and it may be accessed by any computer literate citizen that will be able to disseminate it to the rest of the society All public bodies will adhere to this Line Action.
how to use your computer at home, how to use"social media, "how to work Page 48 of 170 outside the office,
computers, the Internet, broadcasting technologies and telephony. The benefits are translated into improvement in efficiency and effectiveness of education at all levels
%A forerunner factor of using computers and the Internet in the learning process is the pupil access to these technologies.
97%of the Romanian GP practices use a computer during a patient consultation and 65%of them use the computer to electronic storage of individual medical patient data. 7 Romania displays its best
ehealth performance in the area of patient data storage and the use of a computer for consultation purposes.
A survey conducted in 2008 showed that 411 public hospitals subordinated to the Ministry of Health had an average of around 8 hospital beds per computer,
Page 81 of 170 Computer access is currently available in around 65%-70%of public libraries in Romania,
%Degree of using computer, depending on residence Number of individuals, aged between 16-74 years using the computer, depending on residence Residence Year Variation 2007-2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Total 6, 847,343
6, 719,591 7, 464,651 8, 325,674 8, 401,940 23%Urban 5, 264,183 5, 065,288 5, 428,420 6, 054,078 6, 007,059
there is a clear trend towards uniformity between the two areas of residence, due to reduction of prices of computers in recent years,
and of speciality medicine The reporting centralisation at national level The existence of the DRG reporting for the assessment of the hospital's results Providing computers for the family practitioners The absence of a national registry of the persons who suffer from chronic
and require skilled labour industries have been able to show a significant improvement in recent years (manufacture of machinery and equipment, vehicle production, manufacturing of computers,
while no clear trend can be demonstrated in machine building and the manufacture of computers, electronic and optical products.
It is the highest in the pharmaceuticals, the chemical and automotive industries, the manufacturing of electrical and computer equipment and electronic products. 22 Figure18:
and vehicle manufacturing, the production of computers, electronics and optical products as well as mechanical engineering have a considerable weight as well. 25 Figure21:
sensing computer-based instruments and measurement and process control improvements numerical modelling and simulation machine learning data centres, data transmission networks etc.
, liveable environment introduction of the use of computer-based instruments, developer software and measuring-control instruments in dual training 65 4. 4. Links of the National Smart Specialisation Directions to the Horizon 2020 programme The pillars
Google has built already one of the world's largest networks of computers and data centres for online-search results,
Lowcost home 3d manufacturing tools (3d printers, CNC computer numeric control machines), free CAD/CAM software, like Blender, 123d or Sketchup,
organised by the Chaos Computer Club (CCC) 11, an informal association of hackers from across Europe.
The Chaos Computer Club (CCC), Europe's largest network of hackers, is the most prominent example of grassroots communities coming together to develop
the club also fights for free access to computers and technological infrastructure for everybody. The latest gathering of the CCC in 2012 in Hamburg, Germany, brought together 6, 000 participants.
The Chaos Computer Club (CCC) HACKERS NETWORKS 34 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe The World wide web Consortium (W3c), an international community that works on developing
computer-friendly formats for anyone to download, use, and analyse, as long as the privacy and data protection of all citizens is preserved
-Jahreskongresses-29c3-des-Chaos-Computer-Clubs-CCC. jpg Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 34 http://www. e-living. net/sites/default/files
generally preferring to focus on more mainstream educational technologies such as computers, learning management systems software packages and audiovisual tools.
Computers as mindtools for schools. Merrill: NJ. Jonassen, D, . & Reeves, T. C. 1996). Learning with technology:
Using computers as cognitive tools. In D. Jonassen (Ed.),Handbook of research on educational communications and technology (pp. 693-719.
