such as tablets, Mifi dongles, Blackberry, etc. Some operators, like for instance Rogers in Canada and Verizon in the United states, are allowing customers to pool the data consumed by different devices in a single subscription. 23 In addition,
Mobile broadband Handset-based Computer-based Prepaid Postpaid Prepaid Postpaid Chapter 4. ICT prices and the role of competition 126 plans are bundled often with mobile voice
The global average price for a computer-based mobile-broadband service with 1 GB monthly data allowance was PPP$ 36.6 (or USD 24.4) for prepaid plans and PPP$ 30.0 (or USD 19.2
where postpaid computer-based mobile-broadband plans cost 37 per cent less than the corresponding prepaid plans in PPP terms.
Differences between prepaid and postpaid computer-based mobilebroadband plans are marked less in developing countries, suggesting that operators differentiate less between postpaid and prepaid offers for the time being.
Prices were compared cheaper with computer-based plans because the monthly data allowance was half as large.
Unlike in the case of computer-based mobile-broadband services, the prices for postpaid and prepaid handsetbased mobile-broadband plans were similar,
It is much less 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Number of countries 2013 handset-based (500mb) Prepaid handset-based (500mb) Postpaid computer
-based (1gb) Prepaid computer-based (1gb) developing developed 160 2012 Postpaid 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 Chart 4. 12:
Computer-based services with a monthly allowance of 1 GB are about six times more affordable in developed countries, on average.
The average price for a computer-based mobile-broadband service with 1 GB monthly data allowance corresponded to more than 20 per cent of GNI p. c. in Africa,
and prices are just slightly above that value in the case of computer-Chart 4. 15:
prepaid computer-based plans being the only ones clearly above that threshold. Country data for The americas reveal that there are a number of countries
suggesting that postpaid rather than prepaid is the base offer for regular computer-based mobile-broadband customers.
Average prices for computer-based mobilebroadband plans with a monthly data allowance of 1 GB suggest that mobile broadband could be a cheaper alternative to fixed broadband in many Chapter 4. ICT prices and the role
Comparison of postpaid fixed-broadband and postpaid computer-based mobile-broadband prices, in USD, by region, 2013 Note:
Chart 4. 16 shows a comparison of prices for fixed-broadband and postpaid computer-based mobile-broadband plans with a 1 GB monthly allowance.
are based computer and include a monthly data allowance of at least 1 GB. Although the minimum data allowance is the same,
where an entrylevel fixed-broadband plan corresponds to 10.6 per cent of GNI p. c as against 3. 2 of GNI p. c. for a computer-based mobile-broadband plan.
computer-based plans). In many countries in Asia and the Pacific, there is little difference between fixed-broadband and mobile-broadband prices.
Mobile-broadband prices, postpaid computer-based 1 GB, 2013 Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, postpaid computer-based (1 GB) GNI p
Mobile-broadband prices, postpaid computer-based 1 GB, 2013 (continued) Note:**Data correspond to the GNI per capita (Atlas method) in 2013
Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, postpaid computer-based (1 GB) GNI p. c.,USD, 2013*Monthly data allowance (MB) as%of GNI p
Mobile-broadband prices, prepaid computer-based 1 GB, 2013 Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, prepaid computer-based (1 GB) GNI p
Mobile-broadband prices, prepaid computer-based 1 GB, 2013 (continued) Note:**Data correspond to the GNI per capita (Atlas method) in 2013
Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, prepaid computer-based (1 GB) GNI p. c.,USD, 2013*Monthly data allowance (MB) as%of GNI p
and monitor the liberalized electronic communication markets (ITU, 2013b). ) Regulators have thus become the custodians of competition in telecommunication services at the country level.
the following section presents an econometric model based on panel data regression. This enables us to go beyond descriptive statistics and draw some robust conclusions on the link between competition and prices.
Choice of the model The analysis was conducted through econometric modelling using panel regressions for up to 144 countries based on data for the five-year period from 2008 to 2013.
