information and communication technology is a set of heterogeneous technologies (hardware and software) that allow for electronic communication, data collection and processing in distributed networks (e g.
traditional in-office installation of software/hardware, and patient management systems provided over the web via an application service provider (ASP).
MAEHC reports hardware and software costs of approximately USD 30 700, plus another USD 12 100 for support per physician.
PITO negotiated prices with these vendors on the basis of one time hardware and software start-up costs of approximately USD 15 500 plus an annual fee of almost USD 4 000 the first year, rising to almost USD 6 000 thereafter.
) Hardware 22 800 6 364 Software & implementaion 17 200 9 091 Annual support/License 5 600 3 709 (1st year
and the high level of access to its specifications for ready promulgation in a variety of hardware and software.
and hardware to perform administrative and clinical functions, and most (78.3%)had speed a high Internet connection. Over half these practices (55.6%)had received a PIP payment for information technology/information management,
The hardware reimbursement levels were established based on real costs incurred by a representative group of practices, large and small in British columbia (source:
ranging from USD 27 214 to 36 212 over five years (Figure 3. 2). It should be noted that the US incentives in this figure are compared to costs associated with in-office installation of EHR software/hardware
as well as meeting software and hardware compatibility requirements. However, though the MAEHC had done an extensive job researching the vendors and making final selections based on strict criteria,
Reducing the risk of data loss in physician offices caused by human, hardware or software failure.
and hardware to perform administrative and clinical functions, and most (78.3%)had speed a high internet connection. Furthermore, GSGPN survey results from 2006 indicated over 80%of Western australia practices using computers for both clinical and administrative functions.
traditional in-office installation of software/hardware and installation through an external application service provider (ASP.
The district was seeking a health check of their technology systems for hardware, software and network infrastructure as well as IT policies, procedures and organisational structure.
EMP packages hardware and software into one product which monitors all energy inputs and costs, providing instant access to information on energy usage, power quality, billing
The experience of DSP Valley (a Flemish-Dutch technology network organization focusing on design of hardware and embedded software technology) shows that collaboration is possible
a successful combination of hardware, software and orgware, viewed from a societal and/or economic point of view.
Hardware relates to the material equipment (mostly) involved and software concerns the knowledge in terms of manuals, software, digital content,
what at first sight are purely hardware innovations, such as the conveyor belt. Without the extremely radical social, financial and economic innovations that were part
'in conjunction with smaller amounts of roadside hardware, would allow coverage to be extended at much lower cost in terms of installation and maintenance.
although that itself drives growth. 31 They include hardware, software applications, and telecommunications networks, and increasingly tools that incorporate all three components in them,
for example, hardware and software research activities belong to different R&d types (for a full list of R&d types considered in this study see Table 4). This, together with the above point on the corporate control and location of R&d centres, leads
Technology Hardware & Equipment 3 1, 75 10 0, 31 19 Software 2 1 17 31 0, 95 20 Construction & Materials 1 0, 58 8 0, 25 21 Industrial Machinery 1 0, 58 15
Regarding R&d types, hardware, software and components are the most common ones performed in the R&d centres included in the dataset. 17 Table 4:
R&d centres'application and activity types R&d application Frequency%in total R&d type Frequency%in total 1 Automotive 422 17.69 1 Hardware 1092 36.88
and growth as a hardware manufacturer but also because of its later reinvention and move into web services.
Thus the web service, at its inception, was coupled to the software (Apple's ios) and its hardware, the ipod originally,
and safety hardware. Thus in pure design and manufacture of robots for civilian purposes, Europe leads the USA.
external appearance, expressed through complementary design of software and hardware for ease-of-use. Apple's design emphasis has profited from one of its founder's sojourns,
Apple has changed radically, turning away from pure hardware and software for computing to combining bundles of web services.
Thus Apple's major business segments have advanced out of hardware and software products for personal computing and graphics into global retail services, with chains, of both online and physical shops.
and virtually has leadership in new business models for the web platform and for its hardware and software products.
despite its apparently virtual presence in cyberspace, is very much a hardware company, needing heavy amounts of capital investment for the two key business processes:
sales, cataloguing and customer profiling engines on a base of cloud computing. For this it has its own hardware manufactured, rather than COTS units.
cheap hardware and expensive consumables laid the golden e g . but in the digital era hardware margins were still slim
and software was largely free. Kodak's virtual monopoly in colour film was a cash cow.
the use of open source software and hardware platforms is seen as fundamental. Shadow Robot joined the ranks of Willow Garage
o Computer science and engineering with respect to university faculties, o Computer science with respect to scientific publications, o ICT hardware and software with respect to R&d activity performed in R&d centres,
They designed and built an innovative hardware and software system using touch screen clinical workstations which collected individual patient information,
For more information, see http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sector antenna. 46 A media access control (MAC) address is a unique identifier that is assigned to network interfaces mostly by a hardware manufacturer.
