the mobile phone industry, the digital amplifier industry, the open source software industry, the mobile operating system Android, the biopharmaceutical industry, Procter&gamble, Italcementi, Deutsche telekom, Innocentive, Roche or the Dutch special
and software substitution may soon make more than 50%of current jobs obsolete. Knowledge workers especially will be under pressure
Other crowdsourcing platforms more focused for the purpose have been targeted e g. to match the specific needs of industrial companies in software development (e g.
Solved), testing of software and hardware products (e g. utest), ideation and concepting (e g. Atizo) or pre-purchase crowdfunding (e g.
Technology utest (http://www. utest. com)> 150 000 software testers Numerex Topcoder (http://www. topcoder. com>600 000 software developers Praxis
Nowadays, many software and consumer electronics companies say openly that they are not the experts in the usage of their products and services,
when making Internet search enquiries for a specific (software or electric device usage related) problem, the users do not end up at the official brand Q&a sites as the first hit,
/a professional network of 150 000+testers and QA professionals in a crowdsourcing complex testing of both software and also hardware of their product for tracking vehicles and assets.
enabled by the FIWARE software platform. Still there remain challenges in synchronising technical platform development and the creation of innovation communities based on the platform.
For the FIRE community the boundary objective can be the ICT software and applications test beds and facilities,
The case of enterprise software',MIS Q.,Vol. 36, Nr. 1, pp. 263-290.22) European commission (2010),‘Interim Evaluation of the Seventh Framework Programme, Report
as the computer programs belong to Harvard university as sponsored software inventions. The Harvard system seems on the surface to bear likeness to the Finnish system but somewhat clearer and perhaps more sophisticated as to the definition of rights and the clarity of allocation.
However, this is not the whole picture of IP created in universities there are copyrightable computer programs, content,
and networking software. This empirical study was carried out in the context of the OLLD's matchmaking session that was held in Amsterdam on Tuesday, 2 september 2014.
Concurrently, the PCN approach was implemented into a software prototype 6, 12,13 named CONEX that operates as an online service.
Skype) right before the event takes place. In terms of recommendation, this study also highlights the fact that networks (e g.
It is organised as a nonprofit association (c-base e. V.)offering skill enhancement for hardware, software and network usage.
Seminars and events address topics such as open source software, mobile applications or 2d/3d design. Nonmembers have restricted access to the lab facilities that comprise
and often have a particular economic focus or specialisation, such as media, design or software development.
devices and services for interdisciplinary and collaborative work addressing diverse mobile professionals (freelancers, microentrepreneurs, start-ups), most of whom work in creative industries such as design, media, arts or software development.
machines and related software including for instance 3d printers, laser and vinyl cutters or CNC milling machines. Sometimes, more traditional workshop tools supplement these technologies.
-and software and further education within the fields covered by the lab. Co-working labs,
design, music, games, software development, energy and automotives. Other disciplinary or sectoral specialisations are nevertheless also possible.
software and hardware that can enable individuals with creative ideas or small enterprises to make developments is available.
new hardware and software will become available over time allowing new functionalities. To ensure that the system has a sufficiently long economic lifetime,
Open Remote provides an open source software platform to integrate lighting and open data from various sources is used together with data from large numbers of sensors from various suppliers.
S m A r T C i T i e S 89 In the first phase of the project the emphasis has been on the realisation of the hardware and software infrastructure.
luminaires, sensors, routers, software. The results of this technological innovation process were off-the-shelf products, fulfilling the regulations set by governmental and public organisations.
and Government officials and key elements of the declaration are being included in output of the Innovation High Level Panel
which runs local Linksmart middleware and the Nosql system database. Figure 9: The Environmental Services Use Case The Healthcare Services Use Case The Cardiovascular diseases (CVDS) are globally number one among those causing death:
when software applications bring new knowledge to people. There could be other dimensions like a‘societal'dimension inn order to assess, from UX point of view,
looking beyond the software and inside technology and enter the world of hardware. We have seen high adoption rates of banking apps,
and Canada to accept credit cards through their iphone and Android phones, either by swiping the card on the Square device
to software. Often, regular hardware and peripherals are being sold at rock-bottom prices. This is the case in the printing industry.
