and open hardware, can potentially serve collective action and awareness. However, today it stills fail to deliver anticipated solutions to tackle large-scale problems,
and open hardware projects like Arduino that is recoluzionising open design and manufacturing;(ii) Participatory mechanisms and open democracy featuring new projects pioneering direct democracy
and open hardware. Other projects are exploring the potential of federated social networking, such as D-CENT and Diaspora,
open hardware and open data infrastructures. The selected organizations have been classified into four types: Different typology of organisations (e g.
The main technological trends the organisations and their activities fit under (open data, open networks, open knowledge, open hardware;
including the types of technologies underpinning DSI services that combine novel technology trends such as distributed networks, knowledge co-production platforms, open data, open hardware, open content,
crowd-mapping, open hardware, open distributed networking, and open knowledge creation to bring people together to solve social challenges, large and small.
and open hardware, can potentially serve collective action and awareness. However, today it still fails to deliver anticipated solutions to tackle large-scale problems.
knowledge and hardware not only provide tools for people to collaborate in virtual space but also facilitate the formation and diffusion of novel collaborative solutions offline in the real world.
open source and open hardware developments), leveraging social networks (or distributed social networking, sensor networks and the Internet of things,
the main technological trends the organisations and their activities fit under (open data, open networks, open knowledge, open hardware;
Recycle are becoming the keywords of the Open Hardware and Makers movement, which implies a combination of different design and technology methods, such as fast prototyping,
The Open Hardware is the backbone of the sharing economy, since it shifts the attention away from consumption and resource exploitation,
The open hardware movement in particular is about how you share knowledge, skills and tools, and how you build communities around your open products.
People working on Open source Hardware are creating new organisations such as the Open source Hardware Association, to open new research avenues and coordinate projects,
Interesting trends are emerging at the intersection between open hardware DIY culture, open source software and open data.
and open hardware. Finally, Github the collaborative service for open software developers is revolutionising the way code is built
These kinds of projects are able to combine open hardware technologies with new learning methods to experiment with new educational practices,
Hardware Safecast Raspberry Pi Fablab Amsterdam Iot Council Arduino Smart Citizen Kit Fairphone Makerfaire New ways of making Participatory mechanisms Sharing economy Awareness networks Open Access 28 Who are involved the organisations in supporting
Arduino, the open hardware circuit board was developed, for example, originally by students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Italy.
open source and open access Goteo Communia Open hardware new ways of making and using open hardware solutions
and moving towards and Open source Internet of things Arduino Smart Citizen Kit Safecast Table 9 36 Through case study analysis we have sought to build up an understanding of to what extent these emerging technologies are being harnessed by digital social innovation.
Safecast, for example relied on Open Hardware to build the first Geiger counter sensor kit, on crowdfunding (open knowledge) to fund the development of kit
and knowledge to a social network of peers living with similar conditions. 40 Open Hardware Open source hardware consists of hardware
and sell the design or hardware based on that design. The hardware's source, the design from which it is made,
is available in the preferred format for making modifications to it. Ideally, open source hardware uses readily available components and materials, standard processes, open infrastructure
unrestricted content, and open-source design tools to maximize the ability of individuals to make and use hardware.
Open source hardware gives people the freedom to control their technology while sharing knowledge and encouraging commerce through the open exchange of designs.
The work by organisations like Raspberry Pi and Arduino illustrates the potential in open hardware.
Core to Arduino is a simple, ultra-low-cost circuit board, based on an open-source design, armed with a microprocessor,
Building on these open hardware platforms new services like the Smart Citizen Kit, an Arduino based sensor kit have the opportunity to provide even more sophisticated sensor network tools to citizens,
Another big trend related to open hardware is the evolution of the Internet of things (Iot. People, places,
or open knowledge vs. open hardware communities). How Digital social innovation happens The role of noninstitutional actors
the open hardware approach means that products developed by one part of the community are accessible for all other Arduino users,
open hardware)- What impact they have (what domains, what reach)- We just develop a more compelling visualisation of organisational information
Open Networks, Open Knowledge, Open Hardware DSI activities: A network, Operating a DSI service Key facts:
an Italian engineer and designer, started the Arduino project to enable students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) build all kinds of electronic contraptions using an open-source hardware board.
Arduino is a key player in the international maker movement of D. I. Y. hardware hobbyists and tinkerers.
The arrival of Arduino is said to mark the move from open-source software to open-source hardware.
