Hardware

Computer case (60)
Hardware (653)
Input devices (34)
Output devices (826)
Processors (incl names) (1004)
Removable data storage (24)

Synopsis: Ict: Computer: Computer components: Hardware:

Replacing hardware in place for several years with new models can provide energy savings of up to 40%.

As a result, we often have to change our devices because the hardware, operating system, applications, interfaces,

and hardware that uses the lock-and-key paradigm to compute by touch BEN 97.

ALP 14 ALPENIA A.,Google's Nanotechnology, Red herring, available at http://www. redherring. com/hardware/googles-nanotechnology-microsoft-bandhp-goes-3d/,2 november 2014.

In the ICT hardware and maker community these are called often‘hackerspaces'.'Co-working spaces are effective creation engines for startups as they lower barriers to entry for founders while increasing learning/information sharing.

Trends and Forecast The ICT industry provides hardware, software and services that make up the modern information age,

and open hardware environments supporting social innovation by empowering and facilitating citizens'participation. One of the projects is responsible for the impact analysis of Digital Social Innovation impacts.

and the specialists have defined ICT as the hardware, software application programs, telecommunication networks and technical expertise that support information processing and communications activities at all levels of a company (Marchand et al. 2001).

negotiating significant group discounts on the purchase of hardware, providing interest-free loans for purchasing Kaye, Kokia, Shalev, Idar and Chinitz 170 W s. Maney & Son Ltd

JUNE 2010 hardware with convenient repayment conditions and providing the software at no charge to the physician.

JUNE 2010 173 are equipped not to make about both hardware and software. This means providing massive training and support to help doctors learn to use the new technology

hardware and software components fully open for other suppliers, as well as Mextal (the firm owning and commercially selling the concept),

unless they can be sure that the hardware and software used guarantees the confidentiality of their trade secrets and the integrity and availability of their IT systems.

and offering trustworthy hardware and software products and services that users can deploy to increase their online security. zzwe are providing secure infrastructures

and to gain technical mastery of hardware and software components. VI. SICHERHEIT, SCHUTZ UND VERTRAUEN FÜR GESELLSCHAFT UND WIRTSCHAFT 33 zzto do this,

and the hardware devices on which apps are designed to run. www. techopedia. com/definition/28141/app-economy.

and skills needed to effectively use hardware and software components. 116 Basic computer skills include (sample):

installing software and hardware. Advanced computer skills (sample: programming; using advanced features of productivity programmes;

and open hardware environments supporting social innovation by empowering and facilitating citizens'participation. One of the projects is responsible for the impact analysis of Digital Social Innovation impacts.

Open Hardware Open Networks Open Data and Open Knowledge Open hardware: These projects are inspired by the global do-it-yourself maker movement and the spread of maker spaces.

They make digital hardware available for people to adapt, hack and shape into tools for social change.

is one example of the potential of open hardware. It was founded in March 2011 as a response to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan and frustration over the lack of government transparency about local radiation levels.

Using the Arduino, an open hardware circuit board with a microprocessor Safecast built their own Geiger counters.

These combine novel technology trends such as open data, open hardware, open networks, and open knowledge;

and incubation Open democracy Open access Collaborative economy Awarness network Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data Open Hardware Organisations More Filters Screenshot of the crowdmap www

Beyond the Internet, many new technologies such as open hardware may have positive network externalities. This network effect applies in a straightforward manner for some services such as social networking sites like Facebook,

developers and social entrepreneurs are innovating with cheap open hardware, open source software, open knowledge, data storage and analytics and are producing valuable data about people, the environment and biometric and sensor data.

The development of open data, federated identity, bottom-up wireless and sensor networks, open hardware and distributed social networks can potentially serve collective action and awareness.

open hardware) 4. The area of society the organisations and their activities operate and seek an impact in.