The high mark up items are the software, accessories and ink. It's the same model used by the auto and telecom industries.
For the software industry micro-transactions for updates are more common and are much more frequent.
hardware is the new software. Hardware is a good way to create connectivity with the client.
Today fashionable young people worship successful tech entrepreneurs such as Niklas Zennström, the cofounder of Skype,
and increasing the effectiveness of business processes (1). One of the interesting features of the FI-PPP programme is that it develops a European level common technology platform offering generic, reusable software components
and technology platform (FI-WARE) as well as common software components called‘generic enablers'aiming for wide use across a range of sector applications,
and the terms of trade rose by 2. 9%.The Australian economy grew by 1. 2%during 2009 the best performance in the OECD (5). The outlook for private business investment improved,
The hardware and software requirements and the quality levels needed to deploy Onstar safely as a vehicle-based application are quite impressive,
Airports, like cities, also require a common open operating system that allows for the sharing of data between artifacts
such as in the design of lighting services and in the development of software applications for smart solutions:
ICT On the ICT level the connection is made with data and software applications. The data that is collected through different devices contains e g. time, people counting or proximity measurements, weather information, movements, energy consumption, camera data, etc.
or correlations that can be used for various software applications. Services At this level meaningful services are developed that provide value for the relevant stakeholders.
The type of jobs is shifting from hardware related jobs towards the design of lighting services as well is to the development of software applications for smart lighting solutions:
The renewal rate for the software and applications is even shorter. The data scientist might find new emerging patterns that spark the development of new applications.
Similar renewal rates may apply for software applications build on open platforms in the field of smart urban lighting.
'Two executives came up with the idea for enhancing the company's tax preparation software for tax 132 O P E N I N N O V A t I O N y
and many people went on to purchase the software as well. The organisation is rolling this insight out into new products (8). The concept of collaboration is exemplified in the ideas of the shared or collaborative economy.
Users (mainly inventors) submit ideas through the crowd sourced panel and the organisation selects which ideas it wants to bring to market.
As part of their partnership with Siemens, Local Motors uses their computer-aided design (CAD) software and recommends the software to its global community of 30 000 designers.
Local Motors also works with large enterprises through hosted challenges, whereby the enterprise may outsource a design task to the Local Motors community of designers in exchange for cash prizes.
if you look at the successful international services, like social media or search engines, you realise that somehow these services have managed to go passed and beyond these problems.
Explaining to Generation Y that there was something like Gopher, the game Snake on your Nokia phone or the newness of ecommerce in the previous millennium,
2013 16 open source software communities on the Web can help SMES overcome financial constraints and access external competencies and valuable complementary assets (e g.,
However, potential of Web 2. 0 innovation platforms and communities to support the open innovation activities of SMES outside the special case of the software industry. 2. Empirical study 2. 1
Is Open source Software about Innovation? Collaborations with the Open source Community and Innovation Performance of Software Entrepreneurial Ventures, Journal of Small Business Management, 50 (2), pp. 340-364.61.
Plehn-Dujowich J. M. 2009. Firm size and types of innovation, Economics of Innovation & New Technology, 18 (3), pp. 205-223.62.
but the software also can make choices for the customer depending in the skeleton, weight, age,
The Strada radiator had a panel on top of the radiator that users sometimes had to remove to clean the battery
To remove this panel most people at home used a screwdriver, which would often damage the varnish.
Based on an idea from Product Days, a small pop-up device was installed now to remove the panel easily without using tools.
the acquisition of innovative, externally developed machinery, equipment, and software (iv; the acquisition of external knowledge through licenses or other types of contracts (v). A company's external knowledge acquisition is captured by calculating the average score of the five questionnaire items registering a firm's use of these external
The idea was to build a better way to recommend movies to its users than its own software.
and computer engineers called Bellkor's Pragmatic Chaos. The group developed software that is at least 10%more accurate than Netflix's current software (Cinematch) at predicting which movies customers will like based on their past preferences.
but focuses only on companies that develop open source software. Lecocq & Demil (2006) study the U s. tabletop role-playing game industry,
such as in the open source software (Henkel, 2004; Hienerth, 2006. This practice is also becoming fashionable in other industries such as car design, electronic games,
Open source software from commercial firms Tools, complements, and collective invention. Zfb-Ergänzungsheft. Henkel. J.,2006.
