Article history: Available online 30 january 2014 Keywords: Performance measurement systems FTA Strategy Implementation A b s T R A c T Despite the growing number of publications on firms'performance measurement systems (PMS), consensus
has not yet been achieved on the steps for their implementation within an organisation. Against this background the authors report the lessons learnt in developing
and testing a new PMS that they have devised advancing on the Balance Scorecard (BSC) approach.
The authors conclude by highlighting specific ways in which FTA can be integrated in the PMS proposed. 2014 Elsevier Ltd.
*Corresponding author. Tel.:++55 4899800630. E-mail addresses: sidnei@univali. br (S v. Marinho), ccagnin@cgee. org. br (C. Cagnin.
and change over time (Annex 1). The authors thus developed a new PMS to tackle these limitations,
Moreover, the scenario development process should become an important contribution to organisational learning 28. The third phase (cascading strategy into operational actions) was conceived based on the original structure of the BSC.
Such an application of the system in practice shall be subject of future work to be developed by the authors. 5. Conclusions The system proposed was developed based on perceived gaps in the process of implementing the BSC The guiding objective was to combine characteristics inherent to PMS, such as participation
Therefore, contributions from a variety of tools were combined in such a manner as to allow these objectives to be embedded within a system based on the BSC.
which in itself is an original contribution to the former field. By doing so the authors'claim that the use of the system proposed aligned with FTA helps overcoming overall PMS (and in particular BSC) limitations.
It does so by supporting the shaping and monitoring of complex and dynamic systems. Hence, it should effectively enable the overall system under analysis
and refine such a renewed system the authors propose its application in practice as an avenue for future research.
Limitation Authors Suggestions Authors The balanced scorecard is more of a diagram representing relationships or a flow diagram than a map of cause
Time for the EU to Meet Global Challenges, Publications Office of the European union, Luxembourg, 2010, http://dx. doi. org/10.2791/4223eur 24364 EN, ISSN 1018
fail, Journal of Strategic Performance Measurement (1999) 6 11 (special edition. 59 D. Otley, Performance measurement:
as firms look to advance their technology''6. Since Futures 59 (2014) 62 78 A r T I C L E I N F O Article history:
This article seeks to investigate how innovation networks and foresight are related to what extent networked foresight activities exist
*Corresponding author at: Delft University of Technology, Jaffalaan 5, 2628 BX, The netherlands. Tel.:++31 15 27 81146.
1 The author gratefully acknowledges the support of the Innovation-Oriented Research program‘Integral Product Creation and Realization (IOP IPCR)' of The netherlands Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation.
The article finishes with concluding remarks. 2. Toward networked foresight 2. 1. Analogies in the development of innovation management and futures research Liyanage 13, Niosi 14 and Ortt and van der Duin 15
this article seeks to analyze the apparent next step in the development of futures research: networked foresight. 2. 2. Linking futures research to innovation networks 2. 2. 1. Trends driving corporate innovation toward open innovation processes Innovation, i e.,
'The cases in this article allow the focal phenomenon to be described and discussed in great depth,
data collection instruments included access to key documents, such as reports, internal documents, presentations and meeting minutes and observations through active participation within the organizations and, to some extent, in the build up Phase in the WINN
in addition to analyzing key documents. For analyzing the future orientation and openness of the three networks we applied the Cyclic Innovation Model as an analytical framework.
in this article scope, type and the impact of its results. Finally the link of future orientation, futures research and the network is analyzed by connecting the CIM analysis with the character of the foresight activities. 3. 2. Analytical framework 3. 2. 1. The Cyclic Innovation Model The main
and the interconnectedness of futures research In this article the CIM is used as a tool to structure
In this article the network orientation of foresight is described and analyzed, but not formalized. The CIM provides a common basis for the analysis of the three cases
Fig. 3. Visualization of the EICT concerning openness and network orientation. 8 During the revision of this article a regular strategy meeting took place
In the sense of this article the WINN activities can be characterized as foresight supported by a loosely linked network.
