RTDI priority-setting and regional coordination as well as joint programming and also supporting policy-making through the early identification of weak signals of emerging issues.
Lessons from initiating policy dialogues on emerging issues. Science and Public policy 39, no. 2: 208 21.
which covers all the issues that are primarily dependent on relations between different social actors inside and outside the organisation.
(i) organisational development enabled by new communicational methods and (ii) marketing issues of environmental technologies. Nina Wessberg is a senior scientist in Foresight and Socio-Technical change team at VTT.
and to compile mentions of possible applications and developmental or impact issues. We also identify active organisations
and market issues. Today's NESTS are more apt for incorporating science-based advances (e g. biotechnologies and nanotechnologies),
and distinguishes vital issues affecting potential commercial or other applications. In particular, we have set‘Step J'engage experts alongside to call attention to the desirability of ongoing involvement of various knowledgeable persons.
it is desirable to elicit ideas from the experts on‘issues'.'That is, what important hurdles must be surmounted along the various innovation pathways?
Figure 7 details a few issues (as an illustration), but a full map would show critical issues that would need to be handled for particular application targets.
For instance, what are the full life-cycle costs for a given solar cell formulation? 4. 7. Calls to perform technology assessment (Step H) Much of the FIP process serves to promote the first type of technology assessment evaluation of competing technologies.
What sort of exposure issues are there? How do they fit within the risk and regulation landscape?
Figure 7 notes possible impacts and issues worth further analyses. The variability among NEST situations and possible decision needs calls for the FIP approach to be considered very flexibly.
and each country also has its own specific issues, for example rapid aging of the population or economic stagnation.
solving global or national issues through the effective application of science and technology. In this situation, the idea of placing special focus on particular fields has to be phased out,
and selected 24 priority issues (National Institute of Science and Technology policy, 2009). The results of the preliminary discussion clearly indicated the importance of systematic integration in other words,
The area addresses the issue of constructing a new information society system where ICT underpins the basic infrastructure of society,
specific topics tend to contribute to specific issues, whereas when it comes to technologies related to hard and soft infrastructure (Panel 11 and 12),
single topics tend to be related to solutions for several issues. The extent of expected diversity in science and technology depends on scenario themes
whenever consensus views of complex and controversial issues need to be generated based on constructive debate and mutual trust,
and structuring the issues that need to be the subject of a strategic dialogue is a crucial element.
but not suitable in discussions with stakeholders since many of the issues are politically sensitive and/or inconsistent with the self-image of stakeholders.
Desk research and‘‘straw man''structure Issues that were raised and initial hypotheses are explored further and complemented by desk research in step 4. The goal is to organize preliminary results into a clear and simple structure that consolidates
and crystallizes issues into a small set of statements and questions that offers a language for BMBF units to discuss the subject area.
Expansion towards external stakeholders Based on the collected information from various sources the issues to be addressed in the further course of the process can be expressed with greater precision.
3). Key issues were crystallized in a dialogue process with the BMBF (step 4) combined with consolidated results from semi-structured interviews with 40 experts
However, with the increasing acceptance of grand challenges, Foresight is expected to make a contribution to orienting innovation towards broader issues (Georghiou et al.
Several issues are addressed that are relevant for those interested in foresight, research and innovation, and grand challenges.
Specifically, the issue identified was the effective marshalling of research, technological and innovation funds to support broad goals for Europe.
and the degree to which organisations were already addressing issues raised by them (see Table II for focus questions used in the roundtable discussions).
VOL. 15 NO. 1 2013 jforesight jpage 33 outcomes from the consultation and the empirical evidence gathered, with an emphasis on connectivity between the external environment and the national issues identified.
One potential disadvantage of the latter approach is that it may limit discussions and neglect potentially important national RTDI issues.
