Moreover, the use of computers has expanded to almost the entirety of these companies (99.2%).%)In turn, 87.3%had a Local area network (LAN) installed,
%Percentage over the total number of companies with 10 or more employees Number of employees TOTAL 10 to 49 50 to 249 250 or more%of companies with-Computers 99.2 99.1 99.5 99.8-Local area network
%of the total sales ICT use in companies with fewer than 10 employees 72.3%of companies with fewer than 10 employees had computers,
-Computers 71.6 72.3-Local area network 24.0 24.4-Wireless Local area network 16.4 17.6-Internet connection 65.7 67.7-Broadband (fixed or mobile) Internet connection (1) 98.5 99.0
and also large companies and was implemented by means of computer-assisted telephone interviewing. Data collection was done over a 2 month period during September-October 2014.
Despite lagging behind the US in the volume of R&d investments and in the number of companies, EU-based Scoreboard companies in the Software and Computer Services sector show very strong performance:
Software & Computer Services 37; Automobiles & Parts 36; Technology Hardware & Equipment 29; Chemicals 24;
Software & Computer Services 151; Electronic & Electrical Equipment 139; Industrial Engineering 116; Chemicals 94;
Software & computer services and Aerospace & defence. Medium-high R&d intensity sectors (between 2%and 5%)include e g.
%namely Software & Computer Services (11.7%),Automobiles & Parts (8. 9%)and Technology Hardware & Equipment (8. 8%).The top R&d investing sector, Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology achieved a more modest
Companies based in the EU had the highest R&d growth in Automobile & Parts (14.4%),Software & Computer Services (14.2%)and the Industrial Engineering (12.3%)sectors.
%)The main R&d shares of those based in the US specialise in high R&d-intensive sectors, namely Technology Hardware & Equipment (25.2%),Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology (22.1%)and Software & Computer Services (18.2%).
the US contributes 74.4%to Software and Computer Services, 63.8%to Health care Equipment & Services and 54.0%to Technology Hardware & Equipment and;
Worldwide, the Software & Computer Services sector shows the highest one-year growth rate (11.8), %followed by Industrial Engineering (9. 8%),Automobiles & Parts (8. 9%)and Technology Hardware & Equipment (8. 8%)sectors.
%followed by the Software & Computer Services (14.2%)and Industrial Engineering (12.3%)sectors. Sectors showing the lowest one-year R&d growth are Banks (for which only the EU companies report R&d,-6. 8%),Fixed Line Telecom(-4. 6%
& Computer Services (12.6%)and Industrial Engineering (9. 4%).Sectors showing the lowest one-year R&d growth are Food Producers(-12.4%)and Leisure Goods(-4. 6%).For Japanese companies,
& Biotechnology Technology Hardware & Automobiles & Parts Software & Computer Services Electronic & Electrical Equipment Industrial Engineering Chemicals Aerospace & Defence General Industrials Leisure Goods
& Computer Services Electronic & Electrical Equipment Industrial Engineering Chemicals Aerospace & Defense General Industrials Leisure Goods Other Source:
Japan-353 R&d change(%)1 year 3 years 1 Software & Computer Services 11.8 14.2 10.0 12.6 10.4-4. 7-8. 4
%Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology, IT sectors (Software & Computer Services and Technology Hardware & Equipment) and Leisure Goods. The sector with the lowest R&d intensity is Oil & Gas Producers (0. 3
the R&d intensity of EU companies is larger than that of the US and Japan in 6 sectors (Software & Computer Services, Technology Hardware & Equipment, Industrial Engineering,
intensity,%1 Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology 14.4 13.9 15.8 13.2 2 Software & Computer Services 9. 9 12.6 11.5 4. 8 3 Technology
%followed by Software & Computer Services (7. 4%),Food Producers (7. 3%)and Aerospace & Defence (6. 4%).Regarding the automotive sales,
the highest profitability is shown in Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology (19.0%)and Software & Computer Services (18.2%).
the Software & Computer Services sector shows the highest one-year growth rate for sales (6. 9%)followed by Technology Hardware
%and Oil & Gas Producers(-3. 0%).The US-based companies have the highest profitability in Software & Computer Services (23.9%)and Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology (21.7%).