Handheld computers (PDAS) in schools. Coventry, UK: BECTA. Proceedings ascilite Melbourne 2008: Full paper: Herrington 427 Proctor, N,
OECD (2003) Statement by the OECD Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy, Broadband driving growth:
AND USE BY SMALL BUSINESSES SMES3 have recognised gradually the positive impact that ICTS, such as computer terminals,
now have at least one computer terminal, usually with Internet access. Many types of business software can improve information
Seamless transfer of information through shared electronic files and networked computers increases the efficiency of business processes such as documentation,
The OECD's broad definition includes transactions conducted over computer-mediated networks, such as the Internet, EDI (electronic data interchange), Minitel and interactive telephone systems. 10 In the B2c context, the Internet and e-commerce can be effective tools for better communication.
once entered into the office computer, simultaneously. This is very different from paper records, which can normally only be consulted by one person at a time
others have shown no relation between computer use and firm performance. 5 A study of Canadian manufacturing establishments (plants) with ten or more employees (excluding food processing establishments) drawn from Statistics Canada's Business Register,
A Eurostat survey on e-commerce shows that nine out of ten SMES were equipped with computers at the end of 2000/early 2001.
or sales, is associated not with computer use (Bitler, 2001). 12 Differences in Internet access in the 21 countries for
Note 3. Internet and other computer-mediated networks. Source: OECD, ICT database and Eurostat, Community Survey on ICT usage in enterprises 2002, May 2003.
Adoption of Internet e-commerce by SMES Computers and access to the Internet have become common in most OECD countries,
Taking a wide definition of electronic commerce to cover transactions over computer-mediated networks (including traditional EDI) and inter-firm transactions,
and other computer-mediated networks. 4. All businesses. 5. Orders received and placed over the Internet and other computer-mediated networks.
Source: OECD, ICT database, August 2002; Eurostat, E-commerce Pilot Survey 2001. The situation is similar for SMES,
or placed over the Internet and other computer-mediated networks. Source: OECD, ICT database, August 2002;
The company has initiated a project called E-Choupal that places computers with Internet access in rural farming village.
The computer, typically housed in the farmer's house, is linked to the Internet via phone lines or, increasingly by a VSAT connection.
The farmers can use the computer to assess daily closing prices on local markets, as well as to track global price trends
2000 Percentage of businesses using a computer with ten or more employees 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Italy Spain Austria United kingdom Finland
as incompatibility between systems (e g. central/computer reservation systems) and the dominance of relatively small agents and suppliers with less ICT capability may impede efficient electronic transactions along the supply chain for B2b transactions (Department
The Web site includes guidance on how to buy a computer, get connected and set up a Web site and reports on ICT and e-commerce.
contributes to building computer and Internet literacy in SMES. United kingdom Learndirect SMES are a priority group for the on-line service.
/Bitler, M. P. 2001), Small Businesses and Computers: Adoption and Performance, preliminary draft, October. Bricklin, D. 2001),
In this context, respondents to the public consultation also argued that actual knowledge should be human knowledge and not"computer knowledge".
including computers, smartphones or other devices connected to the Internet users should be able to know
they can infect computers with viruses and the illegal offer of pharmaceuticals affects consumer confidence
Today, with the availability of adequate computer support for reading text, books have become services
dive computers and precision instruments. Suunto is facilitating a sports community Movescount, where active, like-minded,
Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work, ACM; 2013, pp. 1301-18.23) Trifu A, Croitoru I, A SWOT Analysis of Today's Crowdsourcing Process, International Journal of Management Sciences, 2014;
Jakarta Open Data Lab (ID), Chaos Computer Club (DE) Co-working labs Very diverse & changing Cop constellations Provide open spaces for work
Each lab offers a physical environment equipped with desks, machines, computers, audio-equipment, materials and substances that can be arranged flexibly.
He warns us of a world where super computers and robots decide what is good for humanity.
and an embedded computer that remotely communicates with the Smart Office application server, which runs local Linksmart middleware and the Nosql system database.
'Proceedings ACHI 2012, The Fifth International Conference on Advances in Computer-Human Interactions, Valencia, Spain, January 2012.12) IS°FDIS 9241-210 (2009.‘
IEEE Computer Society, WASHINGTON DC, USA, 254-259. DOI=10.1109/ICSS. 2013.35 http://dx. doi. org/10.1109/ICSS. 2013.35 Contact Dr Marc Pallot Senior Research Associate Nottingham University
Most of these technologies are using Intel's brand-spanking-new‘Edison'microchip, the company's smallest computer.
