Computer

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Synopsis: Ict: Computer: Computers: Computer:

The invention of the computer and the quick development of computer science has had a very significant impact on our lives. 1. 2. Computer science, the Internet and mass media Computers

Computers in all forms are everywhere and it is often difficult to imagine life without them.

The smartphones have became powerful computers in our pocket/hands. The Internet has opened the highway to the world of information

a French computer company founded in 1931, applies CSR and sustainable development principles and makes efforts for innovating in computer

and software design and reducing the environmental impact of data centers. 12 The Innovation Biosphere The main challenge for IT companies is eco-efficient IT with economical use of raw materials, low energy consumption and an emphasis on recyclability.

The continuous improvement of electronic equipment, such as computers, mobile phones, TV, in-car electronics, cameras and game consoles, led to reduce the power consumption

and plays a leading role in reusing of components such as computers or telephone equipment that are not yet at the end of their lifecycle. 5 http://www. cancer. gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/cellphones.

Computer access control by logins and passwords will be replaced by biometric recognition system. Three-dimensional (3d printers, invented in the 1980s, are able to print a 3d object of almost any shape from a 3d model or other electronic data source primarily through an additive process in

which successive layers of material are laid down under computer control. 3d printers, which may be considered as industrial robots,

If Douglas Engelbart, the inventor of the computer mouse could be paid per clicks, he would have been immensely rich3.

and computers may play in the whole process, and especially in evaluation of five-dimensional (5d) impacts and preservation of innovation biosphere.

computers and robots and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, ecosphere and sociosphere;

In this frame of mind, Allen Newell NEW 82 has proposed a new way of modeling knowledge to make it comprehensible by computers:

Elements of knowledge are found in electronic and paper documents, on the Web, in different computers and other mobile devices, in Clouds, in design, decision and diagnostics support systems as well.

intelligently assisted by computers in all its forms MER 11. Suitable organization and management of knowledge flow generated by innovation activities remains a sine qua non condition of the success. The efficiency of the innovation process depends on how all this knowledge

Computers, which are programmed to use the knowledge approach can play various roles in the innovation process:

computers can think, solve problems, become experts and accumulate a collective experience, under the condition that we transfer to them the relative knowledge and the necessary reasoning and learning techniques.

cheaper workers finder Practitioner of the e-co-innovation culture Financial Estimation of ROI (return on investment) Measuring the capacity to innovate and the of tangible and intangible benefits and values Computer user Planning,

Washing machines, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, computers, smartphones and many others were accepted immediately. While three-dimensional (3d printer is extremely useful for prototyping, quickly providing spare parts,

According to Ford, computers and machines are increasingly taking on intellectual tasks and, in the long run, all high-end,

TOK 10 The way of thinking, methodology and working environment established at Sony CSL optimizes the efficient and effective use of computers by scientists in their efforts to understand the past,

Computer vision, medical imaging and machine learning deal with highdimensional, noisy and heterogeneous datasets that are inherently non-Euclidean.

Sony Corporation, Sony Computer Entertainment and other Sony group companies as well as some external companies) and commercialized.

and computer sides converge for codesigning e-services with ICT on a Creativity Platform and therefore enhance the sharing of live subjective interpretations with Semiotic Web,

181 business model, 107 innovation, 62,126, 155 intelligence, 64,72, 113 watch, 79 computer science, 7 11,21, 26,69, 132 computers, 7, 13,15, 16,52

and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.

Journal of Computer Information systems, 53 (3), 1 13. vom Brocke, J, . & Rosemann, M. Eds.).

In the past, the concept was referred to as Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) and even though the original idea was innovative,

Computers in Industry, 53 (3), 321 343. doi: 10.1016/j. compind. 2003.10.007. Haeckel, S. H. 2013.

or a traditional computer, allow anyone to participate from anywhere: employees from home or remote corporate offices,

Since cloud applications typically do not require licensing and installation on the user's computer or mobile device,

computers, mobile phones, vehicles, industrial equipment, sensors, security systems, building automation systems, and even social networks such as Twitter.

