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opportunities in wood material science and engineering. This consultation process involved eighteen funding organizations fromeight European countries
In the DC-3 case engineers were singled out as the drivers of the development. In other situations, it may be a continuing product-use combination (cf. the recent trajectory of mobile telephony),
and promises about tissue engineering on a chip, stem cell analysis and possible production, 526 D. K. R. Robinson, T. Propp/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75
How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society, Open University Press, Milton Keynes, 1987.25 B. Latour, Reassembling the Social:
training the future generation of researchers, engineers, managers (including R&d managers), experts, and policy-makers (among many other fields, for STI policies);
and engineering doctoral students coming from EU countries have firm plans to stay in the US upon the completion of their studies,
and technology databases are very heterogeneous in character Technologists have a wealth of tacit knowledge, built upon practice,
The role of scientists, engineers, and innovators is to enhance the coherence of this network.
Polanyi's account of science and technology has technologists laboring at the interface of claims,
Paper Presented at the Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology, Portland, 2007.2 A. De Haan, K. Mulder, Sustainable air transport:
b Department Urban Water management Research at Eawag, Switzerland c Institute of environmental Engineering at ETH Zurich, Switzerland d Competence Center Sustainability and Infrastructure Systems
They consist of rules, standards, scientific knowledge, engineering practices, technologies and skills that determine a stable context in which highly complex system configurations can develop 12.
consulting engineers and regional and national regulatory bodies. The highly localized and fragmented character of this organizational structure is illustrated by the fact that each of the 2500 communities runs their sewer systems
Instead of components, resilience engineering emphasises the meaning of practices, events and actions in the process 27.
As in resilience engineering, the dominant normative safety/risk management strategy is replaced by a natural or adaptive strategy in the new paradigm of risk management.
but it is expressed not normally in engineer-style descriptions as in Box 1 2. Instrumental vs. informative outcomes o Instrumental outcomes refer to the use of foresight to support the specific foreseen decision making situation,
Resilience Engineering. Concepts and Precepts, Ashgate Publishing Ltd, Hampshire, 2006, pp. 9 17,2006. 28 T. Uusitalo, R. Koivisto and W. Schmit, Proactive risk assessment of critical infrastructures.
She graduated in environmental engineering (M. Sc. 1996) and in environmental policy (M. Sc. 1997, Lic.
According to the results, the Finnish politicians are consistently more optimistic than professional engineers or company executives about the country's techno-economic development.
Pellinen holds A m. Sc. in Engineering. 1186 T. Loikkanen et al.//Technological forecasting & Social Change 76 (2009) 1177 1186
b German Federal Ministry for Research and Education, BMBF, Germany c Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering, Germany d Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation research, Germany
was conducted by a consortium comprising the Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation research (Fraunhofer ISI) and the Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering (Fraunhofer IAO).
(automation, robotics, mechanical engineering, process engineering etc.)7. Health research and medicine 8. Infrastructure technology, urbanisation and environmental development 9. Environmental protection technology and sustainable development 10.
Walter Ganz is director and member of the Leading Circle of the Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering (IAO) in Stuttgart, Germany.
One medic was quoted saying The technologists missed the boat early on, they should have listened to user needs rather than contemplating far off utopian and dystopian sci-fi futures Consequence of division of RRI labour:
http://www. tandfonline. com/loi/ctas20 Foresight and strategy in national research councils and research programmes Per Dannemand Andersen a & Mads Borup a a Department of Management Engineering, Technical University
8 november 2009,917 932 Foresight and strategy in national research councils and research programmes Per Dannemand Andersen*and Mads Borup Department of Management Engineering
Through these discussions, research consortia were defined as a type of funding in addition to existing instruments, such as engineering research centres, framework programmes and talent projects.
and Foresight section at thetechnical University of Denmark's Department for Management Engineering. His main areas of research are technology foresight, strategy in science and innovation, technological innovation, the interaction between industry and science,
and Foresight section at the Technical University of Denmark's Department for Management Engineering. His areas of work are systems of innovation and governance of research and innovation in the fields of eco-innovation and energy innovation.
environmental sciences, biomedical sciences, information and communication technologies, physical sciences and engineering, social sciences and humanities. 6. The single Social sciences and Humanities group of the first phase was replaced by two groups:
researchers, technologists, and some managers (e g.,, occasional users of the databases and analytical tools! decision-makers (e g.,
One would think that scientists, engineers, and technology managers would naturally pursue empirical means to manage R&d and its transition into effective innovations.