/Futures 59 (2014) 62 78 76 In the literature review two paths that indicate networked foresight as the next generation of futures research were identified:
It should be noted that this article is based on data from three cases. Although these give important impulses for research addressing foresight
Design and Methods, 4th ed.,Sage Publications, Inc.,London/New delhi/Singapore/Thousand Oaks, 2009.44 R. K. Yin, Qualitative Research From start to finish, The Guilford Press
Last but not least, it introduces the different contributions to this special section one by one, highlighting the way in
as is shown in the examples in Table 2. Some authors recommend the use of speciifi combinations of tools and approaches in order to build more robust methodologies (Rader and Porteer 2008.
The authors descrrib how user involvement can be applied during three different research stages in the innovation process,
v. vanrij@minocw. nl or vvanrij@planet. nl. The author wishes to thank the members of the Joint horizon scanning Team:
The views expressed in this paper are those of the author (as coordinator of the Joint Horizzo Scan pilot project)
issues were collected from a variety of (future) literature and the internet and through consultation with experts (workshops, interviiew etc..
Furthermore, it was expected that publication of the issue lists on the horizon scan website would have the effect of raising public awareness of the issue.
and intensive literature surveys (including foresight, future studies and even science fiction) and panel groups. Horizon scanning seeks to identify what in The netherlands scan are described as potential PTOS
In all horiizo scans, organisations and individuals were alloowe to make contributions. The focus of the UK scan is on‘public policy'(not explicitly government policy,
and opportunities---4. Evaluation and weighing of problems and opportunities List P---List O---1. Literature study 2. Consultation of national international experts 6. Formation of clusters
Issuue were selected on the basis of indications in the literature of either positive and/or negative impact on these values.
This was also done for issues where authors had (very) different opinions. These sets of shared values14 are:
which is acknowledged in the research 2015 document (Daniis Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, 2008) that sets the stage for research prioritisation in Denmark for the coming four years in a clear relationnshi to the challenges facing
) 3. The comparison is given based on the documentation, which was limited more for the Danish scan due to the fact that the Danish scan had limited a purpose. 4. Australia and New zealand Horizon scanning Network (health technology scan).
RESEARCH2015 A Basis for Prioritisation of strategic Reseaarch Available from<http://en. fi. dk/publications/publications-2008/research2015-a-basis-for-prioritisation-ofstrattegicres/research2015-net. pdf
Available from<http://www. erff. org. uk/publications/reports/20071212-horizonscanning-report. aspx>,last accessed 1 june 2009.
The world 2025, contribution from an expert group. European commission, Directorate-General for Reseaarch Socioeconomic Sciences and Humanities.
Available from<http://www. isn. ethz. ch/isn/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?/ots591=EB06339B-2726-928e-0216-1b3f15392dd8&lng=en&id=96274>,last accessed 1 june 2009.
Available from<http://www. personal. mbs. ac. uk/dloveridge/documents/steepv wp29. PDF>,last accessed 1 june 2009.
Available from<http://www. rechercheinnovvationequipement. gouv. fr/article. php3? id article=102>,last accessed 1 june 2009.
Available from<http://www. techforesight. ca/Publications/Whatbroadsecuritychallenges Maycanadaface. pdf>,last accessed 1 june 2009. van Rij, V 2008.
highly digitisable nature of the goods it produces combined T Fabienne Abadie (corresponding author) is at European Commisssio Directorate Joint research Centre, Institute for Prospectiiv Technological Studies, Edificio EXPO
we completed our understanndin with an assessment of the European positiio both in qualitative and quantitative terms, based on the analysis of company documents, business and policy reports.
development of innovative tools for content creation, publication and online access; and increasing pressure on users'attention and increased difficulty to navigate content.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank Prof W Edward Steinmueller, Dr Aldo Geuna and Juan Mateos-Garcia from SPRU (University of Susseex UK) for their key role in the EPIS
and Michael Rader for his overall contribution to the EPIS project. They would also like to thank Jan Bierhoff (ECDC), Vladi Finotto (University of Venice), Gill Ringland (SAMICONSULTING), Susanne Giesecke (Austrian Institute of technology) as well as Knud Boehle
Andreas Gräfe and Robert Hauser (all from the Reseaarc Center Karlsruhe, ITAS, Karlsruhe) for their contributions to the scenario building exercise.
