Key figures of the Information Society (2011) Indicator(%)Baleares España COMPANIES Companies with computer 98
4 98,6 Companies with Local area network 90,9 86,4 Companies with internet 97,9 97,2 Companies with broadband 99,5 99,4 Company to use e-commerce 58,7 51,4 Personal computer using 50,1
sending completed forms 24,2 25 25,5 HOMES Households with computer 74,1 71,5 Households with Internet 69,0 63,9 Households with broadband 66,5 61,9 Households with mobile phone 96,0
95,1 TV households 99,6 99,5 Population using computer 68,0 69,3 Population accessing Internet 70,1 67,1 Population purchase through internet 22,6 18,9 Source:
IT complex systems with the support of a super computer http://bifi. unizar. es, nanosciences http://ina. unizar. es, mathematics, physics, environment and materials.
In 2012, specifically, only 68%of companies with fewer than 10 employees had compared computers with 71.6%at the national level.
Concerning the ratio of students per computer, this figure has been decreasing in Castilla y León as well as at the national level, in both primary and secondary education.
number of homes with computers and devices and Internet access, high use of ecommerce, high percentage of digital natives;
use of mobile devices. Public Government Broad development of e-Government and availability of applications and resources that can be shared among Public Government Bodies.
Computer equipment and Internet access; digital natives; use of mobile devices. Existence of facilities and centers of reference in ICT.
Extensive use of electronic means, especially in the relation with Public Administration, and within it (e--health, e--education).
and your PC is connected to the Internet, simply click on the link. You'll find Statlinks appearing in more OECD books.
New technologies such as computer-numerically-controlled production tools have made it possible for small firms in many industries to produce small batches as efficiently as large firms once produced large batches.
representing revolutions in technologies and markets (e g. the assembly line, the integrated circuit, the personal computer). Incremental innovations are the opposite:
computers and office machinery (30; electronics-communications (32; scientific instruments (33. KISA comprises: post and telecommunications (64;
computer and related activities (72; research and development (73). 3. An overview on the ORBIS database is given in Annex 3. A1. 4. Patent protection can be sought abroad
and technology, including aerospace, pharmaceuticals, computers and office machinery, electronicscommunications, and scientific instruments. Incremental innovation An improvement on existing products or processes that is achieved through internal R&d,
computer and related activities; research and development. Learning failure A type of systemic failure occurring when firms in an innovation system have not developed sufficient absorptive capacity to codify
The Cafu Foundation has a Library, Playroom, Visual Arts Room and Workshop, Computer Rooms, Dental care Office, Cafeteria, Kitchen and Pantry,
Concepts, Issues and Implications In public Policy, Computers and Society, September 13-19. Caves, R, . & Walshok, M. 1999).
Studying Online Social networks, The Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3 (1), http://www. ascusc. org/jcmc/vol3/issue1/garton. html. Götzl,
A Review of Municipally Owned Information Cities between the United states and Europe, Proceeding of International Association of Computer Information systems Pacific 2005 Conference, Taipei, Taiwan, May 19-21.
Mobile devices and social media have been an important driving force for example in the Healthcare industry, par ticularly around the power patient enabling faster
We need more highly specialised computer engineers. The ICT sector currently lacks people with the right skills to accomplish a number of functions, from developing software applications and security systems,
Big data is a goldmine for companies Computer algorithms are better at diagnosing severe cancer than humans,
It's a demonstrable fact that a computer algorithm is better at diagnosing severe cancer than a human.
Italy or Poland where almost one adult in five has no computer experience. Age disparities were detected also with high school pupils having sometimes better skills than higher education graduates.
Present and Future in the Mirror of the Past 1 1. The Computer Revolution, the"Productivity Paradox"and the Economists Over the past forty years, computers have evolved from a specialized and limited role in the information processing
today computing equipment is to be found on the desktops and work areas of secretaries,
In the process, computers and networks of computers have become an integral part of the research and design operations of most enterprises and, increasingly, an essential tool supporting control and decision-making at both middle and top management levels.
In the latter half of this forty year revolution, microprocessors allowed computers to escape from their boxes,
since the late 1980's. It was at that point, in the midst of the personal computer revolution,
"You can see the computer age everywhere but in the productivity statistics.""1 Almost overnight this contrasting juxtaposition achieved the status of being treated as the leading economic puzzle of the late twentieth century,
as a consequence, the emergence of modern computer, telecommunication and satellite technologies have changed fundamentally the structure of the American economy.