This is an example of how student scientists are using Arduino-based hardware to replicate scientific equipment using more readily available components in developing countries.
The hardware reference designs (CAD files) are available under an open-source license, and users are free to adapt them to their needs.
While the hardware used to power Arduino is open-source, Arduino software is also open-source. The source code for the Java environment is released under the GPL
'Arduino has in many senses heralded a paradigm shift from open-source software alone to open-source hardware.
Correspondingly, Arduino's low economic threshold has removed a lot of potential barriers to users previously excluded from getting involved in D. I. Y. hardware
and robotics the availability of Arduino hardware design blueprints for download has meant users who ordinarily might not have been able to afford
one of these Arduino@Heart is the Smart Citizen Kit a hardware kit to gather environmental data,
because the Arduino board is a piece of open source hardware, free for anyone to use,
Creative Commons Licensing Arduino release all of the original design files (Eagle CAD) for the Arduino hardware.
Open source Software Not only the Arduino hardware is open; the Arduino software is also open-source. The source code for the Java environment is released under the GPL
Open Networks, Open Knowledge, Open Hardware DSI activities: Operating a DSI service Key facts: Approximately 28 Million Users Worldwide.
and Arbor networks (who provided defensive hardware which helped fend off the attack) all supported the organisation throughout the attack,
Open Network, Open Data, Open Hardware, Open Knowledge DSI activities: A Network Key facts: Citysdk consist of 23 partners, 9 countries, 3 open source APIS Website:
community networks are built often with simple and low cost off-the-shelf hardware. The nodes are usually running an open source distribution
community networks are built often with simple low cost off-the-shelf hardware. The characteristics of heterogeneity, required network neutrality, openness and size of these networks are a great challenge to routing protocols and their implementation on low-cost devices.
Open networks, Open data, Open knowledge, Open hardware DSI activities: Research project, network, operating web service providing education & training Key facts:
It will host a modular system based on two hardware components: a smartphone controlling the data acquisition and a modular sensor box with several pluggable sensors.
Open Networks, Open Hardware, Open Knowledge DSI activities: A network, hosting makerspace/hackerspace, providing education & training Key facts:
Fablab Amsterdam is also part of a global network of standardised open hardware setups. Type of organisation Fablab Amsterdam is part of the international Fablab community (there are now Fablabs in most parts of the world, from inner-city Boston through to rural India, South africa and the North of Norway.
Fablab Amsterdam uses digital fabrication to create an open hardware environment, and builds an open network based on that, in
The network also makes it possible for people to attend the Fab Academy from all over the world. 108 Open Hardware and Open philosophy:
and is based on open source design and open hardware such as Arduino. One example of this is Alignment laser,
Open Hardware, Open Knowledge DSI activities: product and research Key facts: 25,000 phones sold in less than 6 months. 50,000 followers on Facebook.
for example on the Arduino Open Hardware board. Other projects, like the Tuderechoasaber an online platform for accessing
Open networks, Open hardware DSI activities: Organising an event Key facts: 165,000 people attended the two flagship Maker Faires in in 2012.30,000 people attended the Rome 2013 Mini Maker Faire Website:
Lots of products or projects that will be shown in Maker Faire have a strong focus on using digital social innovation technology such as open hardware,
Attendees at Makerfaire showcase and work on a wide range of soft and hardware, some of the most popular and frequent of these include open hardware such as Arduino micro controller and personal 3d printing.
Several advantages of open source hardware show its importance to the Maker Faire community: Help streamline the design Makers can reduce risk by basing designs on open-source hardware
and taking advantage of a proven design that has operated successfully in the past. Thus, they can work from a known starting point
and easily see what's there, what's missing, and what is unnecessary. It saves development time.
Giving back Open-source hardware is about sharing work with others for everyone's benefit. It is beneficial for all parties to provide upgrades
When a user adds a function to hardware it affects the software, which adds a reason to enhance
Low cost access open hardware gives grassroots audience the ability to turn their ideas into products or services,
There are also many applicable business models for implementing some open-source hardware even in traditional firms. For example, to accelerate development
They purport that the peer-learning aspect could be made even stronger through the addition of design elements in the process and on the crowdsourcing hardware.
tablet or other compatible device, helps turn the hardware into a router. Working with similarly equipped devices within a range of approximately 20 meters,
driven by digital fabrication tools like 3dprinters, facilities like Fablabs, open source hardware designs and DIY communities.
These are defined as devices that wrap computing peripherals around a cellphone hardware core; meaning that such devices can be produced for just a few tens of dollars.