Computer skills as query languages, database design, mining and interactive data analysis, scripting or programming languages, expert systems and machine learning, etc.
or smart textiles, are fabrics that enable digital components (including small computers), and electronics to be embedded in them.
and computer engineers called Bellkor's Pragmatic Chaos. The group developed software that is at least 10%more accurate than Netflix's current software (Cinematch) at predicting which movies customers will like based on their past preferences.
over a period of three weeks, by means of computer assisted telephone interviewing (CATI. All respondents were small business owners or managers and innovation decision-makers.
and computer engineers called Bellkor's Pragmatic Chaos. The group developed software that is at least 10%more accurate than Netflix's current software (Cinematch) at predicting which movies customers will like based on their past preferences.
1 The situation is even worse in software and computer services. SAP was the only European company spending more than €1 billion for R&d,
1) computers and automated business equipment,(2) microorganisms and genetic engineering,(3) lasers, and (4) semiconductors.
European commission, 2007: 54) Looking at patent data, it appears that in the patent class computer and automated business equipment the share of the EU-27 (the current 27 members of the EU) increases
EU-27 is less specialised in high technology fields such as‘pharmaceuticals',‘computers, office machinery, '‘telecommunications'and‘electronics'than in medium technology fields such as‘general machinery',‘machine tools',‘metal products'and‘transport.
1999) calculated the long-run market shares in international trade for core ICT hardware, including computers and peripherals, semiconductors,
and discovered that the sectors accounting for the largest effect were computer and office equipment and electronic components.
Ceruzzi, 1998: 25) Eckert and Mauchly soon established a company that developed the UNIVAC, the first large-scale computer,
Another small company, Bendix, built the G-15 computer, based on Harry Huskey's 1953 design at Wayne State university, Detroit, MI.
Meanwhile, US universities started to be involved in research on the component technologies underlying the computer.
and COBOL was promoted by a group of universities and computer users which held a meeting at the Computation Center of the University of Pennsylvania in 1959.
in the heroic period until 1959 they were involved directly in full-scale design and prototype production of computers,
In 1937 The english mathematician Alan Turing published the first theoretical model of a modern computer, the universal Turing machine (Davis, 2000.
As early as 1948 a prototype of the first completely electronic storedprogram computer, conformed to the Von neumann architecture,
In the same year the electronic delay storage automatic computer (EDSAC) was realized at Cambridge. Here Maurice Wilkes developed ideas that prepared for high-level programming languages,
Thus in the early years of the computer era the UK was head-to-head with the USA.
it was the Europeans rather the Americans who were the first in the world to make a computer as a commercial product.
A commercial computer, known as LEO, was installed at a company in 1951, well before ENIAC (Campbell-Kelly, 1989;
Here the construction of computers started with the pioneering work of Konrad Zuse well before WWII.
and large computer manufacturers emerged. However, a sharp difference seems to emerge between the evolution of the technology in the USA and Europe.
The computer originated in the academic environment. Zuse and IBM are special cases. From the Moore School and the University of Iowa, from Aiken and Wilkes to Algol, the vast majority of the essential steps were achieved on academic grounds.
One certainly is that the computer has an essential abstract side, most visible in programming,
The abstract nature of computer objects (e g. data, procedures) allowed a process of progressive transformation of many fields of reality,
A computer pioneer's talk: pioneering work in software during the 50s in Central europe. In History of Computing:
Computer Designers. Memphis, TN: Books LLC (extracts from Wikipedia. Books LLC 2010b. German Computer scientists. Memphis, TN:
Computer. A History of the Information Machine. Cambridge, MA: Westview Press. Cantwell, J and G D Santangelo 2003.
Colossus. The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers. Oxford, UK: Oxford university Press. Crescenzi, R, A Rodriguez-Pose and M Storper 2007.
Mathematicians and the Origin of the Computer. New york, Norton and Company. Dummer, G W A 1997.
Creating the Computer: Government, Industry and High technology. WASHINGTON DC: Brookings Institution. Freiberger, P and M Swaine 1984.
Early British Computers. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. Lavington, S 1980b. Computer development at Manchester University.
In A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century. A Collection of Essays, N Metropolis, J Howlett and G Rota (eds..