It could be maintained that there is little that is really novel or surprising in the way in which the rise of computer capital,
and software stocks amount to such a small fraction of GDP that the rapid growth of real computer assets per se can hardly be expected to be making a very significant contribution to the real GDP growth rate. 6 But,
or (2) there has been a vast overselling of the productivity-enhancing potential of investments in computers
and therefore holding to the cautious optimist position in regard to the computer revolution's potential economic impact,
In section 4 the discussion takes up some of the technological realities that justly can be said to underlie disappointments with the impact of computers upon the more readily measurable forms of task-productivity.
The argument here is that the historical course of the development of the personal computer as a general-purpose machine has not been conducive to enhancing productivity of the sort that can be gauged by conventional measurement approaches.
and computer productivity paradox are first and foremost consequences of a mismeasurement problem must produce a consistent account of the timing
but, before tackling less tractable conceptual questions we should briefly review their bearing on the puzzle of the slowdown and the computer productivity paradox. 2. 1 Over-deflation of output:
This has been a central theme in the business and economics literature on modern manufacturing at least since the 1980's. 15 The increasing proliferation of new goods and its connection with the application of computers,
personal computer models, which currently number over 400, or computer software titles, the count of which is in the neighborhood of a quarter of a million),
the multiplication of the number of models available for consumers to chose among within preexisting product classes is a striking manifestation of this phenomenon.
Of course, some progress has been made in resolving the computer productivity paradox by virtue of the introduction of so-called hedonic price indexes for the output of the computer and electronic business equipment industries themselves.
Thus the hedonic correction of computer and related equipment prices has done wonders as a boost to the growth rate of output
the hedonic deflation of investment expenditures on computer equipment contributes to raising the measured growth of the computer capital services,
The implied rise in computer-capital intensity, and therefore in overall tangible capital-intensity, supports the growth rate of labor productivity in those sectors.
The first involves the surprising appearance of excess rates of return on computer capital. These appeared when economists sought to illuminate the macro-level puzzle through statistic studies of the impact of 20 The difference between the measured TFP performance of the computer-producing
and the computer-using sectors of the economy, which emerges starkly from the growth accounting studies by Stiroh (1998),
may be in some part an artifact of the distorting influence of the Bureau of Economic Analysis use of hedonic price deflators just for the output of the industry producing computer equipment.
See, e g. Wykoff (1995) for an evaluation of other dimensions of the distortions this has created in comparisons of productivity performance. 12 IT at the microeconomic level,
The contrast between the strong (cross-section) revenue productivity impacts of observed computer investments and the weaker (time series) effects gauged in terms of task productivity,
In view of the rapid rate of anticipated depreciation of capital value due to the high rate (circa 20 percent per annum) at which the price-performance ratio of new computer equipment has been falling,
and the market valuation of computer-intensive firms for concluding that the diffusion of information technologies among large business firms has entailed substantial levels of intangible asset formation. 23 The latter,
revised 1999) report that computer usage is associated with very high calculated values of Tobin's q,
The problem of non-market production of intangibles in the form of computer software was relatively more serious in the mainframe era than it has subsequently become
and so contribute to a downward drag on the measured productivity growth rate. 4. Troubles with Computers: Effects of General Purpose Machines on Task-Productivity Laying the whole burden of explanation on the notion that existing concepts and methods are inadequate in accounting for the effects of the computer revolution is,
however, not satisfactory. Even if a large share of these effects vanish into territory inadequately mapped using existing statistical measurement approaches,
that there are real problems in delivering on the productivity promises of the computer revolution. 4. 1 Component performance
and system performance A common focus of attention in the computer revolution is the rapidity with
It is recognized now widely that the costs of personal computer ownership to the business organization may be tenfold the size of the acquisition costs of the computer itself. 24 Many of these costs are unrelated to the 24 Some of these costs are recorded directly
the use of personal computers is unaffected therefore relatively by microprocessor performance improvements. From a productivity measurement standpoint, the relatively constant unit costs imposed by personal computer ownership have been compounded further by the costs of the continuing spread of the technology throughout the organization.