Heterogeneous security solutions which reflect in greater security risk Granular purchase of hardware and software solutions does not provide transparency on governmental level.
including hardware, software and operations Reduction of costs for the migration of services towards new platforms Reduction of the number of applications and services (redundant) in the public sector Reduction of the time and cost for procurement of new
The final goals of the open data movement are similar to those of other"Open"movements such as open source, open hardware, open content,
and the rest of 28.0%is assigned to the Hardware sub-sector. At the beginning of 2011 in Romania, 14,595 of SMES activated in the ITC field, representing approximately 3%of the total of SMES registered and active in Romania in the same period of time.
acquisition of hardware and software does not provide transparency at governmental level Opportunities Threats and constraints The development of an infrastructure for the egovernment of the public services The increase of the public services utilisation degree which are available in the online media The preparation of the coordinated implementation of intra-communitarian projects,
Open Hardware Open Networks Open Data and Open Knowledge Open hardware: These projects are inspired by the global do-it-yourself maker movement and the spread of maker spaces.
They make digital hardware available for people to adapt, hack and shape into tools for social change.
is one example of the potential of open hardware. It was founded in March 2011 as a response to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan and frustration over the lack of government transparency about local radiation levels.
Using the Arduino, an open hardware circuit board with a microprocessor Safecast built their own Geiger counters.
These combine novel technology trends such as open data, open hardware, open networks, and open knowledge;
and incubation Open democracy Open access Collaborative economy Awarness network Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data Open Hardware Organisations More Filters Screenshot of the crowdmap www
Beyond the Internet, many new technologies such as open hardware may have positive network externalities. This network effect applies in a straightforward manner for some services such as social networking sites like Facebook,
developers and social entrepreneurs are innovating with cheap open hardware, open source software, open knowledge, data storage and analytics and are producing valuable data about people, the environment and biometric and sensor data.
The development of open data, federated identity, bottom-up wireless and sensor networks, open hardware and distributed social networks can potentially serve collective action and awareness.
open hardware) 4. The area of society the organisations and their activities operate and seek an impact in.
Open Knowledge, Open Hardware, Open Data, Open Network. 4 Areas of Society: Health and Wellbeing, Finance and Economy, Energy and Environment, Education and Skills, Culture and Arts, Work and Employment, Participation and Democracy, Neighbourhood Regeneration,
Recycle are becoming the keywords of the open hardware and makers movement, which embodies a combination of different design and technology methods,
Open hardware seeks to shift the attention away from consumption and resource exploitation, to the creation of new capacities to build the products that people consume according to a set of shared ethics and principles.
The open hardware movement in particular is about how people share knowledge, skills and tools, and how you build communities around open products.
People working on open source hardware are creating new organisations, such as the Open source Hardware Association, to coordinate research projects,
such as the open source cars Wikispeed, and build farming tools and new fabrication machines like the Reprap and others.
Interesting trends are emerging at the intersection between open hardware, DIY culture, open source software and open data.
built on the Arduino open hardware board. The team turned to‘the crowd'via crowdfunding platform, Kickstarter,
open data, free and open software and open hardware. Github, the collaborative service for open software developers, is revolutionising the way code is built,
These kinds of projects are able to combine open hardware technologies with new learning methods to experiment with new educational practices,
and open hardware. Through case study analysis we have sought to build up an understanding of the extent these emerging technologies, 2. 4 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS IN DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATION such as open data, open networks,
open hardware and open knowledge, are being harnessed by digital social innovation. Below we provide a more detailed description of how these trends can be defined,
for example relied on open hardware to build the first Geiger counter sensor kit, on Crowdfunding to fund the development of kit,
) 412 269 258 105 OPEN HARDWARE Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 39 The ability to build bottom-up networking capabilities in every corner
and more generally the hacking culture of sharing skills and knowledge. 46 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Arduino OPEN HARDWARE OPEN HARDWARE new ways of making
and using open hardware solutions and moving towards and Open source Internet of Thingst Open-source hardware consists of hardware
whose blueprints are made publicly available so that anyone can study, modify, distribute, make, extend and sell the design or hardware based on that design.