Then we investigate the issue of the interconnection of the results of the projects. For this objective
These issues were analysed deeply in the FS2 framework. 3. 2 National S&t Foresight: 2030 (FS2) The aim of this study was an evaluation of required resources
these issues were the focus of FS2. So FS1 and FS2 were connected not only by what we should evaluate,
issues and analysis'',International Journal of Forecasting, Vol. 15, pp. 353-75. Rowe, G.,Wright, G. and Bolger, F. 1991),‘Delphi:
therefore, raises several conceptual, methodological and operational issues. Two of them are general, while further two are specific to the so-called grand challenges:
After a brief explanation of these issues, the paper outlines the main ideas of the papers published in this special issue.
four conceptual, methodological and operational issues are identified and discussed. The second part highlights the main ideas of the eight papers published in this special issue.
four issues seem to be particularly relevant when considering what FTA APPROACHES and tools would be appropriate to address certain policy needs.
and unknown unknowns 2. Combining quantitative and qualitative approaches 3. Understanding the complex and systemic nature of grand challenges 4. Joint responses to grand challenges Below we will elaborate on each of these issues. 2. Known unknowns,
The subjectivity and associated ignorance due to the choices and decisions made will increase as the FTA begins to deal with more complex and uncertain issues
the issues to be tackled; the main objectives; the time horizon to be considered; the desire of their sponsors/clients;
In other words, the‘quality'of an FTA project is a complex issue, and it cannot be reduced to the question of its level of methodological sophistication.
and for control of costs would be lost. 4. Understanding the complex and systemic nature of grand challenges The issues covered by the term‘grand challenges'naturally lend themselves to a global outlook,
those that address an issue that needs to be tackled at the level of nations and world regions,
De Smedt et al. 5 claim that grand challenges require policy-makers to address a variety of interrelated issues
while there is as yet no clear methodological answer to the identification issue there has been some institutionalised responses and new organisational models of FTA,
Defending Against the Unknown, the Uncertain & the Unexpected, Presidents & Prime ministers, vol. 11, Issue 2, 2002, pp. 33 36,(Mar/Apr 2 D. Loveridge, O. Saritas
Chang. 80 (3)( 2013) 467 470 (this issue. 4 K. Haegeman, E. Marinelli, F. Scapolo, A. Ricci, A. Sokolov, Quantitative and qualitative approaches in Future-oriented technology analysis (FTA:
Chang. 80 (3)( 2013) 386 397 (this issue. 5 P. De Smedt, K. Borch, T. Fuller, Future scenarios to inspire innovation, Technol.
Chang. 80 (3)( 2013) 432 443 (this issue. 6 M. Weber, A. Havas, D. Schartinger, Exploring the Potential impact of FLA on National Innovation systems.
Chang. 80 (3)( 2013) 398 407 (this issue. 8 H. Ritteland, M. Weber, Dilemmas in a general theory of planning, Policy Sci. 4 (1973) 155 169.9 C. Cagnin, E. Amanatidou, M
Chang. 80 (3)( 2013) 408 418 (this issue. 12 J. H. Kwakkel, E. Pruyt, Exploratory Modeling and Analysis, an approach for model-based foresight under deep uncertainty, Technol.
Chang. 80 (3)( 2013) 419 431 (this issue. 13 P. Shaper-Rinkel, The role of future-oriented technology analysis in the governance of emerging technologies:
Chang. 80 (3)( 2013) 444 452 (this issue. 14 E. Schirrmeister, P. Warnke, Envisioning structural transformation lessons from a foresight project on the future of innovation, Technol.
Chang. 80 (3)( 2013) 453 466 (this issue. Cristiano Cagnin (Phd) used to work as a scientific officer at JRC-IPTS
and also supporting policy-making through the early identification of weak signals of emerging issues. Attila Havas (Phd, 1997) is a Senior Research fellow at the Institute of Economics
He has advised national governments and international organisations on the above issues. Ozcan Saritas (Phd) is a Senior Research fellow at the Manchester Institute of Innovation research (MIOIR
They also identified the scientific quality and validity of outcomes of participatory approaches as an issue of concern 18.
Cunningham and van der Lei 28 use such an approach for models providing support to decision-making on the selection of new technologies and discuss the issue of providing equilibrium between different groups of experts and stakeholders.
or issues at the interplay between science and society, to keep track of the content of one's intellectual portfolio of knowledge
key issues and trends. Visualisation techniques and strategic design: During the 2011 International Seville Conference on FTA, the use of images and visualisation techniques was suggested as a tool,
However, it has been applied by the Finnish innovation Fund to develop holistic understanding of a challenge with issues related to ageing, education,
In other words, when dealing with issues surrounded by risk, uncertainty, and ignorance typically issues being dealt with by FTA the value of models is (at least) as much in the process as in the output. 8 Another common misconception associates subjectivity and value judgement to qualitative processes,
but not to quantitative ones. Scientists (particularly natural scientists and technologists) often tend to consider subjectivity, e g. experts opinions
Below we sketch a possible agenda to overcome the main short-term barriers regarding methods selection and misconceptions. 5. 1. 1. Methods selection The selection of methods in FTA remains largely a context-driven issue,
as a natural first step to tackle this issue, one could consider developing a starter kit for combining different methodologies.
including a checklist of contentious issues, risks and traps that require consideration. It could be adapted to serve as an FTA starter kit for combining methods.