The case of embedded Linux, Research Policy 35,953 969. Herstatt, C.,Von Hippel, E.,1992.
Determinants of innovation capability in small electronics and software firms in southeast England. Research Policy 31,1053 1067.
the paradox of firm investment in open-source software. R&d Management 36,319-331.45 The results of EIM's Research Programme on SMES and Entrepreneurship are published in the following series:
but the software also can make choices for the customer depending in the skeleton, weight, age,
The Strada radiator had a panel on top of the radiator that users sometimes had to remove to clean the battery
To remove this panel most people at home used a screwdriver, which would often damage the varnish.
Based on an idea from Product Days, a small pop-up device was installed now to remove the panel easily without using tools.
the acquisition of innovative, externally developed machinery, equipment, and software (iv; the acquisition of external knowledge through licenses or other types of contracts (v). A company's external knowledge acquisition is captured by calculating the average score of the five questionnaire items registering a firm's use of these external
The idea was to build a better way to recommend movies to its users than its own software.
and computer engineers called Bellkor's Pragmatic Chaos. The group developed software that is at least 10%more accurate than Netflix's current software (Cinematch) at predicting which movies customers will like based on their past preferences.
In the two categories of IT hardware and software, there were a few European companies that spent more than €1 billion on R&d in the year 2004.
1 The situation is even worse in software and computer services. SAP was the only European company spending more than €1 billion for R&d,
In the software sector there are 14 US companies and six from Europe (SAP, UBISOFT Entertainment, Dassault systemes, Sage,
Amdocs and Invensys). There are few European companies who are not only in the top list of software producers,
Second, data on patents may be criticized as less relevant for some subsectors of IT, such as software,
The EU has some excellent software companies with strong positions in their subsectors or niches there are just too few compared to the US.
Examples include SAP in enterprise software, Autonomy in unstructured search and Sage in accounting and customer relationship management software for smaller businesses.
European commission, 2010: 37) In addition, Europe is relatively strong in embedded software, particularly in real-time applications for industrial automation, thanks to its leadership in the fields of mechanical and electrical engineering.
However, this software is sold not typically separately from the equipment. Again, the reasons behind large differences in performance between large markets and niches are worth exploring.
The case of Microsoft in operating systems is an obvious example. Not surprisingly, in mobile phone technology Europe gained a leadership position also because of a first mover advantage in defining the global system for mobile communications (GSM) standard.
Third, one might refer to the linguistic heterogeneity of European countries to explain the difficulty in producing standardised or packaged products in software.
According to this interpretation, European software companies would be globally competitive, but they specialize in customised software products,
which require adaptation to the customer and the use of national languages. In addition, European markets are fragmented still in terms of regulation (particularly in services),
A few years ago we asked a small panel of scientific authorities in computer science, in both European and US universities,
as well as basic, research in hardware and software and contributed to the development of new hardware.()
however, particularly after the development of the software industry. In December 1968 IBM was forced by the US authorities to unbundle the commercialization of software from sales of hardware products, giving origin to a separate industry,
which then propagated in several application areas (Mowery, 1996). In many cases the development of software was the product of a large-scale entrepreneurial effort,
carried out by thousands of individual programmers. As Campbell-Kelly (2003: 209) puts it: In the late 1970s, a typical software development firm consisted of one or two programmers with strong technical skills but no manufacturing, marketing or distribution capabilities.
This trend was reinforced after the emergence of the personal computer (PC) in the 1980s, but also in the huge growth of the videogame industry and of software applications after the internet revolution.
The creative skills of small firms were exploited commercially by larger firms, or the former were acquired,
In the software industry, most of the R&d is done by youthful programmers, usually not trained past the bachelor's degree level,
In addition, the scientific foundations for the modern notion of software were established by academic groups in the 1940s and early 1950s.