Provide each researcher, development engineer, project manager, intellectual property analyst, etc. with direct, desktop access to a couple of most useful S&t information databases.!
metal products and mechanical engineering; the forest cluster; health and well-being; and information and communication industry and services;
chief engineer for the development of one of Toyota's recent concept cars, complains that young people today pay more attention to cell phones than to cars.
Synthetic biology the prospect of engineering cellular processes to operate as bioreactors, labs in a cell,
K. M. Patton/Technological forecasting & Social Change 72 (2005) 1082 1093 1089 backgrounds, from technology to specialties in consumer behavior, from engineering to anthropology,
it is interesting to note that one of the most successful has evolved now into an ERA NET‘‘Wood Wisdom''dealing with the integration of forestry and wood material science and engineering.
J. Cassingena Harper/Futures 43 (2011) 243 251 249 engineering major changes required in EU research and innovation policy in the coming years.
One is need the to avoid alienating the scientific and engineering professions, whose numbers and organisation have grown,
from which it is possible to reverse engineer at least some of the knowledge that informed the scenario work.
People can gain knowledge from the act of interpreting, reading, reverse engineering texts and other artefacts;
Experts (engineers, designers, social analysts, political actors) are seen as possessing particularly valued-and sometimes privileged knowledge.
and Royal Academy of Engineering launched a major consultation exercise exploring risks as well as opportunities. These bodies set up an independent working group,
involving nanoscience and engineering, social science, ethics, consumer protection and environmental interests. The working group issued a call for written evidence,
the main report was Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering 27; the dissemination and follow-up to this is described (ands updated) at http://www. nanotec. org. uk/whathappen. htm (accessed 29/07/09;
IPTS-ISTAG, European commission, Luxembourg, 2001.27 Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering, Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies:
''Nanotechnologies and the royal society and royal academy of engineering's inquiry, Public Understanding of Science 16 (3)( 2007) 345 364.40 S. J. Wood, R. Jones
and consensus-building for engineering major processes of transformation. Therefore sound approaches of futures thinking will help to better address the grand challenges.
and consensus-building for engineering major processes of transformation. Therefore sound approaches of futures thinking will help to better address the grand challenges.
Building on the work of the German Risk Commission (Risk Commission 2003), in the context of this paper risk is understood, in its economic/toxicological/engineering sciences definition,
Philosophy of Technology and Engineering sciences, Elsevier, New york, NY, pp. 1103-45. Hanley, N. and Barbier, E. B. 2009), Pricing Nature.
First, the Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering in the UK have incorporated these issues into their study (commissioned by the UK government,
A Technical, Political and Institutional Map of Emerging technologies, Greenpeace Environmental Trust, London, 2003, July 14 Royal Society, Royal Academy of Engineering, Nanoscience and nanotechnologies:
even the engineering and economic feasibility has not yet been clarified. What does that mean for the technology assessment of nanotechnology?
and institutes (representing basic research on nanotechnology related phenomena, material researchers and developers, systems engineering, toxicology of nanoscopic structures,
bin engineering, the roadmapping process has influenced so positively public and industry officials that their questioning of support for fundamental technology support is muted...
Just as engineers first scoffed at them (roadmaps, T. F), . so will some scientists. But who better than scientists to experiment with an experiment that can strengthen sciences'support
vision-building and consensus-building for engineering major processes of transformation; shaping and defining research and innovation agendas (2011 FTA Conference Scientific Committee.
stories of heroic innovators emerge telling howsms functionalitywas devised by clever engineers in the GSM standardisation groups in the mid-1980s.3 Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 04:52 03 december 2014 Foresight in an unpredictable
I. Tuomi A similar story underlies the GSM short messaging example Engineers first define a standard that allows short messages to be delivered using the GSM control channel.
For example, engineers often create a working artefact before its theoretical underpinning (science) is understood fully: that is simply an example of a known unknown in science.