The hardware's source, the design from which it is made, is available in the preferred format for making modifications to it.
Ideally open-source hardware uses readily available components and materials, standard processes, open infrastructure, unrestricted content and open-source design tools to maximise the ability of individuals to make
and use hardware. Open-source hardware gives people the freedom to control their technology while sharing knowledge and encouraging commerce through the open exchange of designs.
The work by organisations like Raspberry Pi and Arduino illustrates the potential in open hardware.
The core to Arduino is a simple, ultra low-cost circuit board, based on an open-source design, armed with a microprocessor
which can be programmed with open-source software tools by the user. The idea is that anyone should be able to turn an Arduino into a simple electronic device such as a light switch and sensor.
In 2005, Massimo Banzi, an Italian engineer and designer, started the Arduino project to enable students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) to build electronic devices using an open-source hardware board.
'along with its quick adoption by the international maker movement of D. I. Y. hardware hobbyists, such as makerspaces and Fab Labs. This makes Arduino a key building block of many digital social
innovation initiatives relying on open hardware, such as Safecast and the Smart Citizen Kit. The Smart Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 47 Smart Citizen Kit OPEN HARDWARE Citizen Kit is based an Arduino sensor kit that provides sophisticated sensor
network tools to citizens, enabling the measurement of levels of air pollution, noise pollution or air humidity in the vicinity of a private home, school or office.
Another big trend related to open hardware is the evolution of the Internet of things (Iot. People, places,
ways of making Funding acceleration and incubation Open democracy Open access Collaborative economy Awarness network TECHNOLOGY AREAS Open Hardware
The largest community (10.29 per cent) is focussed around open hardware and open networks and includes organisations such as iminds, Fairphone, the City of Amsterdam,
Interestingly, although the open hardware network is the smallest overall it is the most highly interconnected
such as those of open data, open knowledge, open hardware and open networks? Even if an organisation is not central
Interdisciplinary European projects that force diverse communities to work together would strengthen the overall resilience of DSI in Europe by combining open hardware, open data, open knowledge and open networks. 56 Growing
They combine investments in new hardware and software with experiments to discover better ways of delivering healthcare or reducing carbon emissions.
which a whole new open ecosystem of services and applications could flourish, based on open-source and open-hardware developments.
as is done today by Fablabs with the Fabacademy, by Hacklabs and Makerspaces with free software and open hardware training,
open access and open hardware can then be built on top of a public federated platform in a dynamic and flexible way,
despite the hardware being supported by the supplier on a'best endeavours'basis. 2 The legacy system is unable to comply with the latest NHS information standards for drugs and medicines.
cost, prioritisation and funding. 1 ttp://www. nhsbsa. nhsh. uk/Prescriptionservices/809. aspx 2 The Mcdonnell douglas hardware
The legacy Mcdonnell douglas hardware is supported by Northgate on a'best endeavours'basis. 26 Part Four NHS Prescription Services:
hardware and software arrangements are in place to cope with the two systems. The team has an appropriate mix of skills to maintain
In addition, many of the retired units have been retained in storage to provide for spares in case of hardware failure.
and organisational changes as well as direct costs of investing in hardware and software solutions. While many studies provide evidence of the positive effects of ICT adoption on firm performance,
In particular, traders will have to inform (consumer) buyers of digital content not only about its compatibility with hardware and software
Solved), testing of software and hardware products (e g. utest), ideation and concepting (e g. Atizo) or pre-purchase crowdfunding (e g.
Examples vary from Microsoft to hardware and special hobby groups like the ones actually run by the brand itself, Suunto, a Finnish origin global manufacturer and marketer of sport watches,
/a professional network of 150 000+testers and QA professionals in a crowdsourcing complex testing of both software and also hardware of their product for tracking vehicles and assets.
An Open Hardware project in Minneapolis, MN by AJ Quick 2011. http://www. kickstarter. com/projects/ajquick/modular-desktop-cncmachine?
It is organised as a nonprofit association (c-base e. V.)offering skill enhancement for hardware, software and network usage.
Hardware. co-Lab Berlin The Hardware. co-Lab is located within the famous co-working space betahaus in Berlin-Kreuzberg.
This inner-city area has undergone substantial transformation in the past 15 years. During the division of Berlin, the area was close to the Berlin Wall
hardware tools and professional support for using the more advanced technologies. Machines and support were available at an hourly fee.
and the space has now been operating as the Hardware. co-Lab since January 2015.