(or have their students develop) software code in order to test their results. This is facilitated by the fact that the test of theories can be done in a relatively cheap way, by writing and running programs
At the same time, the symbolic representational nature of computer programs made it possible to explore hundreds of different directions at relatively low cost.
One-fifth of the top scientists also actively produce complete software and mention it in their CVS.
Number of ISI international papers 983 1 284 24.73 34.59 Other research output Software 204 1 56 4. 14 6. 081
as well as software development and patents. Computer science has been based on a fierce competition for students and researchers worldwide.
pioneering work in software during the 50s in Central europe. In History of Computing: Software Issues, U Hashagen, R Keil-Slawik and A l Norberg (eds..
Berlin: Springer. Becchetti, L 2001. The determinants of suboptimal technological development in the system company component producers'relationship.
A History of the Software Industry. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Campbell-Kelly, M and W Aspray 2004.
Institutional frameworks and the evolution of the German software and biotechnology industries. Industry and Innovation, 6 (1), 5 24.
and the Software. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Mounier-Kuhn, P E 1994. French computer manufacturers and the component industry, 1952 1972.
The International Computer Software Industry. Oxford, UK: Oxford university Press. Mowery, D c and N Rosenberg 1998.
A heterogeneous dynamic panel approach. Economica, 72 (No 288), 615 633. Peterson, L and D Clark 2004.
Hardware software. An equivalence and a contradiction. In Foundations of Computer science. Potential-Theory-Cognition, C Freksa, M Jantzen and R Valk (eds..
78 6 Findings about company (non-)growth from the IW Future Panel...81 6. 1 Methodological explanations...
Questions about (non-)growth in IW Future Panel...106 Annex 3: Worldwide policy initiatives for high-growth SMES...
Section 5. 5.)Findings from the IW Future Panel According to the IW Future Panel, a survey of several thousand German enterprises,
IW Future Panel) in early 2011. This panel includes several thousand German companies that replied to a written questionnaire providing information about their business activity and impacts of current economic developments.
The 2011 survey deals with innovation issues and is suited thus very well for questions about innovation-related high growth.
and policies to support coaching deserve special attention. 84 Findings from the IW Future Panel do
Furthermore, findings from the IW Future Panel (see Section 6. 2) indicate that difficult access to finance is not a primary reason for non-growth of companies at least in Germany.
Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6 45 Brief. 124 Finally, findings from the IW Future Panel (see Section 6. 2 of this Policy Brief) support the importance
The companies that received Magneton support come from different high tech fields, such as communication, biotech, software, new materials.
www. it. themarker. com. Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6 81 6 Findings about company (non-)growth from the IW Future Panel 6
. 1 Methodological explanations About the IW Future Panel A specific set of questions about reasons for growth and non-growth of SMES, commissioned by the INNOGRIPS, was included in the 16th wave of the IW-Zukunftspanel (IW
Future Panel) of IW Consult, the consulting branch of the Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft (IW, Institute for the German Economy).
164 The IW Future Panel is a survey of German enterprises which was established in 2005 with the objective of identifying trends and challenges of structural changes of the economy.
Companies in the IW Future Panel are more innovative and more export-oriented than the average of German companies.
Breakdowns In all surveys of the IW Future Panel the enterprises are asked about their growth by employment and turnover;
Reasons for high growth of companies in the IW Future Panel 31 49 71 0 19 27 43 25 51 31 20 1720 32
Reasons for non-growth of companies in the IW Future Panel 39 10 40 15 21 11 35 26 20 6 24 45 30
Reasons for growth of young high-growth enterprises (gazelles) in the IW Future Panel 23 55 82 0 32 27 42 24 55 27
Questions about (non-)growth in IW Future Panel The following questions were included in the IW Zukunftspanel (IW Future Panel) in spring 2011.194 Note:
and financial support to French SMES. http://www. oseo. fr/os eo/oseo in english2**Ireland High Potential Start-up (HPSU) Funding by Enter-The HPSU offers a range of supports for start-up
78 6 Findings about company (non-)growth from the IW Future Panel...81 6. 1 Methodological explanations...
Questions about (non-)growth in IW Future Panel...106 Annex 3: Worldwide policy initiatives for high-growth SMES...