Open Knowledge, Open Hardware, Open Data, Open Network. 4 Areas of Society: Health and Wellbeing, Finance and Economy, Energy and Environment, Education and Skills, Culture and Arts, Work and Employment, Participation and Democracy, Neighbourhood Regeneration,

Recycle are becoming the keywords of the open hardware and makers movement, which embodies a combination of different design and technology methods,

Open hardware seeks to shift the attention away from consumption and resource exploitation, to the creation of new capacities to build the products that people consume according to a set of shared ethics and principles.

The open hardware movement in particular is about how people share knowledge, skills and tools, and how you build communities around open products.

People working on open source hardware are creating new organisations, such as the Open source Hardware Association, to coordinate research projects,

such as the open source cars Wikispeed, and build farming tools and new fabrication machines like the Reprap and others.

Interesting trends are emerging at the intersection between open hardware, DIY culture, open source software and open data.

built on the Arduino open hardware board. The team turned to‘the crowd'via crowdfunding platform, Kickstarter,

open data, free and open software and open hardware. Github, the collaborative service for open software developers, is revolutionising the way code is built,

These kinds of projects are able to combine open hardware technologies with new learning methods to experiment with new educational practices,

and open hardware. Through case study analysis we have sought to build up an understanding of the extent these emerging technologies, 2. 4 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS IN DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATION such as open data, open networks,

open hardware and open knowledge, are being harnessed by digital social innovation. Below we provide a more detailed description of how these trends can be defined,

for example relied on open hardware to build the first Geiger counter sensor kit, on Crowdfunding to fund the development of kit,

) 412 269 258 105 OPEN HARDWARE Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 39 The ability to build bottom-up networking capabilities in every corner

and more generally the hacking culture of sharing skills and knowledge. 46 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Arduino OPEN HARDWARE OPEN HARDWARE new ways of making

and using open hardware solutions and moving towards and Open source Internet of Thingst Open-source hardware consists of hardware

whose blueprints are made publicly available so that anyone can study, modify, distribute, make, extend and sell the design or hardware based on that design.

The hardware's source, the design from which it is made, is available in the preferred format for making modifications to it.

Ideally open-source hardware uses readily available components and materials, standard processes, open infrastructure, unrestricted content and open-source design tools to maximise the ability of individuals to make

and use hardware. Open-source hardware gives people the freedom to control their technology while sharing knowledge and encouraging commerce through the open exchange of designs.

The work by organisations like Raspberry Pi and Arduino illustrates the potential in open hardware.

The core to Arduino is a simple, ultra low-cost circuit board, based on an open-source design, armed with a microprocessor

which can be programmed with open-source software tools by the user. The idea is that anyone should be able to turn an Arduino into a simple electronic device such as a light switch and sensor.

In 2005, Massimo Banzi, an Italian engineer and designer, started the Arduino project to enable students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) to build electronic devices using an open-source hardware board.

'along with its quick adoption by the international maker movement of D. I. Y. hardware hobbyists, such as makerspaces and Fab Labs. This makes Arduino a key building block of many digital social

innovation initiatives relying on open hardware, such as Safecast and the Smart Citizen Kit. The Smart Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 47 Smart Citizen Kit OPEN HARDWARE Citizen Kit is based an Arduino sensor kit that provides sophisticated sensor

network tools to citizens, enabling the measurement of levels of air pollution, noise pollution or air humidity in the vicinity of a private home, school or office.