*1 Automobiles & Parts 8. 8 11.3 5. 2 0. 0-3. 2 11.9 5. 6 2 Software & Computer Services 7
Technology Hardware & Equipment and Software & Computer Services, account for almost 90%of the total R&d investment of the US's high R&d intensity group.
Software & Computer Services 113: UK 47, France 21, Germany 19 Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology 112: UK 30, France 18 Industrial Engineering 112:
of EU 1000 (number of firms) Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology 59 (23%)52 (21%)Software & Computer Services 37 (14%)74 (30%)Technology Hardware & Equipment
More than 55%of these companies in the sectors of Electronic and Electrical Equipment, Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnologies and Software & Computer services have a higher R&d intensity than the average of the 527 EU companies.
Swedish and UK companies in the Software and Computer Services sector show high performances as more than 80%display a higher R&d intensity than the upper reach average.
& Computer Services 2 19 2 2 5 21 45 1 4 2 1 7 111 Support Services 10 2 19
Million euros in 2011.5%0%5%10%Software & Computer Services Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology Technology Hardware & Equipment Health care Equipment & Services Electronic & Electrical Equipment General
Technology Hardware & Equipment, Software & Computer Services, and Health care Equipment & Services 49 47%Medium R&d intensity Industrial Engineering, Electronic & Electrical Equipment, Automobiles & Parts, Chemicals, Aerospace & Defence, General Industrials
-5%0%5%10%15%Software & Computer Services Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology Technology Hardware & Equipment Health care Equipment & Services Electronic & Electrical Equipment General
%In the high R&d intensity sectors, pharmaceuticals & biotechnology and software & computer services are the drivers of expectations in the US and Canada, China and India.
pharmaceuticals & biotechnology, technology hardware & equipment, software & computer services, health care equipment & services,
sector group**Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology 24 108 22.2%above 40%High technology Hardware & Equipment 10 47 21.3%above 40%High Software & Computer Services 8
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'there is an active entity (a person, an organization, a computer, a robot, etc. that provides the services, with a given cost and time (not to mention SLA, etc.
Tangible entity, from computers to aircrafts, to buildings and furniture. Intangible entity, for which a digital image is mandatory.
summarised in the sentence‘The Network is the Computer'.'As it happens with early intuitions,
As a next prophecy we propose the Enterprise is the Computer, meaning that an enterprise,
Research projects following this direction have focused on microprocessor design, computer design, power-on-demand architectures and virtual machine consolidation techniques.
and social communities through smartphones, computers, and their gaming consoles (Williams, Yee, and Caplan, 2008),
We demonstrate its application with the study of consumer demand in the online computer gaming industry. 3. 1 An Online Game We use data from the online game World of Warcraft developed by Blizzard Entertainment, a division
Debunking the stereotypical gamer profile, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13, pp. 993-1018.44. Yao, S.,C. F. Mela, J. Chiang,
Examples include computers in classrooms, the use of assistive devices for the elderly, or implants to cut teenage pregnancy.
Through experiment it is discovered then how these work best (such as the discovery that giving computers to two children to share is more effective for education than giving them one each.
The technological infrastructure, the components, the services lives within a set of interconnected computer nodes based on the geographical areas
The realization of living, 1980, D. Reidel Publishing company, Dordrecht, Holland Terry Winograd and Fernando Flores, Understanding Computer and Cognition, a new foundation for design, 1986, Ablex
like computer networking, winnowed from a larger collection (Miller, 1997). Yet another situation is when one space becomes the basis for the enhancement of the others,
(compulsory or recommended) Data easily available. 14 Computer Facilities: internet access Index including: hardware; internet access, including WLAN;(
access to computer support Data easily available. 15 Student gender balance Number of female students as a percentage of total enrolment Indicates social equity (a balanced situation is considered preferable.
