Literature

Academic literature (5)
Literature (200)
Literature review (43)
Scientific literature (6)

Synopsis: Scientific literature: Literature: Literature:

and remedies are currently being proposed in a growing literature on good practice. 8 However, it is our contention that in all three respects it is particularly useful to draw on insights from adaptive planning (AP). This approach,

Often it is also necessary to further research the key scenario variables and their relationships through literature study and expert interviews.

The analysis of regulatory foresight in the narrow sense is based, first, on a broad survey of literature databases and the internet regarding regulatory impact assessments in general,

or reported in the literature. Finally, we derive requirements for future research. 2. Overview of regulatory foresight methodologies

& Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516 related patent applications and in literature databases for articles addressing the various risk aspects.

or better the patent regime can be identified by respective discussions in the literature or by the creation of new classes in the international patent classification IPC.

Our paper addresses well-known lacunae of alignment tools from the viewpoints of the path creation/dependency literatures.

There is a wealth of literature focusing on the functions, uses and tools of roadmaps in high-technology companies andmncs 3 20.

Literature in the management of innovation, expectations management and sociology-of-technology fields has stressed repeatedly that for assessments during early stages of technological emergence, more‘open-ended'

Before delving into the context of lab-on-a-chip for cell analysis we explore what the literature can tell us with regards to insights into emerging path dynamics stemming from sociology of S&t, evolutionary economics and organization studies.

There is now a substantial (and growing) literature on dynamics of path emergence and stabilisation. Here we can only focus on the main lines of research

and highlight relevant notions. 2. 1 Insights from the literature into the notion of path From literature on evolutionary economics,

The concept of emerging irreversibilities combines emerging structure (as in path dependency literature) with agency (as in path creation literature) by looking at indicators of alignment

Using literature analysis and a number of semistruccture interviews we constructed a map of the actual and possible technological

Its methodological development and shaping owes its robustness to both a study of the relevant literature and interaction with practitioners.

Tools for assessment/alignment have been discussed in bodies of literatures as diverse and heterogeneous as: strategic management of S&t;

the strategy literature; the general R&d, innovattio management and management literatures; futures studies; organization studies; the S&t policy literature;

and bibliometrics, scientometrics, and patent analysis. For the conceptual developmeen of MPM, our self-set task was to integrate insights from roadmapping, dynamics of Emerging s&t and expectations,

and path dynamics. We argued that for new and Emerging s&t path dynamics 68 should be addressed,

This is based on a review of the available literature. A further review of the literature on foresight impacts showed that many of these are in linewith the societal shifts needed

if emerging 2 Phd research will be complete by Jan. 2010.3 Strategic goal for 2010, set for Europe at the Lisbon European council March 2000 (http://www. europarl. europa. eu/summits

The major elements reported in the literature can be grouped under three broad categories: a group comprising facts

The literature suggests that the emerging knowledge societies are also‘risk societies',characterised by decision-making conducted within an environment of increasingly uncertain or incomplete knowledge.

especially those reported in the available literature. Table 1 groups together many of the reported objectives and impacts associated with foresight exercises under the headings of‘intermediate'and‘lower level'goals. 5. Approach for developing an impact assessment framework It is possible

A review of the available literature on factors affecting the results and impacts of foresight programmes11 identified four main groups of factors:

It should also be noted that the literature on technology assessment programmes is also relevant to the case of foresight programmes.

thanks to the richness of literature and the number of projects and workshops analysing the future of universities:

p. 4. 2 These terms are used often as interchangeable ones in the literature a simple,

universities vs. other players There is a rather strong consensus in the literature on the rationale to spend public money on basic science:

Following the usual distinction in the literature, we can think of‘process benefits'and‘products'.'The first would include more intense,

Yet, the widely held consensus in the literature on the rationale for funding‘basic science'by public money still rests on the Humboldtian model:

The actual economic and institutional arrangements necessary to create flexible and distributed networks may have been captured in the regional development literature 13.

Extensive technical details of this data structure are available in the literature on complex networks. A literature on hierarchical random graphs,

and their use in managing information about complex networks is emerging 21 24. Clauset 21 for instance, provides a useful survey article on the random hierarchical graph.

We see to complement the technical literature with the following interpretive and example-oriented discussion of the methodology.