Pentagon blocks 13 web sites from military computers. New york times. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2007/05/15/washington/15block. html Ghidini, C.,Rospocher, M,

Journal of Computer Information systems, 54 (2), 35 43. Moore, C. 1999. Best practices: Eureka! Xerox discovers way to grow community knowledge.

J. Ohlsson(*)S. Han Department of Computer and Systems sciences, Stockholm University, Borgarfjordsgatan 12,16407 Kista, Sweden e-mail:

when computers became abundantly available, we now see the birth of data science as a new discipline driven by the torrents of data available in our increasingly digitalized world. 1 The demand for data scientists is rapidly increasing.

IEEE Computer Society WASHINGTON DC, USA. Adriansyah, A.,Dongen, B, . & Aalst, W. van der (2011b). Towards robust conformance checking.

IEEE Computer Society WASHINGTON DC, USA. Agrawal, R.,Gunopulos, D, . & Leymann, F. 1998). Mining process models from workflow logs.

Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering, 10 (2), 151 162. Werf, J.,Dongen, B. van, Hurkens, C,

Computers in Industry, 63 (2), 148 167. Becker, J, . & Meise, V. 2011). Strategy and organizational Frame in J. Becker, M. Kugeler,

Computer and intractability: A guide to the theory of NP-completeness. San francisco, CA: Freeman. Gottschalk, F.,van der Aalst, W. M. P,

which could be anything that can be stored as a file on a computer (MS OFFICE documents, pictures, videos, BPMN diagrams, etc.).

Computers in Industry, 63 (2), 91 97. Fellbaum, C. 1998. Wordnet: An electronic lexical database. Cambridge, MA:

Computers in Industry, 62 (5), 467 486. Weidlich, M.,Dijkman, R, . & Mendling, J. 2010).

Understanding computers and cognition: A new foundation for design. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. (Air) port Innovations as Ecosystem Innovations 213 Leveraging Innovation Based on Effective Process Map Design:

but that can also be interpreted by a computer to extract useful information from it. To clearly express the elements that make up a strategy

Similarly, the computer company Dell has a community for crowdsourcing ideas called Ideastorm (http://www. ideastorm. 262 A. Van Looy com/).

and the third maintains flight computers. In this example, each workshop would run a productspecific process instance of the process

Dr. Lima is a member of the ACM and the Brazilian Computer Society. Mikael Lind Viktoria Swedish ICT and Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden Associate professor Mikael Lind is with the Viktoria Swedish ICT and Chalmers University of Technology.

Jens Ohlsson Stockholm University, Sweden Jens Ohlsson received the MSC in Computer and Systems sciences, Stockholm University, 1999.

Since 2011, he also holds a position at the Department of Computer and System Sciences

and Figure 4. The most frequently used form of IT mentioned by Romanian SMES is the utilisation of the computer,

2009/2010 2010/2011 Computers 81.90%82.08%82.51%82.25%83.26%81.55%77.09%Internet 64.16%70.14%66.64%72.93%81.44%78.59%73.22

lack of top management vision, lack of computer expertise, poor planning, inability to identify the strategic benefit of using IT, etc.

New technologies such as computer-numerically-controlled production tools have made it possible for small firms in many industries to produce small batches as efficiently as large firms once produced large batches.

healthcare, computers, software, communications, banking, insurance and consumer packaged goods. Although it is circumstantial evidence, the‘buzz'surrounding open innovation also provides an indication of its increasing importance.

and computer engineers called Bellkor's Pragmatic Chaos. The group developed software that is at least 10%more accurate than Netflix's current software (Cinematch) at predicting which movies customers will like based on their past preferences.

In contrast, the creation of a new drug, a new kind of airplane or a faster computer chip would

If its managers install a new computer-aided manufacturing system and raise the plant's productivity (the growth effect),

especially given that most schools have significant numbers of (often under-used) internet-connected computers already in place.