Notes 1. These are referred to often in project engineering as‘unk-unks 'and are similar to the ecological‘safe-fail'principle,
and circulate amongst engineers, board rooms, research institutes and policy circles (Borup et al. 2006; Van Lente and Bakker 2010.
and how this affects the decisions of engineers, businesses and governments. It investigates how researchers,
'For the involved engineers, the uncertainty is relatively high: they know all the details, conditions and assumptions.
matching environmental uncertainty Riccardo Vecchiato a a Department of Management, Economics and Industrial Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy Published online:
matching environmental uncertainty Riccardo Vecchiato*Department of Management, Economics and Industrial Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy This paper explores how strategic decision-makers select
These different pieces of insight are matched finally through an interactive process that brings the social researchers from Philips Design and the technologists from Philips Research together with the business managers from all the product divisions of the company.
Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:03 03 december 2014 Strategic foresight 795 Notes on contributor Riccardo Vecchiato is Assistant professor at the Department of Management, Economics and Industrial Engineering of Politecnico di Milano
Engineering Management Journal 11, no. 1: 7 14. Entovation International. 2004. The characteristics of 5th generation management. http://www. entovation. com/assessment/fifthgen. htm (accessed December 2004.
Journal of Management in Engineering, 18, no. 3: 150 5. Larsen, A. H. 2003. Finding and re-finding transparency at Aarstiderne.
Computational and Information sciences (CIS), Engineering sciences (ES), Electronics and Photonics (EP), Materials Science and Technology (MST),
The two largest perceived overlaps were between CIS and the Engineering sciences (ES) and Materials Science and Technology (MST) areas,
which was about building an explicit service-oriented R&d trajectory in an engineering-oriented RTO,
3. 2. The case of DSSCS Nanotechnology entails engineering matter at molecular scale, seeking novel applications of new materials and devices.
Tingting Ma is a Phd candidate in Management Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of technology of China.
GA. He is also Professor Emeritus of Industrial & Systems Engineering, and of Public policy, at Georgia Tech, where he continues as the co-director of the Technology policy and Assessment Center.
International Journal of Applied Engineering Education 1, no. 5: 321 8. Scapolo, F.,A l. Porter,
value-adding and market creation 10-G Unpopularity of science and engineering, human resource problem,
Research in Engineering science & Technology, University of Manchester, Manchester. Mietzner, D. and Reger, G. 2005),‘Advantages and disadvantages of scenario approaches for strategic foresight'',International Journal of Technology intelligence and Planning, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 220-39.
Although there was understandably a strong focus on‘‘hard''research in science, engineering and technology, within several challenges there was also a clear role for social sciences and humanities.
and engineering and science skills PAGE 36 jforesight jvol. 15 NO. 1 2013 The project undertaken provided a national view on grand challenges that had been discussed in other settings.
In terms of engineering science and technology, it was a relatively simple process to identify possible responses from the research and innovation systems at a national level, through addressing known gaps in capacity and building on emerging areas of strength.
B Power Engineering and Energy Saving; B Manufacturing Systems; and B Safety. The thematic area‘‘Rational Use of Natural resources''covers the following five technology areas:
including R&d level, contribution to innovative relevant projects, availability of human resources (researchers, engineers and technicians), required level of funding and fixed assets.
contribution to innovative relevant projects, availability of human resources (researchers, engineers and technicians), required level of funding, fixed assets and others Estimation of resources and risks List
Furniture, games 34 Other consumer goods 35 Civil engineering Source: Schmoch (2008) VOL. 15 NO. 1 2013 jforesight jpage 59 code C08g covering‘‘polymer electrolyte''is identified,
), 27 (Engines, pumps, turbines), 30 (Thermal processes and apparatus), 31 (Mechanical elements) and 35 (Civil engineering.