A few network properties have received considerable attention in the literature. First is the average degree of nodes,

The sociology of science literature and the innovation policy literature, do offer such discussions, even going so far as to prescribe effective means of social organization.

This paper does not attempt such a prescription. Armed solely with the evidence of the graph,

An interactive system for finding complementary literatures: a stimulus to scientific discovery, Artif. Intell. 91 (2)( 1997) 183 203.11 H. Chesbrough, W. Vanhaverbeke, J. West, Open innovation:

the recent literature has provided a number of new approaches and tools like modeling tools, real option approaches and decision analysis. However,

In the social science literature, the couplings have been described as socio-technical regimes. They consist of rules, standards, scientific knowledge, engineering practices,

The pertinent literature and other kinds of external expert knowledge are consulted also as deemed necessary Traditionally,

As there is not a single methodology for searching procedures, the methods contained quantitative methods like bibliometrics as well as qualitative approaches like workshops, expert interviews, internet and qualitative literature searches.

Literature was analysed. Experts were identified and interviewed in order to find the most promising topics in research and technology for the next 10 to 15 years or even further in the future.

According to the key words, literature from the Web of Science was counted on the one hand and qualitatively analysed on the other hand 9,

The (internet, literature and other) searches and first selection processes were complemented by expert interviews and informal talks to arrive at an impression of the importance and potential impact of the huge number of topics under consideration.

introducing a pool of 52 literature pieces that deal with one or several aspects of using scenario planning 2. This article merges the findings from this review with the results from a workshop with environmental scenario practitioners and policy-makers.

and Section 6 synthesizes implications for the future development of the evaluative scenario literature. 2. Functions of scenario planning in the policy-making process The scenario planning literature highlights a wide range of decision support functions 8,

These questions guided our review of the available literature 2 . While numerous alternative methodologies exist for future strategic planning,

we limited ourselves mainly to literature on scenario planning, because scenarios provide a potentially very attractive approach to addressing uncertainty and complexity.

Furthermore, the focus of our review was on literature that explicitly attempts to evaluate scenario planning approaches,

To identify relevant literature a number of experts were asked for suggestions. Indexes and the reference lists from these initial items were used to find relevant earlier and subsequent literature.

A narrow focus on evaluative scenario literature was kept, but the aim was to be inclusive with regard to what was included under this heading.

Nevertheless, the work included seems to provide a reasonable survey of the main themes in the literature.

when using scenario planning. 3. Synthesizing the available evaluative scenario literature 3. 1. Types of evaluative scenario studies The literature attempting to assess the impacts of scenarios employs different types of evaluative methods.

however, rather slightly, confirming insights from the policy analysis literature that it is very difficult to change core belief systems in the short term.

Drawing from the private sector literature, using scenarios to address the challenges facing firms can easily fail for another reason:

which they deviate from the practice described in the case study literature. For instance, deductive approaches to scenario development are used commonly.

Much of this literature highlights the need for consensus on the scenario axes in order to foster a common basis of understanding.

but our review did not provide the space. 3. 4. Differences between public and private sector applications Much of the literature on scenario theory

Difficulties in applying traditional scenario methods among the heterogeneous stakeholders public sector scenario exercises must engage are reported also elsewhere in the literature 17.

The literature discusses the notion of scenarios often being hollow diamonds that sparkle alluringly but fail to contain real value to the decision-making process 35.

The literature does not report too many differences between public and private sector applications. But scenario practitioners often confirm that the heterogeneous nature of objectives

While this need has been recognized in the literature, a more systematic debate around options for the better institutional embedding of those approaches is still largely missing 12.

where the practice and literature has been flourishing in recent years, but there will also never be a standard approach.

There are important claims in the literature about scenario's ability to affect the cognition of individuals and groups by reducing overconfidence,

Metaphorical and theoretical descriptions of what are known as behavioural typologies abound in the literature: many are too complex to implement in the scale

Against this background I propose that there is a clear gap in the literature so far regarding the shifting natures of selection environments

with little or no focus on the actual shaping dynamics on the innovation journey in the literature.

so as to address the other main gap in the literature: how does eventual stabilization occur? For controlling our speculations of actions

Our analysis makes a departure in the contemporary foresight literature and the discipline of strategy.