Heroes of the Computer Revolution. New york, Doubleday. Lowen, R 1997. Creating the Cold war University. The Transformation of Stanford.
The Computer Comes Of age. The People, the Hardware, and the Software. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
French computer manufacturers and the component industry, 1952 1972. History and Technology, 11 (2), 195 216.
The International Computer Software Industry. Oxford, UK: Oxford university Press. Mowery, D c and N Rosenberg 1998.
Computers and Commerce. A Study of Technology and Management at Eckert-Mauchly Computer Company, Engineering Research Associates,
and Remington Rand, 1946 1957. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Norberg, A l and J E O'neill 1996.
In The First Computers. History and Architectures, R Rojas and U Hashagen (eds..Cambridge, MA:
Computers. The Life story of a Technology. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Ten Raa, T and E N Wolff 2000.
Some remarks on the first generation of computers. In The First Computers. History and Architectures, R Rojas and U Hashagen (eds..
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Wirth, N 1996. Recollections about the development of Pascal. In History of Programming languages-II, T J Bergin and R G Gibson (eds..
no computer-assisted telephone interviews. Nr. Basis Question/Information Answers 1<Filter for companies growing 20
no computer-assisted telephone interviews. Nr. Basis Question/Information Answers 1<Filter for companies growing 20
zzcf Manufacture of pharmaceuticals zzci Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products zzcl Manufacture of transport equipment zzcj Manufacture of electrical equipment zzd Electricity, gas
zzinformation and communication services zzmanufacture of pharmaceuticals zzmanufacture of computer, electronic and optical products We may also conclude that Central Hungary does not have a significant weighting within the following sectors/industries:
and with even higher rates of concentration recorded in the above R&d indicators. 14 1. The position of Ce ntral Hungary within the RDI landscape of Hungary The manufacture of computer, electronic and optical
Ce ntral Hungary significantly dominates the manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products compared to the country's other regions. 72,2%91,3%87,1%93,1%100%5, 6%1, 4%22,2%8, 4%10,5%2, 4%5,
The relative share of Budapest, Pest County and the rest of the country of the key indicators of companies engaging in R&d and active in the manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products sector, 2011.
In the above we provided an analysis of the status of regional concentration characterising the manufacturing industry (more particularly of manufacture of pharmaceuticals, the manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products, the manufacture of electrical equipment and the manufacture of transport vehicles
zzcf Manufacture of pharmaceuticals zzci Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products zzcl Manufacture of pharmaceuticals zzcj Manufacture of electrical equipment zzd Electricity, gas, steam
CI Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products; CL Manufacture of transport equipment; CJ Manufacture of electrical equipment;
CI Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products; CL Manufacture of transport equipment; CJ Manufacture of electrical equipment;
The county by county distribution of companies engaged in the sectors of the national economy such as the manufacturing of computer, electronic and optical products, electrical energy, gas and steam supply and air conditioning, water supply, professional
zzmanufacture of computer, electronic and optical products zzelectricity, gas, steam and air-conditioning supply zzwater supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation zzprofessional, scientific, technical activity
CI Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products; CL Manufacture of transport equipment; CJ Manufacture of electrical equipment;
CI Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products; CL Manufacture of transport equipment; CJ Manufacture of electrical equipment;
CI Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products; CL Manufacture of transport equipment; CJ Manufacture of electrical equipment;
From the perspective of the academia and research composition, the region has a PHD school inside the Authomatics and Computer Faculty of the Gheorghe Asachi University, another one inside the Electronics, Telecommunications and Information technology Faculty, a Research
Furniture Manufacturing 2. 5 16 Wood and Wood Products 3. 1 26 Computer, Electronic and Optical 2. 3 29 Motor vehicles 3. 1
NACE Description Location Quotient NACE Description Location Quotient 02 Forestry and Logging 19.9 26 Computer
5. 5 2. 6 5. 4 3. 7 Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products 2. 1 3. 2 3. 0 3
Manufacture of Computers and Peripheral Equipment; Other Information technology and Computer Service Activities; Data processing, hosting and related activities;
Computer programming activities; Web portals; Computer programming activities; networks of the future, networked marketing and media and 3d internet, flexible organic and large area electronics, personal health and preventive care systems, research and innovation IT network, etc.