Every week, roughly 5, 000 kids develop their computer skills in 100 Coderdojos throughout Ireland. Ideally we would hope to increase this by at least a factor of 10 in the coming years.

and then decided to upskill by taking on a degree course in computer networking. Having finished this,

and an international reputation for excellence in a number of sectors, including media, computer gaming, food, education and design.

Materials Sci Chemistry Physics Mathematics Engineering Computer Sci Geosciences Pharmacology Environmental Biochemistry Source: Thomson Reuters And China originates an increasing percentage of global scientific literature.

Clinical Med Physics Ag Science Computer Sci Ag Science Computer Sci Chemistry Geoscience Pharmacology Mat'ls Science Physics

U s. Firms Sources of Innovation License Technologies from Others In-house Development Industrial Collaborations Computer-based Virtual Design/Development Academic Collaborations All Industry

spanning semiconductors, telecommunications, productivity or security software, computers, tablets and gaming. Across all these applications the integration of smaller, faster, mobile,

Battelle/R&d Magazine survey Sources of Innovation 0%60%80%100%License Technologies from Others In-house Development Industrial Collaborations Computer-based Virtual

Battelle/R&d Magazine survey Sources of Innovation License Technologies from Others In-house Development Industrial Collaborations Computer-based Virtual Design/Development Academic Collaborations

Battelle/R&d Magazine survey Sources of Innovation License Technologies from Others In-house Development Industrial Collaborations Computer-based Virtual Design/Development Academic Collaborations

but rather computers, laboratory instrumentation, scientists, and engineers. This conservative analysis is based on the application of certain economic impact multipliers to the 2014 forecast total R&d spending figure of $464. 5 billion.

Q3 2014=110.7 Q3 2014=126.0 Warehousing Computer services Legal and Accounting Services 2011=100 2011=100 2011=100 Q3 2014

which is a smallscale workshop equipped with an array of flexible computer controlled tools that help to transform ideas into real products through digital fabrication.

data on the number of employees that use computers might not be available. Instead, the number of employees who have access to computers could be used as a proxy.

As in the case of soft data, caution must be taken in the utilisation of proxy indicators.

45 however, their theoretical complexity and the amount of computer power required to perform relatively simple graph searches make them difficult to implement in a convenient manner.

Efron, B.,Tibshirani, R. 1991), Statistical data analysis in the computer age. Science 253,390-395. HANDBOOK ON CONSTRUCTING COMPOSITE INDICATORS:

Forman E. H. 1983), The analytic hierarchy process as a decision support system, Proceedings of the IEEE Computer society.

Saltelli A. 2002), Making best use of model valuations to compute sensitivity indices, Computer Physics Communications, 145: 280-297.

and computer-oriented monitoring than in the contemporary grid, where grid operations are rather reactive,

if Hazadous Reduced Regulatory Requirement Requires County License Hazardous Flourescent Tubes Batteries Computers Electronics Silver Wastes Oil Antifreeze Special Wastes Solvents Electroplating Manufacture Process PCB,

the complexity of knowledge has led to a diverse range of output formats, inter alia, audio 26 visual recordings, computer software and databases, technical drawings, designs or working models,

non-refereed, extracts of paper) Edited volumes of conference proceedings Audiovisual recordings Computer software, databases Technical drawings, designs or working models Design (major works

research contributions to innovation and socioeconomic benefit, e g. research and technical reports, patents and plant breeder rights, computer software, designs and prototypes,

at a time (1989 94) when computer and communication technology was sophisticated much less than today. Many of the same barriers mentioned above were encountered by Maccabi as it made key decisions in the process of developing its system.

the insertion of the magnetic membership card into the physician's computer automatically populated the screen with the patient's demographic information,

electronic referrals for diagnostic tests ensure that the results are transmitted automatically back to the doctor's computer, etc.

we needed doctors who had a knack for computers to help the IT people build‘doctor-friendly'systems.