One may mention audio visual recordings, computer software and databases, technical drawings, designs or working models, major works in production or exhibition and/or award-winning
Social climate A a Quality of courses A a Support by teacher A a Computer facilities A a Overall judgment A a Libraries B A Laboratories B A There are no major
"On Doctors, Mechanics, and Computer Specialists: The Economics of Credence Goods"Journal of Economic Literature 44 (1): 5-42.
and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
, MIT Sloan Management Review, IEEE Computer, or the Communications of the ACM (CACM) have such a mission of connecting research and industry practices,
Maturity Model Integration COBIT Control Objectives for Information and related Technology COC Cross Organizational Collaboration Cop Community of Practice CRM Customer relationship management CSCW Computer
It is worth noting that computer based information systems are a specific type of information system and not exhaustive 36.
we use computers, how we access information, how businesses derive value from ICT and how consumers live their daily lives.
and allows improved automation of the production process by using computer controlled machines. Moreover, marketing has benefited from ICT in many ways such as analyzing the results of market research in more effective ways by utilizing the capabilities of Business intelligence (BI),
which allows users to rent virtual computers on which to run their own computer applications.
It runs over HTTP using REST and SOAP protocols. It gives the subscribers the ability to launch
Server consolidation is an approach to the efficient usage of computer server resources for the sake of cost and electricity savings 7. However,
which the modern computer is based, and Delphi Method, which is a type of a collective decision-making method 20,
IEEE symposium on computers and communications, pp 129 134 8. Khajeh-hosseini A, Greenwood D, Sommerville I (2010) Cloud migration:
Accordingly, the analyses of 21 have been based on anchors and adjustments related to individuals'general beliefs regarding a technology (in that case computers) and its use.
computer anxiety influence on perceived ease of use, when moderated by experience. As said above the research of TAM has produced a vast literature,
elaborated from 21 Constructs Anchors Control Computer self-efficacy Perceptions of external control or facilitating conditions Intrinsic motivation Computer playfulness Emotion Computer anxiety 6 With a‘‘feedback''effect also on the internal portfolio of technologies, due to the adoption of personal devices by employees for work,
as we are going to see in Chap. 5 on the IT Consumerization phenomenon. 52 3 Mobile Services use and perceived usefulness), classified as‘‘general technology perceptions,
Demonstrability Anchor Computer Self-Efficacy Perceptions of external control Computer Anxiety Computer Playfulness Adjustment Perceived Enjoyment Objective Usability Technology Acceptance Model
Indeed, goods receipts have been carried then out automatically with Kymantm by Datalogic Mobile Wireless Handheld Computer and Barcode Scanner.
integrating perceived behavioral control, computer anxiety and enjoyment into the technology acceptance model. Inf Syst Res 11: 342 365 22.
Datalogic (2012) Mobile computers connected to SAP: wireless inventory and warehouse management for Habasit 34.
IEEE International Conference Pervasive Computer Communication Work PERCOM Work, pp 525 530 36. Aggarwal C, Abdelzaher T (2013) Social Sensing.
if an employee knows he she may later need access to a file created on his her work computer,
and are often reluctant to the use of computers in general. Tablet devices are replacing paper in fast-paced boardrooms
However, at work places, 56%of employers do not allow access to non-work related resources or websites and 63%ban their employees from saving personal data and files on company's computers.
Computer-Supported cooperative work (CSCW) is concerned centrally with teamwork, learning, problem solving, knowledge building, task accomplishment and other cognitive achievements by small groups of people.
Another term that can be considered as the synonym for digital work collaboration Is supported Computer Cooperative Work (CSCW) 1
They are the computer applications that support creative and collaborative way of finding solutions for the emerging problem and for decision-making of people inside a single organization or across several ones 4. The term is synonymous with Group Support systems (GSS) and essentially synonymous with Group
Electronic meeting systems form a class of applications for computer supported cooperative work. Based on their features, they can help to find solutions for many harmful
In these systems, typically users have their own computers, and each one of them can participate in the current running session simultaneously.
or over the time using tools such as bulletin board systems 4. The formal term used in computer-facilitated communication,
such as telephones, mail and even face-to-face meetings, are slowly being replaced by computer based systems where different kinds of socialization are enhanced through media sharing, reflection on past experiences and a bundle of additional services, supporting
instant text messaging from computer to computer; conduct meetings and conferences. Dropbox Dropbox is a file hosting service that offers many capabilities such as cloud storage and file synchronization.
which they can create on their computers. Dropbox synchronizes those folders in order to appear the same folder (with the same contents)
immediate synchronization and sharing of files across computers and among users who are located in different geographical locations;
which computers cannot read using Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology. Consequently, as the people read
and media that are not recognizable by computers. The creators of this project hope that recaptcha continues to have a positive impact on modern society by helping to digitize human knowledge 24.128 6 Digital Work
10.1007/s10606-013-9193-7 2. Grudin J (1994) Computer-supported cooperative work: history and focus (Long beach Calif) 27:19 26 3. Kay R (2004) Roots of digital collaboration.