(Transport) and 35 (Civil engineering). The third hot application technology before the year 2020 is technology 32 (Transport),
20 (Materials, metallurgy), 27 (Engines, pumps, turbines) and 35 (Civil engineering. From the source technology side, technology 27 (Engines, pumps, turbines) is the hottest source technology for application to other technologies before 2020,
metallurgy), 23 (Chemical engineering), 30 (Thermal processes and apparatus), 32 (Transport) and 35 (Civil engineering). Technology 1 (Electrical machinery, apparatus, energy) is prospected also as a hot source technology, especially by South korea,
(Transport), 34 (Other consumer goods) and 35 (Civil engineering). Also, technology 23 (Chemical engineering) is prospected as a source technology for other seven technologies,
the prospected application technologies will be technologies 1 (Electrical machinery, apparatus, energy), 19 (Basic materials chemistry), 20 (Materials, metallurgy), 27 (Engines, pumps, turbines) and 35 (Civil engineering).
, apparatus, energy), technology 27 (Engines, pumps, turbines) to technology 1 (Electrical machinery, apparatus, energy), technology 35 (Civil engineering) to technology 1 (Electrical machinery, apparatus, energy),
ocean energy/seawater desalination China Integrated gasification combined cycle 35 (Civil engineering) 1 (Electrical machinery, apparatus, energy) Japan Large-area thin-film solar cells;
technology), 27 (Engines, pumps, turbines) and 35 (Civil engineering. The most intensive linkage of the interaction is source technology 27 (Engines, pumps, turbines) to application technology 1 (Electrical machinery, apparatus, energy.
) and 35 (Civil engineering), especially technologies 23 (Chemical engineering) and 27 (Engines, pumps, turbines) show higher linkage with technology 1 (Electrical machinery, apparatus, energy.
interactions across WIPO technologies for Delphi topics from Japan PAGE 64 jforesight jvol. 15 NO. 1 2013 (Civil engineering).
), 34 (Other consumer goods) and 35 (Civil engineering. Technologies 32 (Transport) and 35 (Civil engineering) especially show higher linkages with technology 1 (Electrical machinery, apparatus, energy.
Technology 27 (Engines, pumps, turbines) is also a hot source technology; the application technologies comprise of technologies 1 (Electrical machinery, apparatus, energy), 3 (Telecommunications), 8 (Semiconductors), 10 (Measurement), 13 (Medical technology), 20 (Materials, metallurgy
Figure 4 Technology interactions across WIPO technologies for Delphi topics from South korea VOL. 15 NO. 1 2013 jforesight jpage 65 engineering;
and 12 (Control) and 35 (Civil engineering) show especially higher linkages with technology 1 (Electrical machinery, apparatus, energy.
Another hot application technology is technology 35 (Civil engineering. The possible source technologies comprise technologies 12 (Control), 15 (Biotechnology), 25 (Handling) and 27 (Engines, pumps, turbines;
The possible application technologies comprise technologies 1 (Electrical machinery, apparatus, energy), 30 (Thermal processes and apparatus), 32 (Transport) and 35 (Civil engineering),
The important source technologies comprise technologies 15 (Biotechnology), 17 (Macromolecular chemistry, polymers), 19 (Basic materials chemistry), 24 (Environmental technology) and 35 (Civil engineering.
energy) comprise source technologies 12 (Control), 23 (Chemical engineering), 27 (Engines, pumps, turbines) and 35 (Civil engineering),
consumer goods) and 35 (Civil engineering. Higher linkages are demonstrated in technology 1 (Electrical machinery, apparatus, energy) to application technology 32 (Transport),
The possible cross-interacted source technologies come from source technology 12 (Control), 19 (Basic materials chemistry), and 35 (Civil engineering.
and technologies 12 (Control) and 25 (Handling) to technology 35 (Civil engineering. The content of these topics comprises‘‘Circulating fluidized bed flue gas desulfurization'',Coal gasification-based poly-generation technology'',Energy consumption analysis for construction and building environmental systems and energy saving optimization technology,
For example, The Inspec Database, produced by the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), contains records from the world's technical
hclin@stpi. narl. org. tw Dr Te-Yi Chan received BS, MS and Phd degrees in Computer Engineering from Chung Yuan Christian University
Scientists (particularly natural scientists and technologists) often tend to consider subjectivity, e g. experts opinions as a disturbance to be avoided,
He received his engineering degree at Ecole Centrale (Paris). His key qualifications are Sustainability Policy analysis and impact assessment, and foresight studies.