Another big trend related to open hardware is the evolution of the Internet of things (Iot. People, places,

ways of making Funding acceleration and incubation Open democracy Open access Collaborative economy Awarness network TECHNOLOGY AREAS Open Hardware

The largest community (10.29 per cent) is focussed around open hardware and open networks and includes organisations such as iminds, Fairphone, the City of Amsterdam,

Interestingly, although the open hardware network is the smallest overall it is the most highly interconnected

such as those of open data, open knowledge, open hardware and open networks? Even if an organisation is not central

Interdisciplinary European projects that force diverse communities to work together would strengthen the overall resilience of DSI in Europe by combining open hardware, open data, open knowledge and open networks. 56 Growing

They combine investments in new hardware and software with experiments to discover better ways of delivering healthcare or reducing carbon emissions.

which a whole new open ecosystem of services and applications could flourish, based on open-source and open-hardware developments.

as is done today by Fablabs with the Fabacademy, by Hacklabs and Makerspaces with free software and open hardware training,

open access and open hardware can then be built on top of a public federated platform in a dynamic and flexible way,

on top of which a whole new open ecosystem of services and applications could flourish in a participatory innovation model based on open source and open hardware development;

yy proposing new promising models of participatory innovation based on open software and open hardware; yy achieving a better understanding of the techno-social issues related to key aspects of the networked society,

The CAPS participants share data and collaborate to reach collective sustainability goals on open source platforms (open in terms of software but also hardware,

1) the open hardware and free software communities,(2) the community of developers,(3) innovation labs, including Fab labs, Living Labs, Hackerspaces and Makerspaces (4) the open

the organisations and their activities fit under (open data, open networks, open knowledge, open hardware;

and open hardware, can potentially serve collective action and awareness. 7 However, to date it has failed to deliver anticipated solutions to tackle large-scale problems,

1) the open hardware and free software communities,(2) the community of developers,(3) innovation labs,(4) the open data and open knowledge community,(5) smart citizens,

open hardware and open data infrastructures. The new front page has been redesigned to inspire visitors to learn about DSI and join the map..

Open Hardware and Open Knowledge need to overcome to scale their work and how they can do this.

This typology of communities matches the main technology trends emerging in the grassroots innovation space (e g. open data, open knowledge, open hardware, open networks),

The open hardware and free software communities The open source community is a broad-reaching community of individuals who share an open source philosophy/culture,

Although in the beginning of the movement, a difference between hardware and software did not exist, nowadays,

we distinguish between the open source software community and the open source hardware community. The individuals who participate in the former support the use of open source licenses that make software available for anybody to use

The open source hardware community is formed by individuals that design hardware (that is, tangible artefacts: machines, devices,

and sell the design or hardware based on that design. Often, individuals gather around specific organisations or projects.

This is the case for Arduino, an open source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software,

Communities Focal actors Enablers Governance Failures Open source hardware and software Open source activists Firms supporting open source activists Communities Open source platforms Peer governance

analysis of the innovation ecosystem The open source hardware and software communities Within this wider community,

the open source software community and the open source hardware community. In both cases, the focal actors are the activists:

and exchanging programming code for software development (the open source hardware activists). Firms, organisations, and not-for-profit communities supporting open source activists are considered enablers within the open source community.

anyone can be part of an open source hardware or an open source software community but in order to be engaged actively,

Communities Instruments Motivations Incentives Open source hardware and software Government contracts and procurement Creating fast growing platforms (companies) Reducing costs (companies) Capturing value (companies) Reputation

Micro level analysis of the innovation ecosystem The open source hardware and software communities In terms of instruments, usually, open source products are free.

Open source hardware is not that popular among governments although there a few interesting examples. We have referred already to the Flok Society in Ecuador93.

During 2013, they distributed 3, 000 open hardware kits (the Civic Information Starter Kits), open hardware and software packages for citizen-led environmental data collection supported by a small data platform for analysis and advocacy.