More explicitly than before, the lab addresses innovative hardware start-ups and‘technology freaks'18 and offers up to 10 workstations.
de/a/conrad-schafftraum-fuer-hardware-entwickler, 3044225, accessed 12 february 2015.20) http://www. betahaus. com/berlin/spaces/hardwarelab,
software and hardware that can enable individuals with creative ideas or small enterprises to make developments is available.
the lighting domain is in a transition from a hardware and product-driven industry to a full solution and service-driven industry.
and ICT industry has mainly been based hardware: selling products such as lighting posts, luminaires, sensor and routers.
The shift in focus from products to services makes it possible to continuously innovate without further investments in the hardware infrastructure.
new hardware and software will become available over time allowing new functionalities. To ensure that the system has a sufficiently long economic lifetime,
which Philips provides intelligent lighting hardware, Open Remote provides an open source software platform to integrate lighting
S m A r T C i T i e S 89 In the first phase of the project the emphasis has been on the realisation of the hardware and software infrastructure.
Open hardware development is emerging in tangible products and is very interesting from the investors'perspective,
Important boost for this sector to grow is the open plug-in platform for devices both from hardware and system level.
This article is about the opportunity for (open) hardware development in the financial industry inspired by open innovation 2. 0 and consumer needs.
as open design and hardware labs, are giving us access to tools for developing hardware.
and we have seen these new hardware tools popping up due to several reasons. Even software developers, like XL Team in Romania, start to hire electronic designers to prepare for the wearable revolution (2). One aspect is
looking beyond the software and inside technology and enter the world of hardware. We have seen high adoption rates of banking apps,
but the momentum is rising very quickly. 39 One of the first disruptive hardware tools built might be Square (2). Jack Dorsey,
Might the entry into hardware be a good move for financial institutions? Selling hardware is totally different from a service offering.
The costs of revenue is high in any device manufacturing segment because fixed costs, works-in progress and overhead are compared very high
Often, regular hardware and peripherals are being sold at rock-bottom prices. This is the case in the printing industry.
hardware is the new software. Hardware is a good way to create connectivity with the client.
We see a potential huge market that might be beneficial as well: security is becoming a large concern for the consumer.
He expects the healthcare sector to be influenced majorly by the hardware revolution. Geographically, Central and South america, due to its uncapped economic potential, has a tremendous potential, also in the long term.
Interaction with hardware has a huge potential to change the entire business model of the economic region:
We expect the hardware device to be the next wave in the financial industry. Especially with the NFC chip and other new to come biometrical sensors showing up in phones the coming years,
The hardware and software requirements and the quality levels needed to deploy Onstar safely as a vehicle-based application are quite impressive,
Abstract The lighting industry is in transition from a hardware only industry to a full solution and services industry.
and require different skills than the traditional ones in the hardware related industry. Introduction Last year, in the Open Innovation Yearbook 2013, we presented the case of participative innovation in smart urban lighting,
securing intellectual property and providing hardware to the market. This hardware will become mainstream, easier to produce in lowcost countries
and will create little jobs in Western europe. However, in the field of meaningful applications designed to address societal needs there are more opportunities for new jobs, especially in the domain of developing new services with lighting.
The type of jobs is shifting from hardware related jobs towards the design of lighting services as well is to the development of software applications for smart lighting solutions:
and require different skills than the traditional jobs in the hardware related industry. 121 The development of meaningful applications requires a changing attitude interconnecting the different levels:
The hardware infrastructure allows for such flexibility. Increasing Safety in an Entertainment District The city of Eindhoven is currently implementing its vision and roadmap for urban lighting.
New Professions Looking at the two cases presented above we can see a shift in the type of skills required from the more hardware related to new ones that focus more on the ICT and services part.
In the two categories of IT hardware and software, there were a few European companies that spent more than €1 billion on R&d in the year 2004.
In the IT hardware category, just four companies, from Finland (Nokia), Sweden (Ericcson), France (Alcatel) and Germany (Infineon Technologies) are recorded against six in the USA (Intel, HP, Cisco, Motorola, Texas instruments
1999) calculated the long-run market shares in international trade for core ICT hardware, including computers and peripherals, semiconductors,
as well as basic, research in hardware and software and contributed to the development of new hardware.()
In December 1968 IBM was forced by the US authorities to unbundle the commercialization of software from sales of hardware products, giving origin to a separate industry,
This makes it possible to move increasingly far from the physical implementation on a hardware without losing the relevant aspects of the description.