Finally, the authors are grateful to Ioannis Maghiros and Corina Pascu (IPTS) who contributed throughout the EPIS project.
The opinions of the first author do not necessarily represent those of the European commission. This paper is revised a version of a paper presented at the Third International Seville Seminar on Future-Oriented Technoloog Analysis:
Office for Official Publications of the European communities. Christensen, C M 1997. The Innovator's Dilemma:
Working Document EUR 21471. Brussels: European commission. Mateos-García, J, A Geuna, A w E Steinmueller et al. 2008.
A review of the literature reveals much in the way of foresight methodology and the rationale for foresight but little about the factors that lead to foresight success. As will be reported later in this paper, even the concept of
C Jonathan Calof (corresponding author) and Jack E Smith are at the Telfer School of management, Desmarais Building, Universiit of Ottawa, 55 Laurier Avenue East, Ottawa K1n
He is a prolific author with over 150 publications to his credit and also serves on the editorial board of several publications.
Jack Smith has been an adjunct professor at Telfer School of management at the University of Ottawa since 2009.
Most of the articles referenced in this section proviid evidence for the broad benefits, both direct and indirect, associated with foresight exercises.
FTA objectives reported by the European foresight monitoring Network (EFMN)* A review by the authors of reports on mapping foresight by the EFMN reveals the wide range of objectives that different nations
) In comparison to futures studies and forecastinng the literature on foresight has paid little attenntio to its actual strategic value.
We did not find much literature that looked at foresiigh success factors. Buetschi and Nentwich (2000) identified several context or foundational success factors for influencing the political role of participatoor technology assessment (see Table 3). These studies tell us that FTA EXERCISES should not be viewed independently of their contexts
a detailed literature review; a short email questionnaire; interviiew with foresight practitioners, managers responnsibl for national foresight efforts in various countries, and;
and consisting of foresight project briefs and other documents). Our second study looked at the following countries:
literature reviews, scenarios, brainstorminng and expert panels. The most striking result is the popularity of the four methods:
the authors'assessment may have underestimated the longer term impacts of the activity of the nascent Office of the National science Advisor (ONSA),
nevertheless some appreciation for the contributions that foresight can make to general S&t preparedness. Based on the studies that were done,
the authors envisioned potential problems for the program and made recommendations consistent with the critical success factors identified.
The foresight literature is rich on the issue of different methodologiie and project selection but not on the seven factoor identified in this study.
The authors endorse the need for further assessments of foresight impact, survival and the dynamics of managing regime transitions that remain a continuing challenge to foresight advocates
'The technology roadmapping method has been used in the present authors'previous region-wide studies (APEC CTF, 2006.
a combinatiio of literature review/bibliometric analysis and online surveys were conducted to preliminarily captuur the trends of infectious diseases.
and the key research domains Aim to get experts involved in verifying the trends of emerging infectiiou diseases resulted from bibliometric analysis Aim to capture the trends of emerging infectious diseases from the publication trends Phase
I Scenario planning Online survey Literature review+Bibliometric Analysis Aim to discuss longer term perspective to enhance the region's capacities that contribute to the successful prevention
and detection (S&d) Treatment (Tr) Prevention of spread (Pos) Vaccine Animal tracking Diagnostic Ubiquitous computing Vaccine Drugs Modeling Figure 5. Contribution of technologies
and make significant contributions to R&d and commercialization of devices and systeems Yet the convergence of technologies will not come in the same form as the convergence in informattio and communications technologies,
Hence, the unique contribution of this paper lies in its dealing with cross-disciplinary technologies (converging technologies) in a cross-boundary regioona setting (Asia-pacific.