This tool enables civic-minded groups to empirically verify government data and inaugurating a new generation of civic information tools to hold government accountable.

and hardware should not be proprietary goods), community identification (for open source development communities are not communities only in a technical sense of the word but also in terms of identity:

Avenali et al (2010), in their study on open software and hardware innovation platforms, point to economic incentives (that may result in a increase of profit),

and open hardware platforms. In many cases, new services cannot be envisaged at the time that these open tools are developed,

European SMES, developers and social innovators are innovating with cheap open hardware, open source software, open knowledge, open data and analytics faster,

based on open source and open hardware developments. 2. The need for privacy-aware technologies based on trust and ethics is recognised.

and open hardware, can potentially serve collective action and awareness. However, today it stills fail to deliver anticipated solutions to tackle large-scale problems,

and open hardware projects like Arduino that is recoluzionising open design and manufacturing;(ii) Participatory mechanisms and open democracy featuring new projects pioneering direct democracy

and open hardware. Other projects are exploring the potential of federated social networking, such as D-CENT and Diaspora,

open hardware and open data infrastructures. The selected organizations have been classified into four types: Different typology of organisations (e g.

The main technological trends the organisations and their activities fit under (open data, open networks, open knowledge, open hardware;

including the types of technologies underpinning DSI services that combine novel technology trends such as distributed networks, knowledge co-production platforms, open data, open hardware, open content,

crowd-mapping, open hardware, open distributed networking, and open knowledge creation to bring people together to solve social challenges, large and small.

and open hardware, can potentially serve collective action and awareness. However, today it still fails to deliver anticipated solutions to tackle large-scale problems.

knowledge and hardware not only provide tools for people to collaborate in virtual space but also facilitate the formation and diffusion of novel collaborative solutions offline in the real world.

open source and open hardware developments), leveraging social networks (or distributed social networking, sensor networks and the Internet of things,

the main technological trends the organisations and their activities fit under (open data, open networks, open knowledge, open hardware;

Recycle are becoming the keywords of the Open Hardware and Makers movement, which implies a combination of different design and technology methods, such as fast prototyping,

The Open Hardware is the backbone of the sharing economy, since it shifts the attention away from consumption and resource exploitation,

The open hardware movement in particular is about how you share knowledge, skills and tools, and how you build communities around your open products.

People working on Open source Hardware are creating new organisations such as the Open source Hardware Association, to open new research avenues and coordinate projects,

Interesting trends are emerging at the intersection between open hardware DIY culture, open source software and open data.

and open hardware. Finally, Github the collaborative service for open software developers is revolutionising the way code is built

These kinds of projects are able to combine open hardware technologies with new learning methods to experiment with new educational practices,

Hardware Safecast Raspberry Pi Fablab Amsterdam Iot Council Arduino Smart Citizen Kit Fairphone Makerfaire New ways of making Participatory mechanisms Sharing economy Awareness networks Open Access 28 Who are involved the organisations in supporting

Arduino, the open hardware circuit board was developed, for example, originally by students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Italy.

open source and open access Goteo Communia Open hardware new ways of making and using open hardware solutions

and moving towards and Open source Internet of things Arduino Smart Citizen Kit Safecast Table 9 36 Through case study analysis we have sought to build up an understanding of to what extent these emerging technologies are being harnessed by digital social innovation.

Safecast, for example relied on Open Hardware to build the first Geiger counter sensor kit, on crowdfunding (open knowledge) to fund the development of kit

and knowledge to a social network of peers living with similar conditions. 40 Open Hardware Open source hardware consists of hardware

and sell the design or hardware based on that design. The hardware's source, the design from which it is made,

is available in the preferred format for making modifications to it. Ideally, open source hardware uses readily available components and materials, standard processes, open infrastructure

unrestricted content, and open-source design tools to maximize the ability of individuals to make and use hardware.

Open source hardware gives people the freedom to control their technology while sharing knowledge and encouraging commerce through the open exchange of designs.

The work by organisations like Raspberry Pi and Arduino illustrates the potential in open hardware.