Section 5. 5.)Findings from the IW Future Panel According to the IW Future Panel, a survey of several thousand German enterprises,
IW Future Panel) in early 2011. This panel includes several thousand German companies that replied to a written questionnaire providing information about their business activity and impacts of current economic developments.
The 2011 survey deals with innovation issues and is suited thus very well for questions about innovation-related high growth.
and policies to support coaching deserve special attention. 84 Findings from the IW Future Panel do
Furthermore, findings from the IW Future Panel (see Section 6. 2) indicate that difficult access to finance is not a primary reason for non-growth of companies at least in Germany.
Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6 45 Brief. 124 Finally, findings from the IW Future Panel (see Section 6. 2 of this Policy Brief) support the importance
The companies that received Magneton support come from different high tech fields, such as communication, biotech, software, new materials.
www. it. themarker. com. Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6 81 6 Findings about company (non-)growth from the IW Future Panel 6
. 1 Methodological explanations About the IW Future Panel A specific set of questions about reasons for growth and non-growth of SMES, commissioned by the INNOGRIPS, was included in the 16th wave of the IW-Zukunftspanel (IW
Future Panel) of IW Consult, the consulting branch of the Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft (IW, Institute for the German Economy).
164 The IW Future Panel is a survey of German enterprises which was established in 2005 with the objective of identifying trends and challenges of structural changes of the economy.
Companies in the IW Future Panel are more innovative and more export-oriented than the average of German companies.
Breakdowns In all surveys of the IW Future Panel the enterprises are asked about their growth by employment and turnover;
Reasons for high growth of companies in the IW Future Panel 31 49 71 0 19 27 43 25 51 31 20 1720 32
Reasons for non-growth of companies in the IW Future Panel 39 10 40 15 21 11 35 26 20 6 24 45 30
Reasons for growth of young high-growth enterprises (gazelles) in the IW Future Panel 23 55 82 0 32 27 42 24 55 27
Questions about (non-)growth in IW Future Panel The following questions were included in the IW Zukunftspanel (IW Future Panel) in spring 2011.194 Note:
and financial support to French SMES. http://www. oseo. fr/os eo/oseo in english2**Ireland High Potential Start-up (HPSU) Funding by Enter-The HPSU offers a range of supports for start-up
or generated by a wide range of devices or software. H2020 Reflective 7 b 10 19 ICT 22 R&i action (a) H2020-Reflective 7 Budget:
ideas and challenges during the panel discussionbest Practice Sharing at this Workshopimage from Library of Congress This project is funded partially under the ICT Policy Support Programme (ICT PSP) as part of the Competitiveness
zzmap-based search engine of RDI organisations and businesses zzfinding project partners and mapping project opportunities Kaleidoszkóp is operated by the National Innovation Office RDI Observatory Department.
when the hardware and software used to store them becomes obsolete, material may be lost when storage devices deteriorate over time,
Development of first class office space that will serve as a centre for the development of the software and internationally traded services in the region Enterprise Ireland;
In the context of sectoral convergence, core skills become transferable across sectors, for example, biology, chemistry, engineering, electronics, logistics and software;
and more recently, software development have provided a strong base to build strong enterprises (both indigenous and foreign in origin) within the region, particularly in Medical Technologies, Food Processing, Pharmaceuticals and International & Financial services.
Recommendations by a Business Panel on future EU innovation policy Supported by an online debate at http://blogs. ec. europa. eu/innovationunlimited/We propose to base EU action around compelling social challenges
and new types of partnerships REINVENT EUROPE THROUGH INNOVATION FROM A KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY TO AN INNOVATION SOCIETY 2 The Business Panel on future EU innovation policy was established by DG Enterprise
The members of the Panel are: Diogo Vasconcelos (Chair), Distinguished Fellow, Cisco systems International Dr Anne Stenros, Design Director (Vice president, Design), KONE Corporation Gianfranco Corini, President, NEXT
Bank (member of KBC Group) The panel was supported by a rapporteur: Professor Maureen Mckelvey, Professor of Industrial Management, School of business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg.