With regard to Raspberry Pi's hardware, the board's low cost was made possible thanks to advances in integration that have shrunk effectively all the components of a desktop computer into a single silicon chip.
Open Networks, Open Hardware, Open Data, Open Knowledge DSI activities: An event, A network, Running/hosting maker spaces
designing and developing hardware, building a community, collecting and sharing open data, as well as educating, without input from government.
and developing open hardware and software. Safecast describes itself as not being anti nuclear, or pro nuclear but pro data.
Open hardware such as Arduino forms part of the actual build of the Geiger counter, crowdfunding platforms such as Kickstarter have been used to raise funding for developing different versions of the Geiger counter
Open Hardware: The hardware developed by Safecast is open source and, in their own words, people who buy it are free‘to open,
manipulate, hack, break and or improve anything, 'and it uses open hardware such as Arduino in the build of its sensors.
As described earlier it has used Hackathons at Tokyo Hackerspace to design and build devices, such as the bgeigie.
Whilst it has used open hardware and open source approaches to develop the original prototype Geiger counters, Crowdfunding has been crucial in the funding
and hardware as well as social media has been instrumental in the success of Safecast. In addition to this, it can be argued that the success of the network was a combination of the identified unmet need,
Open Networks, Open Data, Open Knowledge, Open Hardware DSI activities: A network, operating a web service Key facts:
http://smartcitizen. me/Organisation Name Fablab Barcelona Short description The Smart Citizen Kit is a set of tools (mostly sensors) built on an Arduino open hardware platform.
The Smart Citizen Kit itself is a an electronic board based on the open hardware solution Arduino,
and their aim with the kit is a focus on the use of digital technology and open hardware for the development of a citizen based platform for the city.
designs and develops open hardware, which is also open source. The team also operates an open network,
Open Hardware: The Smart Citizen Kit itself is built on the Arduino open hardware board. Open Data and Open source:
The web platform is developed with Open-Streetmap, Leaflet, Raphaël, jquery, Cakephp, and many more. The actual project is open source and available on the open source platform Github.
The second round of crowdfunding helped the Smart Citizen team achieve their aim of purchasing bulk orders of hardware components to offer kits at the lowest possible costs
developing additional features for the smartphone app to interact with the hardware, and finalizing a 3d-printable, resilient enclosure.
Your Priorities Meiraha Communia Open Knowledge Foundation P2p Foundation mysociety Open Hardware Safecast Raspberry Pi Fairphone Fablab Amsterdam Iot Council Arduino
For the purposes of the report, ICT is defined as IT hardware, software and services, and telecommunications equipment and services.
which manufacture large quantities of ICT hardware and software. Total factor productivity (TFP) growth an important measure of ICT's impact on productivity, has accelerated also in each of these countries4.
Software investment tends to lag purchases of hardware. This may explain the more rapid growth of software investment relative to total investment in the US,
and has invested heavily in hardware since the late 1990s, software vendors can probably look to good times ahead in their European markets.
whereas hardware sales declined. IDC, a technology consultancy, projects that the west European software market will expand at a respectable 6. 6%compound annual growth rate over the 2003-07 period to a volume of €57. 5bn
Such a system would require advanced hardware and management protocols for connections, whether for suppliers of power, for consumers or for network operators.
It is possible to conceive such a network but the real hardware, protocols, standards and markets at all levels are more difficult to realise.
Virtual utilities (or virtual electricity market) adopt the structure of the internet-like model and its information and trading capability, rather than any hardware.
1999), these capabilities require the complex combination of the technical infrastructure (cabling infrastructure, hardware platform, base software platform), ICT shared services (as communications services), ICT applications (as WEB
In both ways, people purchased the most in Information technology (such as IT hardware and software), Consumer Electronics (such as TVS, audio home systems and Blu-ray players) and Major Domestic Appliances (such as
At the Ottawa cluster the microelectronics sector further benefits from the NRC institute for microstructural sciences that through its research enables future hardware development.
Technology (including software, hardware, IT services and e-commerce) Telecommunications Banking Media and entertainment Other Pharmaceutical and biotechnology 16%20%7%15%20%22%IT-intensive industry CIOS refers to the CIOS surveyed for this report,
These sectors included technology (including hardware, software and other IT services), financial services, life sciences, telecommunications, online and e-commerce.