This project is a contribution to the better understanndin of the provision of accelerated technologicca responses to combating EID and biosecurity in the APEC region and of the role of S&t in providiin those responses through the concept of convergiin technologies.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge and extend their heartfelt gratitude to all participants at the workshops
The authors are also grateful to Mr Jack Smith (Defence R&d Canada) and Dr Richard Silberglitt (Rand Corporation) who have given ideas
T Katrien De Moor (corresponding author), Katrien Berte and Lieven De Marez are at MICT-IBBT, Department of Communicattio Sciences, University of Ghent, Korte Meer
Many authors have explored this shift from traditional push-to more pull-and userdriive approaches. Whereas the former are characterrize by technology-centred strategies and limited user involvement
As a complement to the literature, we draw on our own experiences in the ROMAS project,
Her research interests and publications lie in the field of quantitative survey analysis, new media and advertissing She is currently working on a Phd thesis on advertisiin in a digital media environment based on the IBBT research project ADME (website<http://projects. ibbt. be/adme>).
The main contribution of this work involves the development of a‘segmentation forecastting tool for prior-to-launch prediction of adoption potentiial and the development of a blueprint for better introduction strategies for ICT innovations in today's volatile market environment.
Research on Mobile Applications and Services (interrna document. Lievrouw, L 2006. New media design and development:
or a public research institution) in such a cooperaation the private partner being an enterprise that agrees to contribute to this project at its own expeens by at least the amount of funds offered by the CTI (private contribution of at least 50%;
Empirical evidence on the effectiveness of technology policy Recent overviews of the empirical literature suggest that the empirical evidence as to the effectiveness of subsidies is not homogeneous (David et al.
This means that including the firms'contribution of at least the same amount as the CTI subsidy, about CHF400,
CTI database, authors'calculations Table 3. Subsidized enterprises by scientific field 2000 2002 Scientific field Number of firms Percentage Construction technology 11 5. 5
CTI database, authors'calculations Impact of technology policy on innovation by firms Science and Public policy February 2010 69 firms which are subsidized not out
and Public policy February 2010 78 3. The questionnaire may be obtained from the authors. It is available in German,
University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia 3fabiana Scapolo, European commission Joint research Centre, Science Advice to Policy Unit, Brussels, Belgium*Corresponding author.
This introductory paper provides an overview of selected conference contributions and the perspectives in which they address key issues in the development and implementation of FTA in relation to these challenges.
This edition of the conference focussed on the need and potential of FTA to address disruptive transformations in global and national structures, systems, rules and practices in response to grand societal challenges.
10.1093/scipol/scs026 The Author 2012. Published by Oxford university Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email:
Science itself will also be a source of new challenges but also opportunities through its contribution to technologgica change in areas such as:
The authors provide an analysis of the effectiveness and limitations of a number of different horizon scanning approaches applied in a European commission funded Framework programme project (SESTI).
analysed, restructured and selected according to potential Fraunhofer contributions and market potential. Five challennge were formulated subsequently to serve as a frame for the new Future topics programme.
The contributions to this special issue, as well as to the FTA conference more generally, clearly demonstrate there is a growing volume of valuable and appropriable experiennc in the development and application of fta, in terms of both the process and methods and the organisational context in
Acknowledgements The views expressed are purely those of the author and may not in any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of the European commission.
Office for Official Publications of the European commission. Georghiou, L. 2011)‘ Connecting conference outcomes with policy needs, options and implications'paper presented during final plenary session at the Fourth International Conference on Future-oriented technology analysis, held Seville, Spain
70712-900, Brasilia, DF, Brazil 2catholic University of Brasilia, Brazil*Corresponding author. Email: chauke@cgee. org. br This paper addresses the challenges of communicating the results of a strategic foresight exercise
10.1093/scipol/scs015 Advance Access published on 16 march 2012 The Author 2012. Published by Oxford university Press.
and complements tangible outcomes, such as reports and publications, as they are absorbed usually as knowledge by those participating.
It is also an opportunnit to convey non-classified results to a broader audience, through the dissemination of information via the Internet or by means of publications, seminars, confereence etc.