Schrire S (2004) Interaction and cognition in asynchronous computer conferencing. Instr Sci 32: 475 502. doi:
King K, Ellis TJ (2009) Comparison of social presence in voice-based and text-based asynchronous computer conferences.
a conclusion from the study is that public and private spending should be focused less on defense of computer crime (i e. antivirus, firewalls etc.)
and transfer them from an ipod to a computer, corresponds to a formidable innovation of Apple's business model.
The core purpose of Oblong is to find ways to make computers more flexible, capable, interactive,
Community cloud, 34 Community coordinator (CC), 118 Community of practice, 117 Comparative sentiment analysis, 70 Computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW), 113
They'll be custom-made by in-store computers, cutting back on transportation. This has huge ramifications relating to the future of our business,
and to today's world of satellites, ever more powerful computers, mobile communications and the internet enabling the city to make better use of technology than any other location.
49.3%owned a computer. 4. Strategic soft connectivity In 2013, Nuevo León had 91 universities, some of them ranking among the best in Mexico.
with nearly all individuals having access to a computer (1st) with an Internet connection at home (3rd),
almost the entire population has access to a computer and an Internet connection at home and uses the Internet;
or owning a computer with an Internet connection at home. The effort to upgrade the digital capacity of the country has been led by a strong government vision (27th) that recognizes the importance of promoting ICTS to diversify an economy that
or has a computer with an Internet connection at home. Improving the economic impacts (70th) accruing from a higher use of ICTS will require resolving some important weaknesses in the innovation system,
only around 10 percent of households have a computer (113th) or an Internet connection (103rd. Weaknesses in the innovation and entrepreneurial environment (110th) and a fairly low skills base (98th) also affect the capacity of the country to fully achieve the potential benefits accruing from ICTS.
and households having access to a computer (8th) and Internet connection (10th), which has become almost 2014 World Economic Forum The Global Information technology Report 2014 29 1. 1:
Individual usage 6. 01 Mobile phone subscriptions per 100 population 6. 02 Percentage of individuals using the Internet 6. 03 Percentage of households with computer 6. 04
Constraints on the technological limits of electrical efficiency and on computer memory and processing already pose limits to computing and data analysis.
and because they can be produced automatically by computers without human intervention. One major concern with these new data commons is that they can endanger personal privacy.
In this data commons, the data were processed by advanced computer algorithms (e g.,, sophisticated sampling and the use of aggregated indicators)
The use of both advanced computer algorithms and contract law to specify and audit how personal data may be used
Both computer and human resources should always be fragmented redundant and in order to avoid overly powerful central actors.
and that also have heterogeneous computer and encryption systems, are hard to attack, both physically as well as through cyberattack.
Examples of this type include the global positioning system (GPS) device that reports location back to a central computer or a user,
but are controlled increasingly computer. Those computer controls mean not only that data are constantly being fed into machines
but that they are also coming out of machines at a quickly increasing rate. We have reached a point of information discovery that reveals correlation before causation,
and Computer (ENIAC) computer to make the first successful numerical weather prediction. 8 Moreover, the term big data is ambiguous,
Computer (IEEE Computer Society) 46 (6): 25 31. Hilbert, M. 2013. Big data for Development: From Information-to Knowledge Societies.
A global corporation offering computer-assisted legal research services uses a big data technology platform it has developed in house both for its risk management business
equipped with a personal computer 2012 The proportion of households with a computer is calculated by dividing the number of households with a computer by the total number of households.
A computer refers to a desktop or a laptop computer. It does not include equipment with some embedded computing abilities such as mobile cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAS), or TV SETS.
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