For example, it is possible to decouple the program from the underlying hardware representation (Shaw, 2004.
The People, the Hardware, and the Software. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Mounier-Kuhn, P E 1994.
Hardware software. An equivalence and a contradiction. In Foundations of Computer science. Potential-Theory-Cognition, C Freksa, M Jantzen and R Valk (eds..
when the hardware and software used to store them becomes obsolete, material may be lost when storage devices deteriorate over time,
But simply investing in hardware (lines cables, transformers etc. is not enough. The potential of smart grids must be unlocked with new applications, solutions,
and synchronization of services and hardware in public services. Perhaps one can say that our view is that public policy can contribute to open processes in society. 11 This does not mean that public policy sets all the agendas
Vertical Priority 4-IT&C sector In the IT&C field 2147 companies were operating in 2011 (software, telecommunications, hardware),
are considered increasingly to be a complex concept involving not only hardware and some local control software,
This is a huge growth opportunity for the corresponding industries offering hardware, software, data handling and communication.
Cuenta con sistemas de simulación optimización de producto y puesta en mercado, equipamiento hardware y distemas de software específicos para
gas, andsanitaryservices 49 30.5497.64 Leather andleatherproducts 3120.3698.00 Oil andgasextraction 1320.3698.3715.00100.0 Building materials, hardware, gardensupply, andmobilehomedealers5220. 3698.73 Mining andquarryingofnonmetallicminerals, exceptfuels1410. 1898.91 Construction specialtradecontractors
product vendors (hardware and asset providers; and managed service providers (overseeing management/operation. Smart technology is also at the hear t of the emerging concept of Industry 4. 0, the so-called 4th industrial revolution based on integration of vir tual and physical production systems.
arguing that the imputed gross earnings on hardware and software stocks amount to such a small fraction of GDP that the rapid growth of real computer assets per se can hardly be expected to be making a very significant contribution to the real GDP growth rate. 6 But,
not only for the success of personal computer technology and the hardware and software industries based upon it,
hardware and software components. The origins of the personal computer required the invention of the microprocessor
it specialized instead in hardware production, leaving the software market to independent software vendors. 28 This process,
It may be accepted that general purpose hardware and software in combination did"empower"users to think of"insanely great"new applications--to use the rhetoric of Steve jobs,
But the ubiquity and complementary of these dual"general purpose engines--personal computer hardware and packaged software--has the side-effect of foreclosing the apparent need for more specialized task-oriented software development. 31 Worse still
Sichel's (1997) price indexes of quality adjusted computer services (from hardware and software) would seriously underestimate the relevant rate of decline.
that CPU speed may be weighted too heavily by the hedonic indexes for hardware, inasmuch as the utility of (net) computer power 37 Fortuitously,
without being rewritten to optimally exploit the capacity available on the new and faster hardware. Finally, a deeper,
The"general purpose"trajectory followed by the spectacular development of personal computer technology has reduced greatly the price-performance ratio of the hardware,
Google (Internet), Oracle (Software), Qualcomm (Telecom equipment), Apple computer Hardware) and Broadcom (semiconductors. The performance of EU companies compared to US companies in the ICT sectors varies by subsector...
This contrasts with negative figures in the Technology Hardware & Equipment sector for EU companies(-2. 3%in R&d and-9. 3%in sales;
IT Hardware, Automobiles & Parts, and Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology. Figure S6. Relative size of EU R&d in Pharma and Biotech compared to US Source:
Technology Hardware & Equipment 29; Chemicals 24; Banks 23; Health care Equipment & Services 20; Aerospace & Defence 18.
The 10 most numerous sectors Technology Hardware & Equipment 264; Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology 156; Software & Computer Services 151;
and technology hardware whereas the EU and Japan are stronger in medium R&d intensity sectors like the automotive sector (see chapter 4). Figure 1. 1 R&d investment by the top 2000
Technology hardware & equipment; Software & computer services and Aerospace & defence. Medium-high R&d intensity sectors (between 2%and 5%)include e g.
%namely Software & Computer Services (11.7%),Automobiles & Parts (8. 9%)and Technology Hardware & Equipment (8. 8%).The top R&d investing sector, Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology achieved a more modest
%Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology (17.5%)and Technology Hardware & Equipment (10.2%).%)The main R&d shares of those based in the US specialise in high R&d-intensive sectors, namely Technology Hardware & Equipment (25.2%),Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology (22.1%)and Software & Computer Services (18.2%).