Among the international contributions, Moorcroft's study (Moorcroft 2009) stands out. It presents an overview of trends
These authors have proposed a classification of methods and techniques by the type of approach (exploratory or normatiive) method (qualitative, semi-quantitative or quantitattive or source of knowledge (creativity, expertise, interaction or evidence.
scanning and a literature review. The timeline tool was used also as an alternative for scenario planning. The guidelines used in the process include:.
The quality of the contributions, at all levels, by far surpassed initial expectations..The process had a very beneficial effect on FINEP,
The present authors hope to expand this experiienc to other cultures, societies and realities. These three types differ in the following aspects:.
regarrdin what is envisaged in the literature (European commission 2011:.The creation, expansion, mobilization and maintenance of networks, are considered often as important as the tangible results, such as reports or recommendations..
and Social sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China*Corresponding author. Email: liuli66@tsinghua. edu. cn Few countries have increased their expenditure on r&d as rapidly as has China in recent years.
In an article in People's Daily in August 2010, prominent academmic complained that the current S&t system is overfunnde but institutionally weak (Zhao et al. 2010.
10.1093/scipol/scs006 Advance Access published on 17 february 2012 The Author 2012. Published by Oxford university Press.
or less than 0. 5%of the total number of universities, account for around a quarter of all Chinese scientific publications and citations (Springut et al. 2011).
for instance‘harmonious society'and‘indigennou innovation',indicating the contributions and frameworks of STI governance with broader policy process.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Richard P. Suttmeier and the two anonymous referees for their valuable comments.
Scientific and Technical Documents Publishing house. China Statistical Yearbook on Science and Technology. 2009), p. 292.
as generally acknowledged by the literature about innovattio systems, play an essential role in shaping and fosteriin the development of an innovation system,
10.1093/scipol/scs008 Advance Access published on 11 march 2012 The Author 2012. Published by Oxford university Press.
Section 2 reviews the literature on innovation systems. On the basis of the literature we conceptualize the configuration of the three innovation systems.
Section 3 analyzes the evolution of the Taiwanese innovation systems for biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and agriculture through the lens of the configuration of the three innovation systems.
Section 4 discusses our concepptua and empirical contributions, draws conclusions and makes suggestions for future research. 2. Literature review
and the configuration of the innovation systems The conception of the configuration of the three innovattio systems is established on the theoretical foundations of different system approaches.
According to the literature an innovation system is composed of actors and networks technology and knowledge, and institutions.
While the majority of the existing literature on modern biotechnollog focuses on the empirical experiences of European countries and the USA (Mckelvey et al. 2004;
Indeed, the existing literature considers Taiwanese biotechnology to be a‘new sector 'which has emerged only in the last ten years
such as government documents and the historical records of the institutions embedded in the innovation systems, we will discover how the technological innovattio system for biotechnology gradually emerged with the Taiwanese national innovation system,
Acknowledgements The author particularly wishes to thank Prof. Jakob Edler and Prof. Andrew Mcmeekin at the Manchester Business school.
and the personal herbal medicines should be delivered by herbal doctors. 5. This article distinguishes herbal medicines from herbaceous medicines.
and Honorary Research fellow, Manchester Institute of Innovation research, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9pl, UK*Corresponding author.
This paper highlights the contributions that future-oriented technology analysis (FTA) might make to orienting innovation processes towards grand challenges.
10.1093/scipol/scs014 The Author 2012. Published by Oxford university Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email:
which are transposed onto specific contributions to innovation system functions. Section 6 discusses the associated implicattion for international EU research
some authors (e g. Bergek et al. 2008) have recommended the functions of innovation system as an alternative point of analytical departure. 1 Such functional analysis,
and considers the contributions that are being, and could be made by FTA in this regard. In general, having to deal with more global issues implies a corresponding organisational capacity to deal with them
Addressing grand challenges is at the core of EU policies for research and innovation as illustrated by the latest EU strategic policy documents.