Panel data regression is a statistical technique which is used to assess how variations in a set of variables over a given time period relate to Figure 4. 3:
Panel regressions minimize problems of omitted variable bias (the omission of important variables) and multicollinearity (the co-variations of variables modelled as independent).
In addition, panel regressions have the advantage of discounting known and unknown region fixed effects. These are structural geographic conditions
and mobile-cellular prices and competition and regulation metrics, using panel regressions with fixed effects.
Panel regression models for fixed-broadband and mobile-cellular prices Two models are used for the regressions:
Panel regression models for fixed-broadband and mobile-cellular prices (continued) Regulatory variable: The combined values of clusters 1 to 3 of the ITU ICT Regulatory Tracker.
Results for fixed broadband The panel regression model for fixed-broadband prices has a medium explanatory power (an R-squared value of 0. 41,
Panel regression results, fixed-broadband prices and regulation Variable Coefficient Statistical significance Interpretation GNI p. c. 0. 217 (0. 034) Highly significant
Results for mobile cellular The results of the panel regression for mobilecellular prices (voice and SMS) indicate that the model constructed has a medium explanatory power (an R-squared value of 0. 41,
Panel regression results, mobile-cellular prices and regulation Variable Coefficient Statistical significance Interpretation GNI p. c. 0. 147 (0. 024) Highly significant
CD. 4 Voice over internet services, such as Skype or Voipbuster, are excluded from the analysis in this section because they require an Internet connection
/page=internet conectividad&sub=internet. 20 For instance, the latest Computer literacy Survey in Sri lanka (2009) found that only 20 per cent of the household population (aged 5-69) could use a computer on their own (Department of Census
and the uncertainty that may exist in their analysis (IBM, 2013). A fifth V value is included by some to acknowledge the potentially high socioeconomic value that may be generated by big data (Jones,
ITU, based on IBM (2012. a speed that are unprecedented. Google, for example, is running about a thousand experiments at any given point in time (Varian, 2013a.
Mcafee and Brynjolfsson, 2012. GFT worked by monitoring health-seeking behaviour expressed through online searches,
6 monitor prescription drug use (Simmering, Polgreen and Polgreen, 2014), predict unemployment claims in the United states (Choi and Varian, 2009) and Germany (Askitas and Zimmermann, 2009),
which the detailed mobility profiles available to operators are leveraged. 5. 4 Big data from mobile telecommunications for development and for better monitoring In 2013, the United nations High-level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015
the United nations High-level Panel cited the example of mobile technology and other advances to enable realtime monitoring of development results.
axle counters, parking occupancy monitors, CCTV, integrated public transport card readers and GPS data derived not only from phones but also from public transport and private vehicles (Amini, Bouillet, Calabrese, Gasparini
For example, IBM researchers used CDR data from mobile operator Orange to map out citizens'travel routes in Abidjan, the largest city in Côte d'ivoire,
An internationally-accepted and widely-adopted list of indicators is the core list of ICT indicators developed by the Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development,
Some of these indicators are amenable for augmentation using big data analytics. 25 The core indicators on ICT infrastructure
one of the core indicators reflects the types of online activity pursued by Internet users, and includes response categories such as seeking health information,
It is not uncommon for operators to write customized mediation software to overcome potential inter-comparability issues among data from different systems.
and decision-analysis skills that are emphasized not in traditional statistical courses (Mcafee and Brynjolfsson, 2012).
and telecommunication operators and Internet companies, including search engines and social networks, on the other, is necessary
algorithms and software techniques that can be repurposed for business-use cases. Indeed, where the applications of data use for development are concerned,
Chapter 5. The role of big data for ICT monitoring and for development 210 1 The report of the UN Secretary-general's High-level Panel of Eminent Persons on the post-2015 Development Agenda
and regional economic development in Côte d'ivoire. 14 The term metadata is used also quite extensively to refer to TGD from telecommunication operators. 15 Deep packet inspection (DPI) is a process that utilizes specialized software to scan all of the data
of core ICT indicators refer to 2014 edition of the Manual for Measuring ICT Access
/tit/en/bigdatachallenge/contest. html. 32 More information about the Yale university Open Data (YODA) project can be found at http://medicine. yale. edu/core/projects/yodap/index
whereby a website's structure and content are optimized to make the site more visible to the webpage-indexing process of one or more search engines,
or two people talking for 30 minutes each. 42 DPI is a process that utilizes specialized software to scan all of the data packets traversing a particular IP network.