To be sure, employees are being given general purpose tools that may be and often are useful for devising new ways to perform their Work at the same time, however,
it is apparent to most sophisticated users of computers that the extension of these capabilities also creates a vast new array of problems that must be solved to achieve desired aims.
the ancillary complications of preparing to perform a computer-assisted task may fill the time previously allotted for its completion.
that has characterized the personal computer revolution, provided by David and Steinmueller (1999: Section 7). 15 4. 2 The general purpose computing trajectory,
from mainframes to the PC revolution The widespread diffusion of the stored program digital computer is intimately related to the popularization of the personal computer as a"general purpose"technology for information processing,
The historical process by which this was achieved in the case of the personal computer has had major implications,
not only for the success of personal computer technology and the hardware and software industries based upon it,
For the personal computer as for its parent the mainframe, and its cousin the minicomputer, much adaptation and specialization has been required to apply a general purpose information processing machine to particular purposes or tasks.
Such adaptations have proved costly, especially so in the case of the personal computer. It is something of an historical irony that the core elements of the adaptation problems attending this GPT's diffusion into widespread business application may be seen to derive from the historical selection of a trajectory of innovation that emphasized the"general purpose"character of the paradigmatic
hardware and software components. The origins of the personal computer required the invention of the microprocessor
which was a technical solution to the problem of creating a more"general purpose"integrated circuit to serve a specific purpose, a more flexible portable calculator--a foundational application that ultimately proved uneconomic due to the lower relative costs of more specialized
During the same period, efforts to down-scale mainframe computers to allow their use for specialized control
and computation applications supported the birth of the minicomputer industry. These two developments provided the key trajectories for the birth of the personal computer.
As microprocessors became cheaper and more sophisticated and applications for dedicated information processing continued to expand,
a variety of task-specific computers came into existence. One of the largest markets for such task specific computers created during the 1970's was dedicated that for word-processing systems,
which appeared as an incremental step in office automation, aimed at the task of producing documents repetitive in content
But, dedicated word processors were displaced rapidly by personal computers during the mid-1980's, as the latter were perceived to be more"flexible
"and more likely to be"upgrade-able"as new generations of software were offered by sources other than the computer vendors. 27 The dedicated word processor's demise was mirrored by development in numerous markets where dedicated"task-specific
Digital Equipment Corporation, the leading minicomputer manufacturer retreated from its vertical marketing strategy of offering computer systems specifically designed for newspapers, manufacturing enterprises, and service companies;
greatly accelerated during the 1980's with the advent of the large-scale personal computer platforms 27 Outside sourcing of applications software represented a significant departure from the proprietary software strategy that the suppliers of dedicated word-processing systems had sought to implement during the 1970's,
personal computers could use many of the same peripherals, such as printers: because the widespread adoption of the new technology raised the demand for compatible printers,
the dedicated word processors found themselves unprotected by any persisting special advantages in printing technology. 28similar decisions were made by all of the U s. computer manufacturers.
The disappearance of task-based computing in favor of general purpose personal computers and general purpose
thus largely during the 1980's. 29 The early evolution of the personal computer can therefore be seen as cutting across the path of development of an entire family of technically-feasible information processing systems focused on the improvement of"task-productivity"in applications ranging from word processing to manufacturing operations control.
By 1990, then, the personal computer revolution while seizing control of the future of information processing had left carnage in its wake,
The revolutionaries had kept their promise that the PC would match the computing performance of the mainframes of yesteryear.
the spread of partially networked personal computers supported the development of new database and data entry tasks, new analytical and reporting tasks,
The local activities within the organization that were identified as candidates for personal computer applications often could
what remained was a deep chasm between the"mission critical"application embedded in mainframe computers and the growing proliferation of personal computers.
display and entry to mainframe and minicomputer systems. From their introduction, personal computers had software enabling the emulation of these terminals, providing further justification for their adoption. 30 For an historical account of a potential alternative path of user-driven technological development
one that entailed the reorganization of businesses as an integral aspect of the computerization of their activities,
which general purpose personal computers came to be furnished with"general purpose"personal computer software. It may be accepted that general purpose hardware
But the ubiquity and complementary of these dual"general purpose engines--personal computer hardware and packaged software--has the side-effect of foreclosing the apparent need for more specialized task-oriented software development. 31 Worse still
and upgrading of computers, with which they are engaged centrally, is ultimately for the benefit of the user.
and hence elaborate a technological and organizational regime built around a new general purpose technology, the microelectronic digital computing engine--or, for simplicity, the computer.