These services include arts and crafts, minor construction and mechanical services, business administration, computers, education, entertainment, event organisation, food, gardening, health and healing, household services

Another barrier is lack of computer skills and Internet literacy which can preclude people from participating on the online platform.

Another barrier for the Repair Cafés case is lack of computer skills and Internet literacy

or developed illnesses & blood complications-Computer-based advisory service for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes-Patients use a glucose measuring device for home use,

and computer based advice will need to be expanded further with the latest technological breakthroughs. This is something which is in fact being developed by major mobile phone developers such as Apple and Samsung.

-A MOOC is aimed an online course at unlimited participation with free and open access for everyone with a computer with internet access.

and need to show mostly teenagers the effects of chemical experiments-Professor-Why combines computer generated images with real images

Examples of this are videos of lectures, questions with instant feedback and quizzes everything online and only digitally accessible from a computer.

and offer education online for everyone with access to a computer with an internet connection. Whilst there have been based paper concepts for open universities/open education,

access to a computer and Internet and digital literacy. Also, the rise of MOOCS potentially allow for a different value for money approach within public education systems,

and make the best education in any topic available to anyone with a computer and Internet connection.

access to a computer and Internet and digital literacy. MONDEY specifically also highlight the importance of requires a good framework for data security and data protection. 129 Concluding,

access to a computer and Internet and digital literacy Personalised education & new learning environment s Standard ICT solutions as well as bespoke technological solutions (for instance gaming)- Content creation-Issue identification-Matching

and computer skills and increasing regular Internet use amongst the underprivileged. 6. 1. 10. Attracting and retaining talent

and it is the hub of creative, knowledge based activities in the country, such as R&d, computer activities, informatics, business services etc.

She is a computer engineer and Phd candidate, with an MA in Computer science at UNICAMP, Brazil.

Proceedings of the 1992 ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. pp. 107-114. Eden, C. 1999)' Using Cognitive Mapping for Strategic Options Development and Analysis (SODA'.

'Computer Supported Cooperative Work 21. pp. 417-448.73 Liu, K. 2000) Semiotics in Information systems Engineering.

Required skills include computer and web technologies, as well as the organisational and managerial competences and leadership necessary for the changes in working methods and job roles.

Notwithstanding the fact that for the past 25 years the use of computers and telecommunications in healthcare has been a constant item of development agendas,

Computers can store data and information, but cannot store knowledge. Only human brains Manuscript received April 2, 2014;

but almost 1/3 of the TV programming gets viewed on non-TV platforms such as computers, ipads,

The time spent on a computer amounts to 1. 5 hours per day; out of which half is spent in social networking, playing games,

From the University of Miami in Florida, Mr. Milicevic received his doctorate in computer music composition in 1991

where computers are available to enable entrepreneurs to register electronically. Entrepreneurs are making good use of the electronic filing option.

banks provided information on computer disks and had to pick up printed copies of credit reports from Bangladesh Bank's office.

0%for the land, 5%for the building, 10%for the machinery, 33%for the computers, 20%for the office equipment, 20%for the truck and 10%for business development expenses.

‘Financial services & insurance',‘computers & electronics'and‘media & telecommunications'are leading the race to maximise the enabling and disruptive potential of digital technologies,

& Logistics Business & Administrative Services Utilities Basic Manufacturing Chemicals Trade & Retail Equipment & Machinery Automotive Media & Telecommunications Computers & Electronics Financial services & Insurance Leading

0 1 2 3 Hotels & Restuarants 4 5 6 Computers & Electronics Real estate, Rental & Leasing Trade & Retail Business & Administrative Services Utilities Media

& Logistics Business & Administrative Services Utilities Basic Manufacturing Chemicals Trade & Retail Equipment & Machinery Automotive Media & Telecommunications Computers & Electronics Financial services & Insurance-15

Today most jobs already require some kind of computer related knowledge. Whilst ICT specialists8 accounted for around 3-4%of EU employment,

by 2015,90%of jobs will need at least basic computer skills10. Acquiring those skills is thus rapidly becoming a precondition for employees to become

& Restaurants 60 Financial services & Insurance Computers & Electronics Media & Telecommunications Automotive Equipment & Machinery Trade & Retail Chemicals 10 15 20 25 30 35

and use of computers and computer networks (wired and wireless) as well as the presence and type of connection to the Internet.