Literature describes how foresight has changed scope since the 1960s from the first generation of technology-oriented forecasting to the current third-or fourth-generation activities that also include wider social dimensions (Reger 2001;

In this article we anticipate that the literature has refined a more view on what strategy is than on

To some extent this issue is discussed also in the strategy literature. In the 1990s Henry Mintzberg, in a book and two papers (Mintzberg 1994a c), argued that strategic planning focuses too much on analyses

It is beyond the scope of this paper to discuss in depth the relationship between all the traditions within the academic strategy literature.

and strategy in national research councils and research programmes 929 Although there is a rich and growing application-oriented literature on foresight in science

second on the range of impacts that have been assigned to foresight in the corresponding literature, and third on the time lag,

such as scenario planning. 4 In foresight literature visioning is part of a more complex process, involving not only the creation of a desired future picture,

In the literature on municipal planning, visioning is regarded as a separate method, as a more direct process of establishing a desired vision of a communal future not necessarily based on different future scenarios. 5 This latter approach is politically crucial for public organisations trying to develop policy and long-term thinking.

'The rather scarce literature on municipal visioning has been criticised for its lack of a consistent theory or method.

Most literature today sees reflexivity as a positive value in itself, a practice to aspire to

and guidance literature interact with research areas of science and technology studies (STS), especially regarding insights about the relationships between‘given facts and future values'.

and visionary as used in planning literature over the last ten years. Environment and Planning B, Planning and Design 26, no. 4: 573 91.

Researchers usually mine the literature to find a few bnuggetsq that speak closely to their interests.

which open literature publication is not appropriate.!10:20 am: Powerpoints with interpretive comments, and a short background technical report, are provided to the VP.

The management literature is replete with admonitions to pay attention not only to competitors but also to external factors

Management literature is short, however, on practical solutions for methodically gleaning early signals of change from the surroundings

The quality control mechanism for popular FTA literature are practically nonexistent, and it would be valuable

I. Miles/Futures 43 (2011) 265 278 269 programmes and projects (discussed, for example, in the literatures on complex product systems,

and being able to draw on a well-established literature concerning them. The knowledge and mental models of practitioners and stakeholders may have to be brought into play in such cases.

Even a cursory examination of the KM literature will confirm several things. This is an expanding field (with elements of fashion and faddishness.

While the recent expansion in the FTA methodological literature is enabling us to say a good deal more about how methods can be used,

In the UK, there had been major scenario work on strategies for developing a competitive edge in nanotechnology and literature/expert surveying of social issues associated with this field, in the early years of the present century.

The impressive results of this work represent a refreshing counterpoint both to the technooptiimis of the main Ami literature,

The review of the literature indicated that these concepts are considered not and compared in one single source.

'An important lesson for strengthening the impact of fta was drawn fromthe evaluation literature. In this field a distinction has been developed between summative evaluation,

There is a discussion about the potentials of discursive tools in the literature related to participative Technology assessment (pta;

Generally speaking, the scholarly literature shows consistently that all decision making takes place under conditions of uncertainty

However, a broad range of literature exists, dealing with problem-oriented transdisciplinary research (see for Hessels and van Lente, 2008 for a critical review) in greater depth.

Despite the well-deserved interest and merit of the previous references, specialized literature still shows a substantial divorce between the scope and content of foresight exercises and the specific needs of urban planning.

In conceptual terms, the dialogue and the literature produced under the FTA common umbrella term have contributed greatly to the distinction and articulation of the many different methods,

who looks at the literature on the sociology of expectations and what it can offer for foresight.

of uncertainties proposed in the literature, Walker et al. 2003) distinguished two sources of uncertainty. Epistemic uncertainty, according to these authors, is uncertainty due to the imperfection of our knowledge,

these are the subject of an extensive literature. As an aside, these agreed metaphors are construed often as theory

The literature relating to the methods used in FTA will not be reviewed but the next section necessarily sets out briefly their relation to the purpose of the paper, namely the influence of ignorance and uncertainty on FTA. 5. Quantitative and qualitative methods in FTA In a sense,

thus, to study the insights from this literature, and consider what they mean for the process of foresight.

what this body of literature has to offer for foresight. This article investigated the lessons of the sociology of expectations for the various practices of foresight.