The initial identification of issues is one of the stages where the involvement of stakeholders is essential as it allows collecting the views of those who will play an active role in the decision-making process supported by FTA.
http://forera. jrc. ec. europa. eu/fta/Proceedings%20short%20version. pdf. Last accessed July 2012.2 P. Bazeley, Issues in mixing qualitative and quantitative approaches
Change 80 (3)( 2013) 467 470 (this issue. 67 T. Wehnert, W. Jörß, Evaluation paper:
Index number of items in databases such as U s. patents Number of items in databases such as Newspaper Abstracts Daily Issues raised in the Business
and we can even trace an at least three-decade long debate on this issue. What makes the difference now are exactly the powerful new capabilities provided by the Information technology Era
In the previously cited 30-year anniversary issue of TF and SC (1999) Bowonder et al. 3 have reviewed briefly this topic,
and Fig. 1. Technological forecasting in perspective presented by Linstone in the 30-year anniversary issue of TF and SC (1999).
uncertainty is prevalent in complex systems and policy-making related to complex issues. Policy failures are often attributable to the omission of uncertainties in policy-making 7. Policies that would be optimal for one particular scenario often fail in most other scenarios.
And policies that are optimal for dynamically complex issues at a particular point in time often fail at other moments in time.
Hence, in case of complex issues under uncertainty, there is a strong need for policies that are designed to adapt over time to new circumstances and surprises,
Policy learning is also a major issue in evolutionary economics of innovation 27 29. Early applications of adaptive policies are also found in the field of environmental management 30,31,
His applied interests include climate change/energy issues, public health and health policies, financial crisis and energy systems. His current research interests are adaptive policy making and the use of optimization in policy-making.
and Analysis (EMA) is an approach that uses computational experiments to analyze complex and uncertain issues.
We noted that Porter et al. 1 shortly touched upon this issue and on the potential of EMA for FTA.
FTA aims at offering systemic considerations on future developments for dynamically complex issues. The comprehensive exploration of the consequences of combinations of uncertainties that can be offered by EMA is an important component of such future-oriented
A central issue in many FTA projects is how to cope with a multiplicity of worldviews and values,
Scarcity of Minerals, A Strategic Security Issue, The hague Centre for Strategic Studies, The Hauge, 2010.18 E. Pruyt, Scarcity of minerals and metals:
He has worked on cases in various domains including air transport, port planning, fresh water supply in The netherlands, world water scarcity issues,
complex global issues have moved to the forefront of policy-making. These grand challenges require policy-makers to address a variety of interrelated issues,
which are built upon yet uncoordinated and dispersed bodies of knowledge. Due to the social dynamics of innovation, new socio-technical subsystems are emerging,
In this paper we argue that issues of how knowledge is represented can have a part in this lack of exploitation.
-be helpful in engaging decision-makers in specific issues, legitimating a chosen course of action, and supporting fruitful debates among stakeholders.
Grand challenges require that policy-makers address a variety of interrelated issues, which are built upon as yet uncoordinated and dispersed bodies of knowledge.
Section 3 describes how we conceptualize inspiring issues and paradigms from different scientific disciplines such as business and innovation research, futures studies, sociology and policy analysis.
The three questions represent a specific perspective linking action and decision-makingwith issues of (i) emergence,
by placing a major factor influencing the future of the issue being investigated on each of the axes,
An overview of our findings is summarized in the subsequent sub-sections (sub-sections 4. 1 4. 3). Each of these subsections includes a description of representation issues linked with the approach and methods used, input, process and main outcome.
becomes one of the key issues. In order to avoid surprises the policy or strategy process should be able to open the scope of observation for periphery incidents and early,
we argue that our reflexive inquiry of the selected cases from Appendix 1 helped disclose several representation issues in scenario practice.
In this paper we argue that issues of representation have played a part in this lack of exploitation.