%)These three high R&d-intensity sectors account for 65.5%of US R&d, 30%for the EU and 26%for Japan.
Out of 40 industrial sectors, the top three Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology, Technology Hardware & Equipment and Automobiles & Parts account for 50.2%of the total R&d investment by the Scoreboard companies;
%It is followed by the Technology Hardware & Equipment sector with a share of 16.4%(similar to last year's 16.6%)and the Automobile & Parts sector with 15.7%,slightly higher than the 15.0%of last year.
%and Technology Hardware & Equipment (10.2%);%In the US, Technology Hardware & Equipment (25.2%),Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology (22.1%)and Automobiles & Parts (6. 6%;
%In Japan, Automobiles & Parts (26.4%),Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology (10.8%)and Technology Hardware & Equipment (7. 3%).The contribution to the total Scoreboard R&d by EU companies is 53.0%to Aerospace
& Defence, 46.1%to Automobiles & Parts and 39.5%to the Industrial Engineering sectors; the US contributes 74.4%to Software and Computer Services, 63.8%to Health care Equipment & Services and 54.0%to Technology Hardware & Equipment and;
Japan contributes 34.5%to Chemicals, 33.3%to the Electronic & Electric Equipment sector and 31.8%to Automobiles & Parts.
%followed by Industrial Engineering (9. 8%),Automobiles & Parts (8. 9%)and Technology Hardware & Equipment (8. 8%)sectors.
%and Technology Hardware & Equipment(-2. 3%).The 2013 EU Industrial R&d Investment Scoreboard 41 Among the companies based in the US,
the Technology Hardware & Equipment sector shows the highest one-year growth rate (14.8%)followed by Software
& Biotechnology Technology Hardware & Automobiles & Parts Software & Computer Services Electronic & Electrical Equipment Industrial Engineering Chemicals Aerospace & Defence General Industrials Leisure Goods
%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%Japan US EU Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology Technology Hardware & Equipment Automobiles & Parts Software
12.6-2. 6 5 1 6. 4 5. 3 4 Technology Hardware & Equipment 8. 8-2. 3 1. 4 14.8
in particular the Technology Hardware & Equipment (8. 8%vs. 1. 9%)and the Industrial Engineering sector (9. 8%vs. 3. 5%).The opposite happened for the Electronic & Electric Equipment
%Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology, IT sectors (Software & Computer Services and Technology Hardware & Equipment) and Leisure Goods. The sector with the lowest R&d intensity is Oil & Gas Producers (0. 3
the R&d intensity of EU companies is larger than that of the US and Japan in 6 sectors (Software & Computer Services, Technology Hardware & Equipment, Industrial Engineering,
Hardware & Equipment 7. 9 14.5 8. 8 6. 1 4 Leisure Goods 6. 3 3. 3 5. 3 6. 7
%)The sector showing the lowest one-year sales growth is Technology Hardware & Equipment(-9. 3%).Among the largest sectors in the EU,
%)The EU companies'negative profitability of the Technology Hardware & Equipment sector(-1. 1%)is mostly due to large losses incurred by Nokia, STMICROELECTRONICS and Alcatel-lucent.
the Software & Computer Services sector shows the highest one-year growth rate for sales (6. 9%)followed by Technology Hardware
4. 4 10 Technology Hardware & Equipment 1. 9-9. 3-1. 1 6. 8 14.9-1. 2 6. 6 11
Technology Hardware & Equipment and Software & Computer Services, account for almost 90%of the total R&d investment of the US's high R&d intensity group.
Germany 20, UK 11, France 6 Technology Hardware & Equipment 46: UK 11, Germany 7, Sweden 7 50 The 2013 EU Industrial
of EU 1000 (number of firms) Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology 59 (23%)52 (21%)Software & Computer Services 37 (14%)74 (30%)Technology Hardware & Equipment
The share of companies with a higher R&d intensity than that of the top European companies exceeds 40%in the sectors of Industrial Engineering and Technology Hardware & Equipment.
All the Swedish companies operating in the Technology Hardware and Equipment sector show higher performances, as compared to the upper reach average.
FDIS in R&d are concentrated mainly in the three sectors of Technology Hardware and Equipment Automobiles & Parts and Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology. 12 A turnkey contract is a business arrangement in
1 2 4 38 Technology Hardware & Equip. 2 2 7 1 1 2 6 11 1 1 5 7 46 Tobacco
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