at the level of the population-penetration rate of computer at the level of companies-penetration rate of broadband connections at the level of companies-%of public administration computers with access to broadband connections-penetration
education and security (preconditions-the degree of digital alphabetization of the population-%of employees with experience in using computers
. 2 5 40 Rate of available computers at households level 26 (in 2006) 40 60 Percentage of persons that use the Internet for educational
Key figures of the Information Society (2011) Indicator(%)Baleares España COMPANIES Companies with computer 98
sending completed forms 24,2 25 25,5 HOMES Households with computer 74,1 71,5 Households with Internet 69,0 63,9 Households with broadband 66,5 61,9 Households with mobile phone 96,0
95,1 TV households 99,6 99,5 Population using computer 68,0 69,3 Population accessing Internet 70,1 67,1 Population purchase through internet 22,6 18,9 Source:
IT complex systems with the support of a super computer http://bifi. unizar. es, nanosciences http://ina. unizar. es, mathematics, physics, environment and materials.
In 2012, specifically, only 68%of companies with fewer than 10 employees had compared computers with 71.6%at the national level.
Concerning the ratio of students per computer, this figure has been decreasing in Castilla y León as well as at the national level, in both primary and secondary education.
number of homes with computers and devices and Internet access, high use of ecommerce, high percentage of digital natives;
Computer equipment and Internet access; digital natives; use of mobile devices. Existence of facilities and centers of reference in ICT.
New technologies such as computer-numerically-controlled production tools have made it possible for small firms in many industries to produce small batches as efficiently as large firms once produced large batches.
computers and office machinery (30; electronics-communications (32; scientific instruments (33. KISA comprises: post and telecommunications (64;
computer and related activities (72; research and development (73). 3. An overview on the ORBIS database is given in Annex 3. A1. 4. Patent protection can be sought abroad
and technology, including aerospace, pharmaceuticals, computers and office machinery, electronicscommunications, and scientific instruments. Incremental innovation An improvement on existing products or processes that is achieved through internal R&d,
computer and related activities; research and development. Learning failure A type of systemic failure occurring when firms in an innovation system have not developed sufficient absorptive capacity to codify
The Cafu Foundation has a Library, Playroom, Visual Arts Room and Workshop, Computer Rooms, Dental care Office, Cafeteria, Kitchen and Pantry,
Concepts, Issues and Implications In public Policy, Computers and Society, September 13-19. Caves, R, . & Walshok, M. 1999).
Studying Online Social networks, The Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3 (1), http://www. ascusc. org/jcmc/vol3/issue1/garton. html. Götzl,
A Review of Municipally Owned Information Cities between the United states and Europe, Proceeding of International Association of Computer Information systems Pacific 2005 Conference, Taipei, Taiwan, May 19-21.
We need more highly specialised computer engineers. The ICT sector currently lacks people with the right skills to accomplish a number of functions, from developing software applications and security systems,
Big data is a goldmine for companies Computer algorithms are better at diagnosing severe cancer than humans,
It's a demonstrable fact that a computer algorithm is better at diagnosing severe cancer than a human.
Italy or Poland where almost one adult in five has no computer experience. Age disparities were detected also with high school pupils having sometimes better skills than higher education graduates.
Present and Future in the Mirror of the Past 1 1. The Computer Revolution, the"Productivity Paradox"and the Economists Over the past forty years, computers have evolved from a specialized and limited role in the information processing
In the process, computers and networks of computers have become an integral part of the research and design operations of most enterprises and, increasingly, an essential tool supporting control and decision-making at both middle and top management levels.
In the latter half of this forty year revolution, microprocessors allowed computers to escape from their boxes,
"You can see the computer age everywhere but in the productivity statistics.""1 Almost overnight this contrasting juxtaposition achieved the status of being treated as the leading economic puzzle of the late twentieth century,
as a consequence, the emergence of modern computer, telecommunication and satellite technologies have changed fundamentally the structure of the American economy.