Europe Central/Northern europe Equipment & Machinery Trade & Retail Chemicals Utilities Basic Manufacturing Financial services & Insurance Computers & Electronics Media & Telecommunications Automotive Business & Administrative

In addition, more powerful networks are required to cope with increasing communication between computers and an increasingly automated exchange of data.

and the protection of computers and data. We will devote particular attention to ensuring undistorted competition between companies, further reducing barriers to market entry,

and develop the computer, mobile phone and internet applications that are powering these changes. The needs span a wide range of skills,

25 4. 6 Mobile phone repair and computer assembly...26 4. 7 Green jobs...26 4. 7. 1 Green jobs and ICTS...

Moreover, most of the technology-based solutions rely on mobile phones (63 per cent), computers (39 per cent),

explaining why some programmes prefer mobile phones over computers. Other barriers, like initial and ongoing costs,

including computer skills and English. Website: www. samasource. org 4. 3 Apps development There is speculation regarding how the growing trend of apps development will generate new employment opportunities for young people around the world.

Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 26 4. 6 Mobile phone repair and computer assembly Mobile phone repair as well as computer maintenance and assembly continue to be important areas of youth job

Action Technique pour un Developpement Communautaire Action Technique pour un Developpement Communautaire (ATEDEC) is designed a project to educate orphans and vulnerable children in Rwanda in computer applications,

In partnership with a youth livelihoods programme called AKAZI KANOZE, youth are trained in computer maintenance and repair,

Being computer literate having the skills to perform basic computer operations used to be sufficient for most jobs entailing use of computers.

This chapter begins with a look at the evolution from computer to digital literacy, the latter widely recognized as a more comprehensive and relevant inventory of the range of ICT-related skills needed for success in career and life.

in combination with ICT skills, are deemed necessary for employment. 5. 1 Computer literacy Computer literacy refers to the ability to use computers and related technologies, from end-users to ICT professionals.

and software components. 116 Basic computer skills include (sample): turning a computer on and off; using a mouse and keyboard;

understanding basic computer terminology and concepts; understanding operating system, programmes, and data; managing files. Intermediate computer skills (sample:

performing basic functions of common productivity programmes (word processing, spreadsheet, presentation; using email and web browser; installing software and hardware.

Advanced computer skills (sample: programming; using advanced features of productivity programmes; fixing simple computer problems.

Computer literacy at the intermediate level is becoming required for almost every job. In the health sector discussed in Chapter 3 for example,

hospital employees must be able to use medical records systems, order supplies, manage appointments and perform other routine tasks on a computer that used to be done on paper.

Even in many jobs that do not entail contact with a computer employers are screening for basic computer skills as a minimum qualification for employment. 117 An increasing number of non-IT positions also expect people to have advanced more skills

such as basic troubleshooting and using advanced features in productivity programmes, though IT professionals are can still be relied upon for most advanced functions. 116 European commission,"Digital Competence in practice:

required job applicants to have computer skills even though they would not use computers in their tasks.

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 30 5. 2 Digital literacy Most of today's attention around ICT skills is focused on the concept of digital literacy.

Laser cutters, vinyl cutters, CNC (computer numerical control) routers and CNC milling machines are often part of the equipment mix as well.

and who frequent public access points found that they value the benefits of the computers for educational uses,

The most prominent example is the European Computer Driver Licence. 174 Despite its name there are accredited test centres in most countries in the world.