Author Indicator Robert J Watts, Alan L Porter 14 Number of items in databases such as Science Citation Index number of items in databases such as Engineering
, NDIA Systems Engineering Conference online at, http://lincoln. gsfc. nasa. gov/trl/Nolte2003. pdf 2003.8 NASA, HRST Technology assessments.
Alan Porter is a Professor Emeritus of Industrial & Systems Engineering, and of Public policy, at Georgia Tech, where he remains Co-director of the Technology policy and Assessment Center.
and are considered today a relatively mature computational tool for solving complex engineering problems, for which the term Modern Heuristics 36 was coined.
He obtained an MSC degree in Industrial Engineering from Sabanci University. His research interests are exploration and analysis of dynamically complex systems under deep uncertainty.
He obtained a master's degree in Commercial Engineering and a Phd degree from the Faculty of economics, Social and Political sciences & Solvay Business school of the Free University of Brussels. His research focuses mainly on the multidimensional dynamics of complex systems,
He obtained his master's degree in Commercial Engineering and Phd degree from the Faculty of economics, Social and Political sciences & Solvay Business school of the Free University of Brussels. His research focuses mainly on the multidimensional dynamics of complex uncertain systems,
Kristian Borch b, Ted Fuller c a SVR, Research centre of the Flemish Government, Boudewijnlaan 30, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium b Department of Management Engineering
Currently Kristian is Head of Section in the Department of Management Engineering (DTU Man) at the Technical University of Denmark.
Nearly all of the experts from academia came from the natural sciences and engineering. Only one expert was from toxicology
engineering and technology research and development from the approximately $255 million it spent in fiscal year 1999.1.
the Nanoscale Science, Engineering and Technology (NSET) Subcommittee of the NSTC Committee on Technology (which succeeded the IWGN) called for the involvement of social scientists across the board 38
and presented a vision for progress in nanotechnology from 2010 to 2020 3. Besides redefining the R&d goals for nanoscale science and engineering integration,
from NGOS, from the physical and biological sciences, engineering, medicine, social sciences, economics, and philosophy. The report included insights from US experts in the field, examinations of lessons learned,
and engineering investigations with social science and policy research from the outset 44. This concept also stems from the NNI6
and engineering and the mass use of nanotechnology. The related future governance will be oriented on a user-centric ecosystem
The BMBF commissions the Association of German Engineers Technology Center (VDI-TZ), a subsidiary company of the Association of German Engineers (VDI),
and engineering brought together under the broader umbrella definition of nanotechnology. FTA ACTIVITIES were used in this early stage to facilitate a common understanding,
The US Interagency Working group on Nanoscience, Engineering and Technology (IWGN) published a worldwide study on Nanostructure Science and Technology in 1999.
and engineering under a broad definition of nanotechnology and served as the foundation in developing long-term R&d visions and strategies.
Transf. 34 (2009) 320 342.9 M. C. Roco, Nanoscale science and engineering: unifying and transforming tools, AICHE J. 50 (2004) 890 897.10 M. Roco, Possibilities for global governance of converging technologies, J. Nanopart.
Chang. 76 (2009) 1187 1197.35 C. Milburn, Nanotechnology in the age of posthuman engineering: science fiction as science, Configurations 10 (2002) 261 296.36 S. Kaplan, J. Radin, Bounding an emerging technology:
Soc. 24 (2002) 93 109.45 NSTC, National science and Technology Council, Committee on Technology, Subcommittee on Nanoscale Science Engineering and Technology, The National Nanotechnology Initiative:
inscribing and describing publics in public engagement, Minerva 48 (2010) 219 238.61 K. Braun, S. Schultz, a certain amount of engineering involved:
As a mechanical engineer she has conducted various foresight projects on future prospects for industrial production and on research and innovation patterns on behalf of government authorities
She holds a Phd in sociology of technology from Darmstadt Technical University and a diploma in mechanical engineering.
The impact of national traditions and cultures on national foresight processes Per Dannemand Andersen*,Lauge Baungaard Rasmussen Department for Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 424,2800 Lyngby
.,Norcross, GA, United states c Industrial & Systems Engineering, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, USA d Public policy, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, USA e
and sector (i e. the European forest sector) that aimed to create an international research agenda, based on the recognition of long-termchallenges of this sector and the identification of gaps and opportunities in wood material science and engineering.