Core to Arduino is a simple, ultra-low-cost circuit board, based on an open-source design, armed with a microprocessor,

Building on these open hardware platforms new services like the Smart Citizen Kit, an Arduino based sensor kit have the opportunity to provide even more sophisticated sensor network tools to citizens,

Another big trend related to open hardware is the evolution of the Internet of things (Iot. People, places,

or open knowledge vs. open hardware communities). How Digital social innovation happens The role of noninstitutional actors

the open hardware approach means that products developed by one part of the community are accessible for all other Arduino users,

open hardware)- What impact they have (what domains, what reach)- We just develop a more compelling visualisation of organisational information

Open Networks, Open Knowledge, Open Hardware DSI activities: A network, Operating a DSI service Key facts:

an Italian engineer and designer, started the Arduino project to enable students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) build all kinds of electronic contraptions using an open-source hardware board.

Arduino is a key player in the international maker movement of D. I. Y. hardware hobbyists and tinkerers.

The arrival of Arduino is said to mark the move from open-source software to open-source hardware.

This is an example of how student scientists are using Arduino-based hardware to replicate scientific equipment using more readily available components in developing countries.

The hardware reference designs (CAD files) are available under an open-source license, and users are free to adapt them to their needs.

While the hardware used to power Arduino is open-source, Arduino software is also open-source. The source code for the Java environment is released under the GPL

'Arduino has in many senses heralded a paradigm shift from open-source software alone to open-source hardware.

Correspondingly, Arduino's low economic threshold has removed a lot of potential barriers to users previously excluded from getting involved in D. I. Y. hardware

and robotics the availability of Arduino hardware design blueprints for download has meant users who ordinarily might not have been able to afford

one of these Arduino@Heart is the Smart Citizen Kit a hardware kit to gather environmental data,

because the Arduino board is a piece of open source hardware, free for anyone to use,

Creative Commons Licensing Arduino release all of the original design files (Eagle CAD) for the Arduino hardware.

Open source Software Not only the Arduino hardware is open; the Arduino software is also open-source. The source code for the Java environment is released under the GPL

Open Networks, Open Knowledge, Open Hardware DSI activities: Operating a DSI service Key facts: Approximately 28 Million Users Worldwide.

and Arbor networks (who provided defensive hardware which helped fend off the attack) all supported the organisation throughout the attack,

Open Network, Open Data, Open Hardware, Open Knowledge DSI activities: A Network Key facts: Citysdk consist of 23 partners, 9 countries, 3 open source APIS Website:

community networks are built often with simple and low cost off-the-shelf hardware. The nodes are usually running an open source distribution

community networks are built often with simple low cost off-the-shelf hardware. The characteristics of heterogeneity, required network neutrality, openness and size of these networks are a great challenge to routing protocols and their implementation on low-cost devices.

Open networks, Open data, Open knowledge, Open hardware DSI activities: Research project, network, operating web service providing education & training Key facts:

It will host a modular system based on two hardware components: a smartphone controlling the data acquisition and a modular sensor box with several pluggable sensors.

Open Networks, Open Hardware, Open Knowledge DSI activities: A network, hosting makerspace/hackerspace, providing education & training Key facts:

Fablab Amsterdam is also part of a global network of standardised open hardware setups. Type of organisation Fablab Amsterdam is part of the international Fablab community (there are now Fablabs in most parts of the world, from inner-city Boston through to rural India, South africa and the North of Norway.

Fablab Amsterdam uses digital fabrication to create an open hardware environment, and builds an open network based on that, in

The network also makes it possible for people to attend the Fab Academy from all over the world. 108 Open Hardware and Open philosophy:

and is based on open source design and open hardware such as Arduino. One example of this is Alignment laser,

Open Hardware, Open Knowledge DSI activities: product and research Key facts: 25,000 phones sold in less than 6 months. 50,000 followers on Facebook.

for example on the Arduino Open Hardware board. Other projects, like the Tuderechoasaber an online platform for accessing

Open networks, Open hardware DSI activities: Organising an event Key facts: 165,000 people attended the two flagship Maker Faires in in 2012.30,000 people attended the Rome 2013 Mini Maker Faire Website:

Lots of products or projects that will be shown in Maker Faire have a strong focus on using digital social innovation technology such as open hardware,

Attendees at Makerfaire showcase and work on a wide range of soft and hardware, some of the most popular and frequent of these include open hardware such as Arduino micro controller and personal 3d printing.