For more information, see http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sector antenna. 46 A media access control (MAC) address is a unique identifier that is assigned to network interfaces mostly by a hardware manufacturer.
Department of Census and Statistics Sri lanka (2009), Computer literacy Survey 2009, December 2009. Available at: http://www. statistics. gov. lk/CLS/Buletincomputerliteracy 2009. pdf. 215 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 Eagle, N.,Pentland, A s. and Lazer, D
, M. S. and Brilliant, L. 2009), Detecting influenza epidemics using search engine query data. Nature, 457 (7232), 1012 4. doi:
IBM (2012), Analytics: The real-world use of big data. How innovative enterprises extract value from uncertain data.
http://public. dhe. ibm. com/common/ssi/ecm/en/gbe03519usen/GBE03519USEN. PDF. IBM (2013), The Four V's of Big data.
Mcafee, A. and Brynjolfsson, E. 2012), Big data: the management revolution. Harvard Business Review, 90 (10), 60 6, 68,128.
http://edge. org/panel/headcon-13-part-i. Naef, E.,Muelbert, P.,Raza, S.,Frederick, R.,Kendall, J. and Gupta, N. 2014
UN High-level Panel (2013), A new global Partnership: Eradicate Poverty and Transform Economies through Sustainable Development.
The Report of the High-level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda.
and do not require a computer. Voip is also known as voice-overbroadband (Vob), and includes subscriptions through fixed-wireless,
It excludes subscriptions via data cards or USB modems, subscriptions to public mobile data services,
and dividing by the total number of Internet users. 4. Percentage of households with a computer A computer refers to a desktop computer, a laptop (portable computer or a tablet or similar handheld computer.
Household with a computer means that the computer is available for use by all members of the household at any time.
The computer may or may not be owned by the household, but should be considered a household asset. 3 Data are obtained by countries through national household surveys
irrespective of the device used (not assumed to be only a computer it may also be a mobile telephone,
tablet, PDA, games machine, digital TV, etc..Access can be fixed via a or mobile network. Household with Internet access means that the Internet is available for use by all members of the household at any time.
It can be via a computer (i e. desktop computer, laptop computer or tablet or similar handheld 223 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 computer), mobile phone
either as a standalone service (e g. using a data card such as a USB modem/dongle) or as an add-on data package to voice services
inhabitants 0. 20 International Internet bandwidth per Internet user 0. 20 Percentage of households with a computer 0. 20 Percentage of households with Internet access 0. 20 ICT
mobilecellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, international Internet bandwidth per Internet user, percentage of households with a computer and percentage of households with Internet access.
127.5 c International Internet bandwidth per Internet user**787'260 261'221 d Percentage of households with a computer 100 93.1 e Percentage of households with Internet access
. 90 0. 20 0. 92 z4 Percentage of households with a computer d/100 0. 20 0. 93 z5 Percentage of households with Internet access e
*20 0. 18 y4 Percentage of households with a computer z4*.*20 0. 19 y5 Percentage of households with Internet access z5*.
and supported by different devices (handset and computer), mobile-broadband prices were collected for two different data thresholds,
and b) computer-based mobile-broadband subscriptions. 5. Mobile-broadband prices should be collected from the operator with the largest market share in the country, measured by the number of mobile-broadband subscriptions.
a) there are differing market leaders for specific segments (postpaid, prepaid, computer-based, handset-based; b) there is no offer available for a specific sub-basket. 7. Prices should be collected for prepaid and postpaid services, for both handset and computer-based plans.