strategic management Introduction The strategic management literature (Hofer and Schendel 1978; Miles and Snow 1978; Teece 2007) and the organisation theory literature (Dill 1958;

Thompson 1967) have emphasised long the role of the environment as a major source of uncertainty for strategic decision-makers in charge of coping with emerging opportunities and threats.

because the role of anticipatory actions is a key issue in literature on strategic management (Ansoff 1991;

and Siemens. 5 Given the inadequate analysis in the literature and the open-ended nature of our questions, we felt that this methodological approach would be the most useful for theory building (Eisenhardt and Graebner 2007;

Future research efforts can build on literature on innovation and managerial cognition (Tripsas and Gavetti 2000) for investigating how to identify discontinuous drivers

one based on current global literature rather than just the work of one U s. government agency, would show a much broader opportunity space.

In the relevant literature the innovation activity, and indeed the entire activity field of organisations, has been conceptualised as relational practices, that is,

It draws upon the literature and available human knowledge of the particular innovation Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:05 03 december 2014 846 Y. Guo et al. system, within the context of a more general innovation context (i e. the socioeconomic context in

and those discussed in the business-oriented literature identifies possibly important actors in the DSSC arena.

It connects the results of the project with the literature on foresight innovation and grand challenges.

supported by data and literature. The fiches draw out potential disruptive factors that will constrain or accelerate the phenomenon described.

a survey'',Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 28 No. 4, pp. 1661-707. Grupp, H. and Linstone, H. A. 1999),‘National technology foresight activities around the globe:

As such the paper aims to be a stimulus to further dialogue rather than providing an empirical stocktaking or a systematic and comprehensive review of literature.

Literature has paid however little systematic attention to evaluating the actual impact of foresight 16,17. In the call for papers,

and on the possible combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches 22 25 the literature provides little evidence on systematic comparison

and other types of grey literature in order to advance knowledge in this area. Future research could take up this endeavour.

Currently, most of TLC related literatures are based on application year 15,17 20. But the priority year presents the first time an invention has been disclosed.

science literature 22,23 and other patents 24. Backward citations to science literature indicate a linkage between science and the patented technology.

Backward citations to other patents may indicate a linkage between other technologies and the patented technology.

We count the number of literature citations and the number of patent citations in DII by priority year. 2. 1. 5. IPC (four-digit) The International Patent Classification (IPC) system,

6 Literature citation Number of backward citations to literatures in DII by priority year 7 Patent citation Number of backward citations to patents in DII by priority year

From the literature, we find that the Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) has been developed for more than 100 years

Table 3 shows the TLC stages of CRT and TFT-LCD as given by the experts and literature. 2. 3. Search query The search terms for each technology are defined simply

The sense one gets from the published literature on this theme is that the to date effort has been in great part centered on the striking similarities between biological evolution

as we find in the literature on the theme. There are some further and subtle aspects to consider that, in my point of view

are still not well taken in account in the variety of discussions found in the literature.

in comparison with the relatively vast literature found in verbal theories of techno-cultural evolution,

which disagreement abounds in the published literature. In despite of the fact that nearly everyone agrees that to explain technological advances we must look beyond the artifacts themselves

some promising approaches As already mentioned there is a relatively vast literature in verbal theories of technological and cultural evolution,

it is impossible to make justice to all efforts of all groups found in the literature,

In other literature, this is called deep uncertainty 7, 8, or severe uncertainty 9. It can be understood as a situation where one can incompletely enumerate multiple possibilities without being able

and in literature, see for instance 71,81. To strengthen the enablers for innovation within the scenario process, the link between practice and theory,

From1988 to 1998, the technology field wasmonitored by analyzing the literature, visiting conferences and other relevant actors internationally, organizing expert panels on different aspects of nanotechnology,

In the INFU project thiswas done by a literature reviewand screening forweak signals by the project team as described above.

focusing on different characterisations and typologies of foresight projects 2 3. The literature has suggested that foresight must be an integral part of policy-making processes 4,

The literature has suggested several simplified contexts for foresight. Some of the literature has suggested that a decisive context for national foresight exercises relates to the size of the country.

The seminal book Foresight in Science by Irvine and Martin analysed processes in France, West germany, the United states and Japan

the case of Luxembourg'9. Other literature suggests that geographical regions are a useful form of contextual categorisation.

this paper draws on the literature for both terms. The structure of the paper is as follows.