Chs. 2-4, 12.32 As quoted in W. Wayt Gibbs, Taking Computers to Task, Scientific American, July,
By drawing an explicit analogy between the dynamo and the computer David (1991) sought to use the U s. historical experience to give a measure of concreteness to the general observation that an extended phase of transition may be required to fully accommodate
dynamos and computers Although central generating stations for electric lighting systems were introduced first by Edison in 1881,
Recent estimates of the growth of computer stocks and the flow of services therefrom are consistent with the view that
when computers had evolved not yet so far beyond their limited role in information processing machinery, computer equipment and the larger category of office, accounting
and computing machinery (OCAM) were providing only 0. 56 percent and 1. 5 percent, respectively, of the total flow of real services from the (nonresidential) stock of producers'durable equipment. 34 But,
the growth rate for 1899-1914 is almost precisely the same as that for the ratio of computer equipment services to all producers'durable equipment services in the U s. Does the parallel carry over also,
which has been experienced during the 1979-1997 phase of"the computer revolution";"it took 25 years for the electrified percent of mechanical drive in manufacturing to rise from roughly 0. 5 percent to 38 percent,
the same quantitative change has been accomplished for the computer within with a span of only 18 years.
because the underlying estimates take into account the changing quality of the computer stock; whereas the electrification diffusion index simply compares horsepower rating of the stock of electric motors with total mechanical power sources in manufacturing.
the estimated average rate of growth of the ratio of computer equipment services to all producers'durable equipment services in the U s. turns out to be precisely the same,
Some economists who have voiced skepticism about the ability of computer capital formation to make a substantial contribution to raising output growth in the economy point to the rapid technological obsolescence in this kind of producer durables equipment
pp. 101-103) for a useful comparison of alternative estimates of net and gross basis computer service"contributions to growth".
20 electrification of industry as to render illegitimate any attempt to gain insights into the dynamics of the computer revolution by examining the economic history of the dynamo revolution that took place in the half century before 1929.
which the price-performance ratio of computer equipment has been plummeting so far exceeds the rate of fall in the real unit costs of electric energy that there is little
Table 5-2) estimates the rate of change in real prices of computer services for 1987-1993 to have been-7. 9 percent per annum,
and quality adjusted computer services hardly warrants dismissing the relevance of seeking some insights into the dynamics of the transition to new general purpose technology by looking back at the dynamo revolution.
In arguing for the opposite view Triplett (1998) suggests that Sichel's (1997) estimates of the price of computer services--and, by implication,
He contends that the hedonic price indexes for computers that come bundled with software actually would have fallen faster than the (unbundled) price-performance ratios that have been used as deflators for investment in computer hardware.
Sichel's (1997) price indexes of quality adjusted computer services (from hardware and software) would seriously underestimate the relevant rate of decline.
But, Triplett's argument seems to suppose that operationally relevant computer speed is indexed appropriately by CPU-speed,
whereas many industry observers have pointed out that the bundled PC operating system has grown so large that more processing power does not translate into more effective operating power.
Furthermore, in the same vein it may be noticed that the slower rate of fall in computer services prices as estimated by Sichel (1997) are more in accord with the observation that applications software packages also have ballooned in size,
inasmuch as the utility of (net) computer power 37 Fortuitously, these dates bound the period in
and equally deserved comment may be offered regarding the casual dismissals of the regime transition hypothesis on the grounds that the analogy between computer
which prices associated with electricity and computer services. Such attempts are themselves instances of the misuse of historical analogies.
computer and dynamo, once again While there still seems to be considerable heuristic value in the historical analogy that has been drawn between"the computer and the dynamo,"a cautious,
when suggesting (in 1989-1990) that it perhaps was still too soon to be disappointed that the computer revolution had failed to unleash a sustained surge of readily discernable productivity growth throughout the economy.
nor does it claim anything whatsoever about the future temporal pace of the computer's diffusion.
None of these developments are likely to displace the use of personal computers in the production
which the general purpose computer was invented originally. What they do promise are greater and more systematic efforts to integrate information collection, distribution and processing.
The environmental niches in which these devices were able to achieve a foothold were ones where the mass-produced personal computer was neither appropriate nor robust.