If there are several plans, the plan satisfying the indicated data volume requirement should be used. 8. Where operators propose different commitment periods for postpaid mobile-broadband plans,
i. 1 GB for USB/dongle (computer-based) subscriptions ii. 500 MB for handset-based subscriptions.
ipad) should be excluded. Allowances during the night are included not..Source: ITU. 239 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 1 The Expert Group on Telecommunication/ICT Indicators (EGTI) was created in May 2009 with the mandate to revise the list of ITU supply-side indicators
In the 2013 revision, EGTI agreed that ITU should collect prepaid and postpaid prices, for both handset-and computer-based services, with the following volume allowances:
1 GB for computer-based and 500 MB for handset-based usage. The EGTI proposals to measure mobile-broadband prices were endorsed by the eleventh World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Symposium held in December 2013 in Mexico city, Mexico.
-telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants Mobile-cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants International Internet bandwidth Bit/s per Internet user Percentage of households with computer Percentage of households
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants Mobile-cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants International Internet bandwidth Bit/s per Internet user Percentage of households with computer Percentage of households with Internet access
but excl. mobile data subscriptions (via data cards, USB modems and M2m cards). 7) Estimate. 8) Incl. data-only subscriptions. 9) Data based on NRA estimates.
Percentage of households with computer, 2012: 1) Estimated based on 2011 proportion of households with a computer and using annual growth rate of 3%.2) Preliminary. 3) Refers to PC
or laptop. 4) Data correspond to dwellings (not households). 5) Ghana Living Standards Survey 2012/2013.
and/or have access to a desktop, laptop or TABLET PCS. Sample weights have been applied. 6) Personal computer included desktop computer, laptop/notebook/netbook/tablet and palm top/Personal digital assistant (PDA),
but excluded digital diary and electronic dictionary. 7) Estimate. 8) From Household Socioeconomic survey-2012.9) Census data. 10) Computer includes the number of personal computer, Notebook,
and PDA. 11) U s. Census bureau, table 4: http://www. census. gov/hhes/computer/publications/2012. html. Percentage of households with computer, 2013: 1) Labour force Survey 2013.2) Cambodia Inter-censal
Population Survey. 3) Refers to PC, laptop or a tablet. 4) Data correspond to dwellings (not households).
5) Ghana Living Standards Survey 2012/2013. The estimate is based on households who own and/or have access to a desktop, laptop or TABLET PCS.
Sample weights have been applied. 6) Preliminary. 7) Estimated. Percentage of households with Internet access, 2012: 1) Estimated based on 2011 proportion of households with internet and using estimated annual growth rate of 2. 8%.2) Preliminary. 3) Data
correspond to dwellings (not households. 4) Ghana Living Standards Survey 2012/2013. The estimate is based on households who own
Not restricted to access at home. 5) Incl. desktop computer, laptop/notebook/netbook/tablet, but excluded palm top/Personal digital assistant (PDA) and other devices for Internet connection (e g. smartphone,
game console and e-book reader). 6) Accessing from personal computers. 7) Estimate based on 2011 Census Population Household Projection Estimates. 8) From Household Socioeconomic survey-2012.9) Break in comparability:
Refers to access at home, on cell phone or other mobile device and via mobile modem. 10) Census data. 11) Excl. households
which didn't know type of internet access 172 346 households. 12) U s. Census bureau, table 3:
http://www. census. gov/hhes/computer/publications/2012. htm. Percentage of households with Internet access, 2013: 1) Labour force Survey 2013.2) Corresponds to all type of internet connections
Not restricted to access at home. 5) Included desktop computer, laptop/notebook/netbook/tablet, but excluded palm top/Personal digital assistant (PDA) and other devices for Internet connection (e g. smartphone,
game console and e-book reader). Use indicators Percentage of individuals using the Internet, 2012: 1) 15 years and older.
27) Reference period for computer and Internet usage is 3 months only. 28) U s. Census bureau, Table 2:
http://www. census. gov/hhes/computer/publications/2012. htm. Percentage of individuals using the Internet,
USB modems and dongles, mobile broadband(>256kbps at least in one direction up to HSPA+),Wimax, Pre Wimax, SID and satellite. 6) Change in definition, break in comparability. 7
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