By doing so, we are able to link issues of representation with groups of scenario practice.
we suggest that representation issues (i e. what is, and what is represented not in the scenarios,
In this paper we argue that the limits of current practice are to a certain extent linked with representation issues.
However, a variety of representation issues exist and more experiments and research are needed. Thirdly, we want to emphasize that the social dimension in innovation systems should be acknowledged as a legitimate research area
it seems that for specific issues, as in the case of emerging technologies, the diverse and dynamic environment enables the actors within the pluralistic system to use FTA to build up governance networks
but focus predominantly on economic issues and impacts. The BMBF commissioned several forecasting studies on nanotechnology-related fields starting in the early 1990s.
and to prepare these issues for funding activities 48. The results of the forecasting exercises were published in technology analyses,
such as the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) focus on regulation issues relevant for their domain without being involved fully in the ecosystem of nano-related Innovation policy definition
Weak signals in the INFU project were defined as signals of emerging issues. They can sometimes hint about future changes.
the project team identified eight critical issues that seemed to have special potential for changing today's innovation patterns.
the next issue that will have to be tackled is the use of such transformative visions in actually managing transformative transition processes 34,35. 3 E g.
While there is as yet no clear methodological answer to the identification issue there have been some institutional responses and new organisational models of FTA.
But there are shared issues with the wider discipline of evaluation in dealing with time-lag between action
, Denmark 1. Introduction This paper originates from two issues that are being discussed in the current academic literature on foresight and in the international foresight community.
The first issue concerns the integration of foresight into national policy-making processes. Foresight projects have often been carried out as stand-alone activities
and that their processes relate to policy making processes 1. Academic research has explored also this issue, focusing on different characterisations and typologies of foresight projects 2 3. The literature has suggested that foresight must be an integral part of policy-making processes 4,
The fact that context matters leads to the other issue that this paper originates from
His dimensions were constructed all in such a way that they addressed fundamental issues, which he believes all societies must address.
which is a fundamental issue for any society and for which a range of solutions are found Individualism The degree to
or political issues is associated with personal antipathies. In societies that have more uncertainty avoidance, foresight processes might be seen to create a political battlefield where stakeholders with conflicting viewpoints seek to win the battle,
White papers have seemed often negotiated rather than analytical presentations of political issues...It almost seems as though there is a guiding principle a la‘‘We'll figure it out as we go we can always fix things
In the interviews, we used open questions, to gain a broader understanding of the issues mentioned in the research questions.
The national‘organizational foresight'study indeed focused more on organisational issues such as how to cooperate extensively with other (government
to gain a better understanding of the future of the issue at stake, the degrees of uncertainty involved, the coherence of future developments, the speed of change of developments,
other issues and (political) interests start playing a role as well. Also, in the‘organizational foresight'study, the various foresight studies of the future carried out by the government departments are designed to form initial ideas and opinions about organisational change.
possibly because they are involved more in strategic issues than in operational issues in comparison to local civil servants.
the national civil servants have an interest in making sure that they are well-informed about the relevant stakeholders and issues,
Consequently, there was less time to learn from the foresight study in a strategic 1 Particular issues arise in the case of quantitative forecasting models,
the duration of the process does not appear to be a major issue. Initiating new foresight processes just before a new Minister
For instance, possible future economic issues can be related to social and technological issues, while (local and national) governments are organised often along these thematic pillars.
Da Costa et al. 25 stated that a lot of effort and commitment is needed for policymakker to switch from dealing with short-term issues towards a more long-term and holistic approach.
while, at the national level, greater emphasis was placed on content-related issues. There were also similarities with regard to the implementation of foresight studies and the use of foresight insights, for example the important success factors of leadership and confidence in the process.
and conceptualises design and managerial issues particularly relevant in the international context. Four principles for global foresight design and management are identified.
new and emerging issues in corporate R&d, JRC-IPTS, 8-9/10/07, 2007.25 M. Taish, J. Cassina, B. Cammarino, S. Terzi, N
The objective of tackling this issue was to address sponsor concerns for better accounts of demonstrable impacts.
and goal attainment levels. 3. FTA on specific issues Two themes of the 2006 FTA International Seminar put FTA into contexts.
The two issues are FTA in a business context and FTA on Higher education. The objective of the first was to collect knowledge,
and he addresses the above listed shortcomings. 4. Concluding remarks We note some of the issues presented in the concluding session of the 2006 FTA INTERNATIONAL SEVILLE SEMINAR.