Secondly, the capabilities of advanced personal computers as network servers have become sufficiently well developed that it is possible for companies to eliminate the chasm between the personal computer
and resource sharing during the personal computer era. In this new networked environment, the re-configuration of work organization becomes a central issue;
The common standards defining Internet technology have the fortuitous feature that virtually all personal computers can be configured similarly
The"general purpose"trajectory followed by the spectacular development of personal computer technology has reduced greatly the price-performance ratio of the hardware,
as personal computers were added to existing mainframe capacity, rather than substituted for it, and, indeed, were utilized under by being allocated the role of intelligent terminals.
and telecommunications components that allow them to be linked through sophisticated networks to other such appliances, mainframe computers and distributed databases,
and the Explosion of Computer Power.""Brookings Papers on Economic activity 2: 347-420,1988. Beckett, Samuel, Waiting for Godot:
Information technology, Organizational Transformation and Business Performance, MIT Sloan School of management Working Paper, September 1998.25 Brynolfsson, Erik and S. Yang, The Intangible Costs and Benefits of Computer Investments:
The World's First Business Computer, London: Mcgraw-hill Book Co.,1996. Cox, W. Michael, and Roy J. Ruffin,
David, Paul A.,The Dynamo and the Computer: An Historical Perspective on the Productivity Paradox, American Economic Review, 80 (2 may 1990:
David, Paul A.,Computer and Dynamo: The Modern Productivity Paradox in a Not-Too-Distant Mirror, in Technology and Productivity:
From the Dynamo Revolution to the Computer Revolution, in Technology and Investment-Crucial Issues for the 90s, E. Deiaco, E. Hörner and G. Vickery,(eds.
Computers and the Solow Paradox, prepared for the conference on Monetary Policy in a World of Knowledge-Based Growth, Quality Change and Uncertain Measurement, Bank of japan, June 18-19,1998.
and Jacques Mairesse, Computers and Productivity in France: Some Evidence, Monash Department of Econometrics and Business Statistics Working papers, No. 15/96, September 1997;
Jorgenson, Dale and Kevin Stiroh,"Computers and Growth,"Economics of Innovation and New Technology 3: 295-316,1995.
Lichtenberg, Frank R.,The Output Contributions of Computer Equipment and Personnel: A Firm-Level Analysis, Economics fo Innovation and New Technology, 3 (3-4), 1995:
Norman, Donald A.,The Invisible Computer: Why Good Products Can Fail, the Personal computer is So Complex,
and Information Appliances are the Solution, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998.27 Oliner, Stephen D, . and Daniel E. Sichel, 1994,"Computers and Output Growth Revisited:
How Big is the Puzzle?""Brookings Papers on Economic activity 2: 273-318. Pine, B. Joseph II, Mass Customization:
Sichel, Daniel E.,The Computer Revolution: An Economic Perspective, WASHINGTON DC: The Brookings Institution Press, 1997:
What Do Computers Do to Productivity? Prepared for the meetings of the American Economic Association, January, Chicago, Illinois, 1998.
Wykoff, Andrew W.,The Impact of Computer Prices on International Comparisons of Labour Productivity, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 3 (3-4), 1995:
Moreover, the use of computers has expanded to almost the entirety of these companies (99.2%).%)In turn, 87.3%had a Local area network (LAN) installed,
%Percentage over the total number of companies with 10 or more employees Number of employees TOTAL 10 to 49 50 to 249 250 or more%of companies with-Computers 99.2 99.1 99.5 99.8-Local area network
enabling connection to the internet for company use. 36.4%of these were laptop computers, and 49%were smartphones or PDA phones.
%of the total sales ICT use in companies with fewer than 10 employees 72.3%of companies with fewer than 10 employees had computers,
-Computers 71.6 72.3-Local area network 24.0 24.4-Wireless Local area network 16.4 17.6-Internet connection 65.7 67.7-Broadband (fixed or mobile) Internet connection (1) 98.5 99.0
and also large companies and was implemented by means of computer-assisted telephone interviewing. Data collection was done over a 2 month period during September-October 2014.
With the rapid growth of cheap, ubiquitous and powerful tools like the internet, the world-wide-web, social media and mobile devices, new ways of carrying out social innovation have become possible.