Most of the academic foresight literature is of a descriptive and normative type and reflects the practice of foresight in different contexts.

'which are used often in literature, do indeed apply. The aim is to increase insight into topics such as the level of acquaintance and experience with scenario analysis methods in strategic policy-making,

policy implementation and policy evaluation (see 8). Indeed, according to literature, scenario analysis methods can be used in the different phases of the policy cycle 1, 2, 4, 6, 9 11.

Section 2 examines the available literature on international foresight management and conceptualises design and managerial issues particularly relevant in the international context.

These principles build on the international foresight literature and our experiences with a global foresight exercise that is described in Section 3. The four principles are:

'The paper presents a conceptual framework outlining the major characteristics of emerging knowledge societies, based on a review of the available literature.

/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 457 461 thus advance the existing literature, on how the business sector (e g. industry, industrial associations and foundations) uses FTA TOOLS for a variety of reasons.

(and even hyped) in the literature is a Futures 59 (2014) 39 49 A r T I C L E I N F O Article history:

which have become clearer more recently 3. In the literature, the relevance of inclusive approaches and interaction between various stakeholders is emphasised strongly.

The benefits of such user involvement and interaction are discussed widely in the literature. For instance, active and continuous user involvement have been said to lead to‘unique and valuable ideas for future development'15, to more‘socially and environmentally friendly technologies',to an increased‘quality of innovations'16

This relates to another constraint that is often mentioned in literature, i e.,, that users are not aware of the features

3. 2. 1. 1. Phase 1. In the first phase, literature and trend reports concerning current TV watching patterns,

a review of the literature on current television viewing practices and time spending patterns confirmed the observation that TV is still predominantly a lean back medium.

and in the literature in this respect relate to e g.,, the problems with traditional remote controls which are adapted not to new forms of use;

issues were collected from a variety of (future) literature and the internet and through consultation with experts (workshops, interviiew etc..

and intensive literature surveys (including foresight, future studies and even science fiction) and panel groups. Horizon scanning seeks to identify what in The netherlands scan are described as potential PTOS

and opportunities---4. Evaluation and weighing of problems and opportunities List P---List O---1. Literature study 2. Consultation of national international experts 6. Formation of clusters

Issuue were selected on the basis of indications in the literature of either positive and/or negative impact on these values.

A review of the literature reveals much in the way of foresight methodology and the rationale for foresight but little about the factors that lead to foresight success. As will be reported later in this paper, even the concept of

) In comparison to futures studies and forecastinng the literature on foresight has paid little attenntio to its actual strategic value.

We did not find much literature that looked at foresiigh success factors. Buetschi and Nentwich (2000) identified several context or foundational success factors for influencing the political role of participatoor technology assessment (see Table 3). These studies tell us that FTA EXERCISES should not be viewed independently of their contexts

The foresight literature is rich on the issue of different methodologiie and project selection but not on the seven factoor identified in this study.

As a complement to the literature, we draw on our own experiences in the ROMAS project,

Empirical evidence on the effectiveness of technology policy Recent overviews of the empirical literature suggest that the empirical evidence as to the effectiveness of subsidies is not homogeneous (David et al.

regarrdin what is envisaged in the literature (European commission 2011:.The creation, expansion, mobilization and maintenance of networks, are considered often as important as the tangible results, such as reports or recommendations..

as generally acknowledged by the literature about innovattio systems, play an essential role in shaping and fosteriin the development of an innovation system,

Section 2 reviews the literature on innovation systems. On the basis of the literature we conceptualize the configuration of the three innovation systems.

Section 3 analyzes the evolution of the Taiwanese innovation systems for biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and agriculture through the lens of the configuration of the three innovation systems.

According to the literature an innovation system is composed of actors and networks technology and knowledge, and institutions.

While the majority of the existing literature on modern biotechnollog focuses on the empirical experiences of European countries and the USA (Mckelvey et al. 2004;

Indeed, the existing literature considers Taiwanese biotechnology to be a‘new sector 'which has emerged only in the last ten years

by analysing recent contributions to the literature as presennte at the 2011 FTA Conference. The analysis identifies the types of transformations addressed, the governance modes in

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