These issues could be considered as reflections linking back to the main objective of the Seminar to advance
In the opportunity identification and idea generation phases, issues such as the‘functional fixation'of users to their current reality and the difficulty for users to break loose from their own use context are mentioned 19
and the emerging necessity of diagnosing the changing innovation landscape to address these issues for‘Foresightful Innovation.'
price is not an issue. The PP3 uses streaming services such as Netflix or Hulu in order to be able to immediately consume very recent content that is of interest (e g.,
lessons from initiating policy dialogues on emerging issues, Science and Public policy (2012)( forthcoming. 49 T. Ko nno la, A. Salo, C. Cagnin, V. Carabias, E. Vilkkumaa, Facing the future:
technical issues strategic positioning of Rijkswaterstaat vis-a vis other organizations and decision making about exploitation of inventions Singular activity 1. 3 Business case analyses Used for sensibility analyses
including methodologies combining scenario analysis, multi-issue actor analysis, roadmapping and target costing 39, business modeling and future studies.
Thus, the futures research activities within EICT usually address thematic issues in various industries. The future of the partners involved
, scenario analysis, multi-issue actor analysis, roadmapping Project 2. 3 Thematic innovation radar Identifies new technologies, trends and topics in a predefined thematic field Project 2. 4 Working group Provide a setting to explore future topics
When recalling the application of the Cyclic Innovation Model to the three cases at least three issues are noticeable:
and private organisations are able to deal with the issue of uncertainty by incorpooratin forward-looking methodologies into their decision-making processes.
The paper addresses a range of emerging issues and their possiibl impacts throughout all stages of the process
and of the possible interaction of all scanned issues and their relevance for strategic decision-making. A repetitive character:
Not only on the far horizon, to search for new emerging issues, but also to check whether and how phenomena that were observed at an earlier stage are developiin over time.
and comparing horizon scans lies in the expectation that the sum of the scans may reveal issues that have been overlooked in the separate national scans.
but also about the premises and values that were taken into account for the identification and prioritisation of the issues colleccte by the scans,
society (including demographical issues) without public services; S&t (including S&t policy; economy and finance (including its governance;
Although some issues could be placed in two or even three categories, it was not difficult to label the majority of issues according to these main categories that are nearly identical to the themes as used in the STEEPV approach (see Loveridge, 2002).
For further comparison and analytical reasons, these main categories have been given a completely new set of subcategories based on the different sets of subcategories that were used in the UK
and Netherlland scans (see Table 2). A number of issues could be placed under several of these new subcategorries These issues were noted during the process of comparison.
These categories were used principally to compare the issues. They were used neither to create a new taxonomy,
An attempt was made also to select some issue clusters with estimated high impact to investigate the usefulnees of joint horizon scanning as preparation for more in-depth foresight to design common policies
and research programming on strategic challenges and questions within these issue clusters. Preparing further cooperation
Identify new challenging issues for policy reseaarch development and innovation. Identify knowledge gaps (relevant for resolving future problems
and sets of issues which cross policy domains for further focused foresight (improving the scoping of these foresiigh activities) and research.
issues were collected from a variety of (future) literature and the internet and through consultation with experts (workshops, interviiew etc..
In the UK scan, experts were asked to write brief papers on the selected issues to deepen the contents;
The issues in the OECD scan were drafted first by OECD staff, then amended by the DASTI,
After the issues had been selected experts were asked to write synthesis papeers based on a number of cited evidence sources,
to explore each issue, including its implications. The primary data for the Danish scan were deliverre by the OECD International Futures Programme Unit with support from DASTI,
which adapted the issue descriptions to the Danish situation after Horizon scanning can be seen as an adaptive foresight instrument that deliberately challenges policy-makers to look at uncertainties
Within the UK scan and The netherlands scan, attemmpt have been made to rank the issues according to estimated overall impact (on implicit
and values for identiffyin and filtering issues'below) and likelihood by inter-subjective judgement. In the Dutch scan as well as in the UK scan, networks of future analysts were used to support the scan as a permanent soundiin board.
and assess the published issues with regard to their plausibility and impact (taking into account the sustainability dimensioon) At the end of the 2007 round,
the issues were published in a final report. After completion, the data in the OECD DASTI scan were published on the OECD website.