Despite lagging behind the US in the volume of R&d investments and in the number of companies, EU-based Scoreboard companies in the Software and Computer Services sector show very strong performance:
Software & Computer Services 37; Automobiles & Parts 36; Technology Hardware & Equipment 29; Chemicals 24;
Software & Computer Services 151; Electronic & Electrical Equipment 139; Industrial Engineering 116; Chemicals 94;
Software & computer services and Aerospace & defence. Medium-high R&d intensity sectors (between 2%and 5%)include e g.
%namely Software & Computer Services (11.7%),Automobiles & Parts (8. 9%)and Technology Hardware & Equipment (8. 8%).The top R&d investing sector, Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology achieved a more modest
Companies based in the EU had the highest R&d growth in Automobile & Parts (14.4%),Software & Computer Services (14.2%)and the Industrial Engineering (12.3%)sectors.
%)The main R&d shares of those based in the US specialise in high R&d-intensive sectors, namely Technology Hardware & Equipment (25.2%),Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology (22.1%)and Software & Computer Services (18.2%).
the US contributes 74.4%to Software and Computer Services, 63.8%to Health care Equipment & Services and 54.0%to Technology Hardware & Equipment and;
Worldwide, the Software & Computer Services sector shows the highest one-year growth rate (11.8), %followed by Industrial Engineering (9. 8%),Automobiles & Parts (8. 9%)and Technology Hardware & Equipment (8. 8%)sectors.
%followed by the Software & Computer Services (14.2%)and Industrial Engineering (12.3%)sectors. Sectors showing the lowest one-year R&d growth are Banks (for which only the EU companies report R&d,-6. 8%),Fixed Line Telecom(-4. 6%
& Computer Services (12.6%)and Industrial Engineering (9. 4%).Sectors showing the lowest one-year R&d growth are Food Producers(-12.4%)and Leisure Goods(-4. 6%).For Japanese companies,
& Biotechnology Technology Hardware & Automobiles & Parts Software & Computer Services Electronic & Electrical Equipment Industrial Engineering Chemicals Aerospace & Defence General Industrials Leisure Goods
& Computer Services Electronic & Electrical Equipment Industrial Engineering Chemicals Aerospace & Defense General Industrials Leisure Goods Other Source:
Japan-353 R&d change(%)1 year 3 years 1 Software & Computer Services 11.8 14.2 10.0 12.6 10.4-4. 7-8. 4
%Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology, IT sectors (Software & Computer Services and Technology Hardware & Equipment) and Leisure Goods. The sector with the lowest R&d intensity is Oil & Gas Producers (0. 3
the R&d intensity of EU companies is larger than that of the US and Japan in 6 sectors (Software & Computer Services, Technology Hardware & Equipment, Industrial Engineering,
intensity,%1 Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology 14.4 13.9 15.8 13.2 2 Software & Computer Services 9. 9 12.6 11.5 4. 8 3 Technology
%followed by Software & Computer Services (7. 4%),Food Producers (7. 3%)and Aerospace & Defence (6. 4%).Regarding the automotive sales,
the highest profitability is shown in Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology (19.0%)and Software & Computer Services (18.2%).
the Software & Computer Services sector shows the highest one-year growth rate for sales (6. 9%)followed by Technology Hardware
%and Oil & Gas Producers(-3. 0%).The US-based companies have the highest profitability in Software & Computer Services (23.9%)and Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology (21.7%).
*1 Automobiles & Parts 8. 8 11.3 5. 2 0. 0-3. 2 11.9 5. 6 2 Software & Computer Services 7
Technology Hardware & Equipment and Software & Computer Services, account for almost 90%of the total R&d investment of the US's high R&d intensity group.
Software & Computer Services 113: UK 47, France 21, Germany 19 Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology 112: UK 30, France 18 Industrial Engineering 112:
of EU 1000 (number of firms) Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology 59 (23%)52 (21%)Software & Computer Services 37 (14%)74 (30%)Technology Hardware & Equipment
More than 55%of these companies in the sectors of Electronic and Electrical Equipment, Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnologies and Software & Computer services have a higher R&d intensity than the average of the 527 EU companies.
Swedish and UK companies in the Software and Computer Services sector show high performances as more than 80%display a higher R&d intensity than the upper reach average.
& Computer Services 2 19 2 2 5 21 45 1 4 2 1 7 111 Support Services 10 2 19
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