Digital Literacy curriculum, www. microsoft. com/about/corporatecitizenship/citizenship/giving/programs/up/digitalliteracy/default. mspx. 174 European Computer Driver Licence, www. ecdl. org.

Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 55 The European Computer Driving Licence is an international computer skills certification programme.

Outside of Europe it is known as the International Computer Driving Licence. The certification programme operates in 41 languages,

The programme consists of series of modules to build different levels of computer skills from basic to advanced that will prepare people for work or studies.

inadequate student-computer ratios; ICT learning restricted to studying basic computer literacy and not for learning other subjects;

Whereas basic computer skills and knowledge of productivity applications may still qualify a person for routine office work,

Telecentres, libraries, community technology centres and other places that offer computer resources, internet connectivity, and space for group activity are positioned ideally to implement programmes that will provide youth with the skills

Hackathon Event where computer developers, graphic designers, and/or other experts come together to collaborate and produce software projects,

and collaborate around computers, technology, or digital art. Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 70 HTML Hypertext markup language (HTML) is the main markup language for creating web pages

Information technology Outsourcing (ITO) Refers to the outsourcing of computer or internet related work, such as programming.

She is a computer engineer and Phd candidate, with an MA in Computer science at UNICAMP, Brazil.

Proceedings of the 1992 ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. pp. 107-114. Eden, C. 1999)' Using Cognitive Mapping for Strategic Options Development and Analysis (SODA'.

'Computer Supported Cooperative Work 21. pp. 417-448.73 Liu, K. 2000) Semiotics in Information systems Engineering.

Google has built already one of the world's largest networks of computers and data centres for online-search results,

Lowcost home 3d manufacturing tools (3d printers, CNC computer numeric control machines), free CAD/CAM software, like Blender, 123d or Sketchup,

organised by the Chaos Computer Club (CCC) 11, an informal association of hackers from across Europe.

The Chaos Computer Club (CCC), Europe's largest network of hackers, is the most prominent example of grassroots communities coming together to develop

the club also fights for free access to computers and technological infrastructure for everybody. The latest gathering of the CCC in 2012 in Hamburg, Germany, brought together 6, 000 participants.

The Chaos Computer Club (CCC) HACKERS NETWORKS 34 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe The World wide web Consortium (W3c), an international community that works on developing

computer-friendly formats for anyone to download, use, and analyse, as long as the privacy and data protection of all citizens is preserved

-Jahreskongresses-29c3-des-Chaos-Computer-Clubs-CCC. jpg Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 34 http://www. e-living. net/sites/default/files

The guidelines, the models and the system will be the result of an orchestrated cross disciplinary effort of European experts based on participatory design approach in diverse and complementary fields (art and design, computer

Examples include computers in classrooms, the use of assistive devices for the elderly, or implants to cut teenage pregnancy.

Through experiment it is discovered then how these work best (such as the discovery that giving computers to two children to share is more effective for education than giving them one each.

It is equipped generally with an array of flexible computer-controlled tools that cover several different length scales

and processed (by computer software and/or humans), e g. software applications, services, knowledge, taxonomies, folksonomies, ontologies, descriptions of skills, reputation and trust relationships, training modules, contractual frameworks, laws.

Computing environments likewise spilled over from the single computer to the local area network (LAN) at first, and eventually to the global Internet.

Networked computers motivated the development of distributed architectures and shared resources, culminating in the peer-to-peer (P2p) model.

and processed (by computer software and/or humans); potentially any description of the economic and social actors, their capacities, skills and the relationships between them (EC 2005a.

Computer science is concerned with the construction of new languages and algorithms in order to produce novel desired computer behaviours.

whether computer processes, humans, or a mixture thereof. 18 In the Web, due to the pressure of user needs, we see a continuous evolution of the protocols and artificial languages.

Understanding Computers and Cognition, A new foundation for Design, Noorwood, Newyersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation

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