49,999 22%50,000 and more 19%23%Software, hardware and computer services Banking and financial services 19%8%Chemical, bio-and medical technology 14%Telecommunication operators
ICT (hardware and services) and Food (including functional foods), and 38 http://www. forfas. ie/publication/search. jsp?
ICT hardware and the food and drinks Educational attainment to third level is higher than all other regions.
CSO National Accounts, Database Direct Food and Drink 15%Pharmaceuticals 6%Medical Technologies 7%ICT Hardware 9%ICT Services Financial services 20
It excludes spending on hardware used for playing games. 39‘Core'games companies refers to companies directly involved in the production of games 40 Electronic Games Study, Forfás, 2004 (unpublished) and The Games Sector in Ireland:
, hardware, software, and personnel) relative to other competitors within the same industry. Drawing upon a scale developed
41 37 Developing and testing hardware and software for an Internet of Energies Integrating grid operation and electronic marketplace Gaining knowhow on interoperability,
Open Hardware Open Networks Open Data and Open Knowledge Open hardware: These projects are inspired by the global do-it-yourself maker movement and the spread of maker spaces.
They make digital hardware available for people to adapt, hack and shape into tools for social change.
is one example of the potential of open hardware. It was founded in March 2011 as a response to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan and frustration over the lack of government transparency about local radiation levels.
Using the Arduino, an open hardware circuit board with a microprocessor Safecast built their own Geiger counters.
These combine novel technology trends such as open data, open hardware, open networks, and open knowledge;
and incubation Open democracy Open access Collaborative economy Awarness network Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data Open Hardware Organisations More Filters Screenshot of the crowdmap www
Beyond the Internet, many new technologies such as open hardware may have positive network externalities. This network effect applies in a straightforward manner for some services such as social networking sites like Facebook,
developers and social entrepreneurs are innovating with cheap open hardware, open source software, open knowledge, data storage and analytics and are producing valuable data about people, the environment and biometric and sensor data.
The development of open data, federated identity, bottom-up wireless and sensor networks, open hardware and distributed social networks can potentially serve collective action and awareness.
open hardware) 4. The area of society the organisations and their activities operate and seek an impact in.
Open Knowledge, Open Hardware, Open Data, Open Network. 4 Areas of Society: Health and Wellbeing, Finance and Economy, Energy and Environment, Education and Skills, Culture and Arts, Work and Employment, Participation and Democracy, Neighbourhood Regeneration,
Recycle are becoming the keywords of the open hardware and makers movement, which embodies a combination of different design and technology methods,
Open hardware seeks to shift the attention away from consumption and resource exploitation, to the creation of new capacities to build the products that people consume according to a set of shared ethics and principles.
The open hardware movement in particular is about how people share knowledge, skills and tools, and how you build communities around open products.
People working on open source hardware are creating new organisations, such as the Open source Hardware Association, to coordinate research projects,
such as the open source cars Wikispeed, and build farming tools and new fabrication machines like the Reprap and others.
Interesting trends are emerging at the intersection between open hardware, DIY culture, open source software and open data.
built on the Arduino open hardware board. The team turned to‘the crowd'via crowdfunding platform, Kickstarter,
open data, free and open software and open hardware. Github, the collaborative service for open software developers, is revolutionising the way code is built,
These kinds of projects are able to combine open hardware technologies with new learning methods to experiment with new educational practices,
and open hardware. Through case study analysis we have sought to build up an understanding of the extent these emerging technologies, 2. 4 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS IN DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATION such as open data, open networks,
open hardware and open knowledge, are being harnessed by digital social innovation. Below we provide a more detailed description of how these trends can be defined,
for example relied on open hardware to build the first Geiger counter sensor kit, on Crowdfunding to fund the development of kit,
) 412 269 258 105 OPEN HARDWARE Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 39 The ability to build bottom-up networking capabilities in every corner
and more generally the hacking culture of sharing skills and knowledge. 46 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Arduino OPEN HARDWARE OPEN HARDWARE new ways of making
and moving towards and Open source Internet of Thingst Open-source hardware consists of hardware whose blueprints are made publicly available
and sell the design or hardware based on that design. The hardware's source, the design from which it is made,
is available in the preferred format for making modifications to it. Ideally open-source hardware uses readily available components and materials, standard processes, open infrastructure,
unrestricted content and open-source design tools to maximise the ability of individuals to make and use hardware.
Open-source hardware gives people the freedom to control their technology while sharing knowledge and encouraging commerce through the open exchange of designs.
The work by organisations like Raspberry Pi and Arduino illustrates the potential in open hardware.