It could be maintained that there is little that is really novel or surprising in the way in which the rise of computer capital,
and software stocks amount to such a small fraction of GDP that the rapid growth of real computer assets per se can hardly be expected to be making a very significant contribution to the real GDP growth rate. 6 But,
or (2) there has been a vast overselling of the productivity-enhancing potential of investments in computers
and therefore holding to the cautious optimist position in regard to the computer revolution's potential economic impact,
In section 4 the discussion takes up some of the technological realities that justly can be said to underlie disappointments with the impact of computers upon the more readily measurable forms of task-productivity.
and computer productivity paradox are first and foremost consequences of a mismeasurement problem must produce a consistent account of the timing
but, before tackling less tractable conceptual questions we should briefly review their bearing on the puzzle of the slowdown and the computer productivity paradox. 2. 1 Over-deflation of output:
This has been a central theme in the business and economics literature on modern manufacturing at least since the 1980's. 15 The increasing proliferation of new goods and its connection with the application of computers,
or computer software titles, the count of which is in the neighborhood of a quarter of a million),
Of course, some progress has been made in resolving the computer productivity paradox by virtue of the introduction of so-called hedonic price indexes for the output of the computer and electronic business equipment industries themselves.
Thus the hedonic correction of computer and related equipment prices has done wonders as a boost to the growth rate of output
the hedonic deflation of investment expenditures on computer equipment contributes to raising the measured growth of the computer capital services,
The implied rise in computer-capital intensity, and therefore in overall tangible capital-intensity, supports the growth rate of labor productivity in those sectors.
The first involves the surprising appearance of excess rates of return on computer capital. These appeared when economists sought to illuminate the macro-level puzzle through statistic studies of the impact of 20 The difference between the measured TFP performance of the computer-producing
and the computer-using sectors of the economy, which emerges starkly from the growth accounting studies by Stiroh (1998),
may be in some part an artifact of the distorting influence of the Bureau of Economic Analysis use of hedonic price deflators just for the output of the industry producing computer equipment.
See, e g. Wykoff (1995) for an evaluation of other dimensions of the distortions this has created in comparisons of productivity performance. 12 IT at the microeconomic level,
The contrast between the strong (cross-section) revenue productivity impacts of observed computer investments and the weaker (time series) effects gauged in terms of task productivity,
In view of the rapid rate of anticipated depreciation of capital value due to the high rate (circa 20 percent per annum) at which the price-performance ratio of new computer equipment has been falling,
and the market valuation of computer-intensive firms for concluding that the diffusion of information technologies among large business firms has entailed substantial levels of intangible asset formation. 23 The latter,
revised 1999) report that computer usage is associated with very high calculated values of Tobin's q,
The problem of non-market production of intangibles in the form of computer software was relatively more serious in the mainframe era than it has subsequently become
and so contribute to a downward drag on the measured productivity growth rate. 4. Troubles with Computers: Effects of General Purpose Machines on Task-Productivity Laying the whole burden of explanation on the notion that existing concepts and methods are inadequate in accounting for the effects of the computer revolution is,
however, not satisfactory. Even if a large share of these effects vanish into territory inadequately mapped using existing statistical measurement approaches,
that there are real problems in delivering on the productivity promises of the computer revolution. 4. 1 Component performance
and system performance A common focus of attention in the computer revolution is the rapidity with
It is recognized now widely that the costs of personal computer ownership to the business organization may be tenfold the size of the acquisition costs of the computer itself. 24 Many of these costs are unrelated to the 24 Some of these costs are recorded directly
it is apparent to most sophisticated users of computers that the extension of these capabilities also creates a vast new array of problems that must be solved to achieve desired aims.
the ancillary complications of preparing to perform a computer-assisted task may fill the time previously allotted for its completion.
a variety of task-specific computers came into existence. One of the largest markets for such task specific computers created during the 1970's was dedicated that for word-processing systems,
which appeared as an incremental step in office automation, aimed at the task of producing documents repetitive in content
"and more likely to be"upgrade-able"as new generations of software were offered by sources other than the computer vendors. 27 The dedicated word processor's demise was mirrored by development in numerous markets where dedicated"task-specific
the dedicated word processors found themselves unprotected by any persisting special advantages in printing technology. 28similar decisions were made by all of the U s. computer manufacturers.
and upgrading of computers, with which they are engaged centrally, is ultimately for the benefit of the user.
and hence elaborate a technological and organizational regime built around a new general purpose technology, the microelectronic digital computing engine--or, for simplicity, the computer.