The panel would like to thank all those who participated in the online consultation from July to August 2009
and eff ort in discussing ideas with the panel and reviewing the document, in particular: Carlos Costa, Jacques Darcy, Jean-Michel Deligny, Tom Fleming, Maruja Gutierrez Diaz, Mats Gunnarsson, Agnes Hubert, Richard Hudson, John Kao
Finally the panel would thank the support, encouragement and independence provided by Francoise Le Bail, Jean-Nöel Durvy, Peter Dröll, Sandra Kramer and Keith Sequeira at DG Enterprise and Industry.
The ideas presented in this report are those of the panel and do not refl ect the offi cial position of the European commission Directorate General for Enterprise and Industry.
The ideas in this report were created co through a series of meetings by the panel and involved external thought leaders,
Executive director and Cofounder, The Lisbon Council The Business Panel's recommendations speak to all European citizens, not just to policy makers or entrepreneurs.
Here the Business Panel is providing exactly the kind of fresh and strategic thinking which Europe needs
as a network of European third sector leaders, welcome the recommendations of the Business Panel on the future EU innovation policy.
Filippo Addari, Executive director of Euclid Network The report by the Business Panel on future EU innovation policy outlines in clear and certain terms the social innovation imperative.
from closed processes to the power of networks 3) The future starts at the end of this sentence About the panel Appendix:
Throughout the Panels'discussions we have returned and been inspired by the image of a sea star. This started with the book by Brafman
and creativity Cope with the future societal challenges Invest strategically in the future Implement Community level actions Leverage the power of networks and social innovation The Ideas of the Panel New Types of Collaboration New Financing
Modelsfuture Infrastructures Speed and Synchronization Broad Concept of Innovation The Value Proposition of the Panel's ideas PARTNERSHIP TRANSPARENCY ACCESS OPENNESS PEOPLE The Challenges for EU Innovation Policy
Future Technologies (Possibilities and Risks) Social Exclusion (Future of Young) Climate Change (Sustainability) Changing Demographics (Ageing Population) Sustainable Cities (Urbanisation) The Impacts of the Panel
and together to create the future we want. uture sen 29 About the panel The Business Panel on Innovation was established by DG Enterprise
supported, and stimulated us as an independent panel. They wanted a fresh look at innovation, bringing in competencies and people from outside the‘usual'Brussels circles.
as this has lead to a most unusual experience for us All the Panel has functioned well
Professor Maureen Mckelvey, Professor of Industrial Management, School of business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg. 30 Mandate of the panel Context:
The panel will be supported by a rapporteur who will be selected by DG Enterprise and Industry. Timeline, operation and reimbursements:
or two meetings as hearings where a wider range of stakeholders can present views to the panel.
Information obtained through participation in the panel will be confi dential. DG Enterprise and Industry will be responsible for publishing the report of the panel.
Members will not be reimbursed other than for travel and subsistence expenses. 31 In essence the Panel starts with a simple but powerful concept, namely that innovation,
technology and entrepreneurship will stimulate long-term growth and thereby change our economy and society. The Panel has worked with the notion that innovation will create a new future,
as also refl ected by the fact that we choose John Kao's defi nition that innovation is about capabilities for creating the future.
It places the concepts and ideas developed by the Panel for Innovation, in relation to some literature and debates on innovation and innovation policies. 32 The main points from this quote are
The recommendations of the Panel are focused very much upon how public policy can stimulate the relationships between industry
10 The discussion in the Panel covered a similar broad range of policies and stressed the need for creative thinking about public policy.
The precise roles of policies and governance at European, national, regional and local levels in order to realize the recommendations was not part of the Panel's mandate
The Business Panel on Innovation often discusses radical innovations, and these can be contrasted with incremental innovations.
The Panel has stressed primarily that public policy needs to focus more on innovation, in that it off er key opportunities to solve grand societal challenges.
The Panel has used the notion that public policy can help change the fi nal results
It is clear from the Panel's ideas that radically new thinking is needed to think about the types of competencies, access to ideas,
The Lisbon Council The Business Panel's recommendations speak to all European citizens, not just to policy makers or entrepreneurs In summary,
Tom Fleming, Consultant on creativity and economic development This report and the work of the panel were supported by DG Enterprise and Industry as part of the preparations for a new European innovation policy.
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