The core to Arduino is a simple, ultra low-cost circuit board, based on an open-source design, armed with a microprocessor
In 2005, Massimo Banzi, an Italian engineer and designer, started the Arduino project to enable students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) to build electronic devices using an open-source hardware board.
'along with its quick adoption by the international maker movement of D. I. Y. hardware hobbyists, such as makerspaces and Fab Labs. This makes Arduino a key building block of many digital social
innovation initiatives relying on open hardware, such as Safecast and the Smart Citizen Kit. The Smart Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 47 Smart Citizen Kit OPEN HARDWARE Citizen Kit is based an Arduino sensor kit that provides sophisticated sensor
network tools to citizens, enabling the measurement of levels of air pollution, noise pollution or air humidity in the vicinity of a private home, school or office.
Another big trend related to open hardware is the evolution of the Internet of things (Iot. People, places,
ways of making Funding acceleration and incubation Open democracy Open access Collaborative economy Awarness network TECHNOLOGY AREAS Open Hardware
The largest community (10.29 per cent) is focussed around open hardware and open networks and includes organisations such as iminds, Fairphone, the City of Amsterdam,
Interestingly, although the open hardware network is the smallest overall it is the most highly interconnected
such as those of open data, open knowledge, open hardware and open networks? Even if an organisation is not central
Interdisciplinary European projects that force diverse communities to work together would strengthen the overall resilience of DSI in Europe by combining open hardware, open data, open knowledge and open networks. 56 Growing
They combine investments in new hardware and software with experiments to discover better ways of delivering healthcare or reducing carbon emissions.
which a whole new open ecosystem of services and applications could flourish, based on open-source and open-hardware developments.
as is done today by Fablabs with the Fabacademy, by Hacklabs and Makerspaces with free software and open hardware training,
open access and open hardware can then be built on top of a public federated platform in a dynamic and flexible way,
dislocation of emphasis from hardware to services) was a benefit for Boston that‘was poised ideally to take advantage of the rise in returns to skill that so marked the last quarter of the twentieth century.'(
which made investments in ICT hardware or networks during the past 12 months Weighting:%%of empl.%
Hardware to secure the subscriber's private key may also be advisable. Persons relying on digital signatures will incur expenses for verification software and perhaps for access to certificates and certificate revocation lists in a repository.
and hardware to achieve the integration. A key ingredient of most ERP systems is the use of a unified database to store data for the various system modules.
"it will be assessed how the adoption of ICT hardware and software correlates with innovation activity of firms("conduct),
Infrastructure endowment index that comprises of hardware components used by a firm and includes the share of employees with an internet access at their workplace, internet connection capacity and the use of LAN, Intranet and Extranet.
ICT hardware of little importance for organisational changes: Hardware endowment, measured in terms of network infrastructure usage and internet access, does not increase the likelihood of introducing organisational changes.
Software use and IT practitioners drive organisational changes: The intensity of ICT applications and in particular IT-skilled employees are the major drivers of organisational changes.
soft-and hardware have different implications for companies'conduct and performance. Whereas hardware is a necessary condition for an efficient ICT use,
it is not a sufficient condition for business transformation. These are rather human 123 Similar to probit/logit regressions,
Hardware infrastructure, in contrast, is already a commodity that does not offer companies any potential to create a competitive advantage. 4. 3 ICT,
Hardware infrastructure, in contrast, offer companies less potential to create a competitive advantage compared to software applications and skilled employees.
The Integrated Sales system is in its majority an internal development of the IT department of ALSA, with a total budget of €300. 000 (€100. 000 corresponding to hardware and licences and €200. 000 to development.
For a nationwide system, a unitary hardware and standard software architecture has been chosen to offer long-term benefits, like improved technical support, technical operating services and reduced TCO (Total Cost of Ownership.
In this respect, the solution is based on Hewlett-packard hardware, Oracle RDBMS software and Practical Automation thermal printers, verified for more than 7 years in real-time operation
The pilot system validated the technical solution (hardware and software) as well as the design and provided real data to determine the transaction volumes needed to operate such a system.
20 million euros for the hardware including the services and 5 million euros for the application software and deployment.
as well as hardware and software for the four deployed eservices. Maintenance cost for the portal is about 11000 Euros per month.
hardware and implementation were approximately 100.000 Euros. The cost for one GPS unit is about 1200 euros
specialised in traffic system GPS (hardware and software) and intelligence traffic systems. This firm was in charge of the integration and implementation of the system,
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