(and data from other speciaalis sources) relevant to the client's policy domaain Depending on the issues encountered in this analysis,
In The netherlands the approach used can be descrribe as the cluster approach (see Figure 2). This started with the assembling of clusters of issues with potentially impact-rich interactions.
Furthermore, it was expected that publication of the issue lists on the horizon scan website would have the effect of raising public awareness of the issue.
In Denmark, the scan issues were used as input for the selection of prioritised research themes in a four-year cycle of research funding (see Figure 3). The scan data were used alongside the outcome of a public internet‘hearing'process that delivered an additional input
and public policy high-impact issues Further Communication events New material Issue analysis and synthesis Workshop Cross-linkages With policy Themed Scenarios Extranet Peer review Discussion groups Updated database Finalised Themed Scenarios Final database Reports and multimedia Output data analysis phase
and filtering issues All horizon scans are based on broad and intensive literature surveys (including foresight, future studies and even science fiction) and panel groups.
and in the UK horizon scan are called issues. Horizzo scanning is different from trend scanning (Rollwaage et al.
Issue (or PTO) selection is therefore based on likelihood and estimated impact on the future of our society.
'In all scans the issues were categorised to achieve a degree of comprehensiveness and to cover all policy domains and science disciplines.
The UK effort has focused on drafting the issue papers in such a way that they present a balanced synthesis of the sources scanned (and referenced),
so that any values (and biasses contained within the issue papers reflect those of the sources.
The number of sources cited per issue paper (generally more than ten), and their diversity, are intended to reduce the risk of one strong viewpooin dominating.
This was also done for issues where authors had (very) different opinions. These sets of shared values14 are:
and issues that were selected. After the report was published the horizon scan team was approached by a number of organisatiion
Joint database A joint database has been established containing 430 issues of which 159 are from The netherlands horizzo scan, 125 from the Danish scan and 146 from the UK scan.
The distribution of the issues over the different categories in each scan is shown in Table 3. Analysis of the joint data
(or granularity) that was used to describe the issues differed slightly between the scans. Despite this
This comparison led to the conclusion that the scans contained many similar issues that were closely relaate that were taken up in all three scans (or at least in two.
Some issues only figured in one scan sometiime because they were specific to the country underttakin the scan.
It is expected that widening the cooperation may reveal more issues of high impact that are overlooked in the scans that are now combinned especially
Discussion and conclusion All three scans delivered issue lists which overlapppe considerably but which were also complementtary This means that cooperation might be rewarding to improve the scanning images for each country
It provides a rich source of Table 3. Category%of issues in Sigma (UK horizon)*%of issues in OECD DASTI (DK-horizon)% of issues in COS (NL-horizon)% of issues in all
/ecology 13.7 15.2 23.3 17.7 Politics/public services 30.1 32.0 35.2 32.6 Total number of issues 146 125 159 430 Note:*
which contains about 100 S&t issues, the comparison shows that the Dutch scan somehow seems to fall short on issues from the society domain Joint horizon scanning Science
and Public policy February 2010 16 weak signals and wild cards that may be used to assees the robustness of results that may come from other forward-looking tools as planning, scenarios and quantitative modelling.
Supporting evidence and issue description Another common question concerned the high level of aggregation of the issues in the descriptions in the scan highlights the danger of superficiality.
Finally, the handling of science issues in the scans requires a careful approach. This should balance the need for scientific scrutiny
Complexity It is clear that the issues identified in the horizon scans are very different in nature:
or a research funding scheme (as in Denmark) or to identify new crosscutting questions that need further forwardloookin attention with other methods and transdiscipliinar approaches (clusters of issues, as in The netherlands).
Alerting function The fact that some of the scan issues published in 2005 (e g. risk of a financial crisis caused by poor lending practices
and worldwide lack of governmentta financial control) 17 became reality within a very short time frame highlights the value of referring to individual scan issues,
even before they have been considered in combination with other issues in a group context. This alerting aspect makes it particulla interesting to identify faint
This issue not only requires a transdiscipliinar approach, but it also requires a policy that transcends several policy areas and the borders of countries.
Many issues could still be placed under two and sometimes more categories. 14. It should be clear that the pursuit of all these values may creaat tensions
because issues may cause very high positive impact on one or more of these values but at the same time very negative impact on one or more of the others. 15.
Identification of Key emerging Issues in Science and Society: an International Perspecctiv on National foresight Studies.
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011