Several advantages of open source hardware show its importance to the Maker Faire community: Help streamline the design Makers can reduce risk by basing designs on open-source hardware

and taking advantage of a proven design that has operated successfully in the past. Thus, they can work from a known starting point

and easily see what's there, what's missing, and what is unnecessary. It saves development time.

Giving back Open-source hardware is about sharing work with others for everyone's benefit. It is beneficial for all parties to provide upgrades

When a user adds a function to hardware it affects the software, which adds a reason to enhance

Low cost access open hardware gives grassroots audience the ability to turn their ideas into products or services,

There are also many applicable business models for implementing some open-source hardware even in traditional firms. For example, to accelerate development

They purport that the peer-learning aspect could be made even stronger through the addition of design elements in the process and on the crowdsourcing hardware.

tablet or other compatible device, helps turn the hardware into a router. Working with similarly equipped devices within a range of approximately 20 meters,

driven by digital fabrication tools like 3dprinters, facilities like Fablabs, open source hardware designs and DIY communities.

These are defined as devices that wrap computing peripherals around a cellphone hardware core; meaning that such devices can be produced for just a few tens of dollars.

With regard to Raspberry Pi's hardware, the board's low cost was made possible thanks to advances in integration that have shrunk effectively all the components of a desktop computer into a single silicon chip.

Open Networks, Open Hardware, Open Data, Open Knowledge DSI activities: An event, A network, Running/hosting maker spaces

designing and developing hardware, building a community, collecting and sharing open data, as well as educating, without input from government.

and developing open hardware and software. Safecast describes itself as not being anti nuclear, or pro nuclear but pro data.

Open hardware such as Arduino forms part of the actual build of the Geiger counter, crowdfunding platforms such as Kickstarter have been used to raise funding for developing different versions of the Geiger counter

Open Hardware: The hardware developed by Safecast is open source and, in their own words, people who buy it are free‘to open,

manipulate, hack, break and or improve anything, 'and it uses open hardware such as Arduino in the build of its sensors.

As described earlier it has used Hackathons at Tokyo Hackerspace to design and build devices, such as the bgeigie.

Whilst it has used open hardware and open source approaches to develop the original prototype Geiger counters, Crowdfunding has been crucial in the funding

and hardware as well as social media has been instrumental in the success of Safecast. In addition to this, it can be argued that the success of the network was a combination of the identified unmet need,

Open Networks, Open Data, Open Knowledge, Open Hardware DSI activities: A network, operating a web service Key facts:

http://smartcitizen. me/Organisation Name Fablab Barcelona Short description The Smart Citizen Kit is a set of tools (mostly sensors) built on an Arduino open hardware platform.

The Smart Citizen Kit itself is a an electronic board based on the open hardware solution Arduino,

and their aim with the kit is a focus on the use of digital technology and open hardware for the development of a citizen based platform for the city.

designs and develops open hardware, which is also open source. The team also operates an open network,

Open Hardware: The Smart Citizen Kit itself is built on the Arduino open hardware board. Open Data and Open source:

The web platform is developed with Open-Streetmap, Leaflet, Raphaël, jquery, Cakephp, and many more. The actual project is open source and available on the open source platform Github.

The second round of crowdfunding helped the Smart Citizen team achieve their aim of purchasing bulk orders of hardware components to offer kits at the lowest possible costs

developing additional features for the smartphone app to interact with the hardware, and finalizing a 3d-printable, resilient enclosure.

Your Priorities Meiraha Communia Open Knowledge Foundation P2p Foundation mysociety Open Hardware Safecast Raspberry Pi Fairphone Fablab Amsterdam Iot Council Arduino

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