ERA NET PLUS and Article 185.4 JPIS go beyond existing relevant schemes by implementing joint research programmes towards real public-to-public partnerships between Member States and the EU (ERAC-GPC 2010.
mobilise resources FTA informing role FTA structuring role FTA capacity building role Innovation system functions FTA roles Figure 2. Contributions of FTA roles
and understanndin their long-term implications Create spaces for market formation FTA's contribution to market formation tends to be more indirect, for example,
and join forces for designing common desirable futures Orienting European innovation systems. 149 contributions these would make to various innovation system functions. 7. Conclusions This paper has outlined the contours of an emerging mission-led approach to innovation policy that is more global
In this context, this paper has introduced some of the contributions that FTA could make to orienting innovattio systems towards grand challenges.
Acknowledgements The views expressed are purely those of the author and may not in any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of the European commission.
Notes 1. Following other authors, the notional use of‘function'in this paper should not be confused with functionalist approaches found in sociology.
Article 185 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European union (ex Article 169 of the Treaty establisshin the European community) enables the EU to participate in research programmes undertaken jointly by several Member States,
Publications Office of the European union.<<http://ftp. jrc. es/EURDOC/JRC55981. pdf>,accessed Oct 2011.
Andre's Belaunde, 36-4c, 28036 Madrid, Spain 4zhaw Zurich University of Applied sciences, Institute of Sustainable development, Postfach, CH-8401 Winterthur, Switzerland*Corresponding author.
10.1093/scipol/scs012 Advance Access published on 11 march 2012 The Author 2012. Published by Oxford university Press.
by analysing recent contributions to the literature as presennte at the 2011 FTA Conference. The analysis identifies the types of transformations addressed, the governance modes in
Acknowledgements The views expressed are purely those of the author and may not in any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of the European commission.
Due to the broad coverage of the conference, the contributions can be regarded as reflecting the current state of the debate.
Office for Official Publications of the European communities.<<http://ec. europa. eu/invest-inreseearchpdf/download en/aho report. pdf>accessed 15 dec 2011..(
Office for Official Publications of the European communities.<<http://ec. europa. eu/research/era/pdf/eg7-era-rationales-final-report en. pdf>accessed 15 dec 2011.
2010)‘ Contribution to Developing voluntary guidelines on framework conditions for joint programming in research Foresight activities'(28 june 2010.
2010)‘ Commission Staff Working Document A rationale for action, accompanying the Europe 2020 Flagship Initiative Innovation Union',COM (2010) 546, pp. 9 and 89,
-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland*Corresponding author. Email: michael. keenan@oecd. org Over the coming decades, science will play a key role in society's response to emerging global‘grand challenges'.
10.1093/scipol/scs019 The Author 2012. Published by Oxford university Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email:
Additional contributions came from Japan, France, Germany, China and others. Beyond these institutional and, in some respects, top-down examples of international science cooperation, the vast majority of international linkages have been initiated by individual scientists on an ad hoc basis. 2. 2 Contemporary international science cooperation
but where ICSU member organisations, could make a significant contribution. These areas were considdere to still be valid in 2009
as well as from the literature)..Phase 2 april 2010 to March 2011: Build exploratory scenarios from the key drivers and conduct a broad consultation with the same range of parties identified for the previous phase..
and a literature scan. The outcome of the web consultation was 174 separate ideas for key drivers from 82 individuals from more than 30 countries.
which has been popularised in several publications (Schwartz 1998; Ogilvy and Schwartz 1998. The first step involved developing plausible forecasts for each of the 13 key drivers.
and featured in an article in Nature (Macilwain 2011). This can be taken as a strong signal of the likely interest of the science policy community in the scenarios. 4. 2 Lessons in conducting international foresight Reflecting on the approach taken in the ICSU foresight,
Policy-making is more participatory and open with science making a valued contribution: New networks that are inclusive of governmment the private sector
and further contributions are received from the private sector and foundations. This fund is for collaborative international projects with a focus on global sustainability challenges.
though the present authors have not found other examples that focus on mechanisms for internatiiona science collaboration.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the support of the CSPR in conducting the exercise, and particularly Task Team members Kari Raivio, Roberta Balstad, Nebojsa Nakicenovic and Lidia Brito.
Office for Official Publications of the European communities. Fraunhofer Gesellschaft. 2010) Envisioning Future research Horizons: Scenarios for the European research Landscape 2025.
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