Chs. 2-4, 12.32 As quoted in W. Wayt Gibbs, Taking Computers to Task, Scientific American, July,
By drawing an explicit analogy between the dynamo and the computer David (1991) sought to use the U s. historical experience to give a measure of concreteness to the general observation that an extended phase of transition may be required to fully accommodate
dynamos and computers Although central generating stations for electric lighting systems were introduced first by Edison in 1881,
Recent estimates of the growth of computer stocks and the flow of services therefrom are consistent with the view that
when computers had evolved not yet so far beyond their limited role in information processing machinery, computer equipment and the larger category of office, accounting
and computing machinery (OCAM) were providing only 0. 56 percent and 1. 5 percent, respectively, of the total flow of real services from the (nonresidential) stock of producers'durable equipment. 34 But,
the growth rate for 1899-1914 is almost precisely the same as that for the ratio of computer equipment services to all producers'durable equipment services in the U s. Does the parallel carry over also,
which has been experienced during the 1979-1997 phase of"the computer revolution";"it took 25 years for the electrified percent of mechanical drive in manufacturing to rise from roughly 0. 5 percent to 38 percent,
the same quantitative change has been accomplished for the computer within with a span of only 18 years.
because the underlying estimates take into account the changing quality of the computer stock; whereas the electrification diffusion index simply compares horsepower rating of the stock of electric motors with total mechanical power sources in manufacturing.
the estimated average rate of growth of the ratio of computer equipment services to all producers'durable equipment services in the U s. turns out to be precisely the same,
Some economists who have voiced skepticism about the ability of computer capital formation to make a substantial contribution to raising output growth in the economy point to the rapid technological obsolescence in this kind of producer durables equipment
pp. 101-103) for a useful comparison of alternative estimates of net and gross basis computer service"contributions to growth".
20 electrification of industry as to render illegitimate any attempt to gain insights into the dynamics of the computer revolution by examining the economic history of the dynamo revolution that took place in the half century before 1929.
which the price-performance ratio of computer equipment has been plummeting so far exceeds the rate of fall in the real unit costs of electric energy that there is little
Table 5-2) estimates the rate of change in real prices of computer services for 1987-1993 to have been-7. 9 percent per annum,
and quality adjusted computer services hardly warrants dismissing the relevance of seeking some insights into the dynamics of the transition to new general purpose technology by looking back at the dynamo revolution.
In arguing for the opposite view Triplett (1998) suggests that Sichel's (1997) estimates of the price of computer services--and, by implication,
He contends that the hedonic price indexes for computers that come bundled with software actually would have fallen faster than the (unbundled) price-performance ratios that have been used as deflators for investment in computer hardware.
Sichel's (1997) price indexes of quality adjusted computer services (from hardware and software) would seriously underestimate the relevant rate of decline.
But, Triplett's argument seems to suppose that operationally relevant computer speed is indexed appropriately by CPU-speed,
Furthermore, in the same vein it may be noticed that the slower rate of fall in computer services prices as estimated by Sichel (1997) are more in accord with the observation that applications software packages also have ballooned in size,
inasmuch as the utility of (net) computer power 37 Fortuitously, these dates bound the period in
and equally deserved comment may be offered regarding the casual dismissals of the regime transition hypothesis on the grounds that the analogy between computer
which prices associated with electricity and computer services. Such attempts are themselves instances of the misuse of historical analogies.
computer and dynamo, once again While there still seems to be considerable heuristic value in the historical analogy that has been drawn between"the computer and the dynamo,"a cautious,
when suggesting (in 1989-1990) that it perhaps was still too soon to be disappointed that the computer revolution had failed to unleash a sustained surge of readily discernable productivity growth throughout the economy.
nor does it claim anything whatsoever about the future temporal pace of the computer's diffusion.
which the general purpose computer was invented originally. What they do promise are greater and more systematic efforts to integrate information collection, distribution and processing.
and the Explosion of Computer Power.""Brookings Papers on Economic activity 2: 347-420,1988. Beckett, Samuel, Waiting for Godot:
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