GA. He is also Professor Emeritus of Industrial & Systems Engineering, and of Public policy at Georgia Tech, where he co-directs the Technology policy and Assessment Center.
Challenges of user involvement in future technology analysis, Science and Public policy 37 (2010) 51 61.20 C. Lettl, User involvement competence for radical innovation, Journal of Engineering and Technology management
Proceedings of the Third international conference on Human-centred software engineering (HCSE'10), Springer-verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 2010, pp. 111 118.29 W. Gaver, A. Boucher, S
, B. Van Wielinga, Knowledge Engineering and Management: The Commonkads Methodology, MIT Press, Cambridge, 2002.36 B. J. Witcher, R. Butterworth, Hoshin kanri at Hewlett-packard, Journal of General Management 25 (2000) 70
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering, 2008. S v. Marinho, C. Cagnin/Futures 59 (2014) 50 61 61
and engineers test and modify products in close collaboration with end-users in a real-life or a real-as-life setting Projects 3. 3 Testbeds and simulation tools Integrates hardware and software platforms and simulation tools across companies in order to test applications,
system NBIC Educational system Nanotech and science Agri-food supply ICT mathematics Infrastructures Mathematics Armed forces ICT Geology Engineering Economics Chemistry Biology
and knowledge systems that enable each other in pursuit of a common goal Nares Damrongchai obtained his MPHIL degree from the University of Cambridge, UK and a doctorate in engineering from Tokyo Institute of technology.
The implication of this project is that it has creatte a new network of knowledgeable and concerned scientists and technologists in the field of biosecurity in the Asia-pacific region.
‘key fields'and‘priority themes'(zhongdian lingyu jiqi youxian zhuti),‘mega-engineering projects'(zhongda zhuanxiang),‘frontier technologies,
So-called mega-engineering and mega-science projects are aimed at‘leapfrogging'in key areas, while key technology programs play the role of supporting economic development,
and diffusiio of agricultural technologies 11th Five-Year Plan Mega-science Program 2006 Promote four top scientific areas Mega-engineering Projects 2006 Promote technology
and engineering projects with highly strategic national goals Date of creation unknown International S&t Cooperation Plan 2001?
provide a platform for international cooperation State Engineering Technology research Centers Provide technologies and equipment to firms Soft Science Research program Provide reliable scientific advice to national and local policy-makers Source:
'Thus, the‘Innofund+programs'includes Innofund, Spark, Torch, Agricultural S&t Transfer Fund, National Engineering research Centers (data from 2007) and the New National Products Program.
The Mega-engineering Projects is missing due to lack of data. Table 3. Allocations for S&t by Central Government in main S&t programs (in million RMB) Item 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
250 300 300 300 300 National Engineering research Centers 50 50 50 86 60 84 86 State Key Labs 130 130
One principal program, the Mega-engineering Projects is missing due to lack of data. However, though we do not know their exact size,
The 16 Mega-engineering Projects identified in the last MLP are selected clearly missionorieented to address major economic and societal needs,
More than two thousand scientists, engineers, policy experts, corporate executives, officials from universities, ministries, and corporations participated in the strategic studies.
973 Projects) with programs for industrial development (Mega-engineering Projects) and sectoral technology programs on a more modest scale (Key technologies Programs, 863 Projects).
whose knowleedg base is across electronic engineering and biotechnollog (Dr. Chip 2010). However, since biochips are very minor in the sector,
vision-building and consensus-building for engineering major processes of transformation and efforts to define the research agenda, setting research priorities and specialisation focus.
Improving the robustness and dynamics of the R&i ecology to address (global) disruptions and engineer breakthroughs.
By 2031 global science (natural sciences, social sciences, engineering and humanities) has played a significant role in helping to build a more sustainable world by working with society to address the major challenges associated with sustainable development.
The science base of ICSU has been expanded to include strong representation of health, engineering, humanities and social sciences.
Kostoff, R. N. and Schaller, R. R. 2001)‘ Science and technoloog roadmaps',IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 48: 132 43.
engineers and scientists that can be, in a slightly exaggerated way, formulated as‘Let's drive this interesting and fascinating technology further.
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